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Midterm 1
Blood, heart, vessels, lymph, immunity
70
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/14/2012

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Term
How much blood in body? (volume)
Definition
5-6 L or 1.5 gallons
Term
What is ph of blood?
Definition
7.35-7.45
Term
Specific gravity of blood?
Definition
1.050 - 1.060
Term
Viscosity(thickness) of blood
Definition
5 times as thick as water for whole blood
2.5 times as thick for plasma
Term
Composition of plasma
Definition
90% water
8% proteins: albumins (60%), globulins(antibodies) (36%), fibrinogen(clotting proteins) (4%), ions, metabolites
2% Non-protein nitrogen (NPN), ions, bicarbonate, vitamins, metabolites (glucose, FFAs, AAs)
Term
Functions of blood
Definition
Transport --> CO2 from tissues to lungs, O2 from lungs to tissues, hormones, metabolites
Immunity (Protection) --> destroys antigens by producing antibodies
Hemostasis --> blood clotting within 5-7 mins of injury
Homeostasis (Regulation)--> Thermoregulation: vasoconstriction and vasodilation by sympathetic control
Term
Composition of blood
Definition
55% plasma, 45% formed elements.
Term
Formed elements
Definition
Erythrocytes (RBC) - 99% of blood
Leukocytes (WBC) - 1% of blood
Thrombocytes (platelets) - included in the 1%
Term
Non-protein nitrogen (NPN)
Definition
includes urea, uric acid, creatine, ammonium, and salts.
Term
Hematocrit (% of RBCs) in males and females
Definition
47% males
42% females
Term
Leukocrit (% of WBCs)
Definition
1% (buffy coat)
Term
Erythrocytes/RBCs
Definition
2.2 micrometers thick, 7.5 micrometers in diameter
34% Hb in RBCs
enucleated, anaerobic, live for about 120 days
Short lived because of lack of mitochondrion and no nucleus
4.3-5.2 mill/mm^3 in females
5.1-5.8 mill/mm^3 in males
Term
Erythropoiesis
Definition
RBC formation. takes place in cranium, ribs, sternum, humerus, and femur. Body produces 2 million cells per second/100 billion cells a day.
Term
Erythroclasia
Definition
Breakdown of RBCs. Spleen of body destroys 140 mill cells per minute.
Term
Spectrin
Definition
protein responsible for RBC cell shape
If defective, RBCs are ball-shaped --> can't handle any excess water --> cell will burst (hemolysis)
Term
Hemoglobin
Definition
Tetrameric
Present in blood/RBCs
Aids in transport of O2
Term
Myoglobin
Definition
Monomeric
Present in muscles
Aids in transport of O2
Term
Hemolytic Anemia
Definition
Caused by a decreased number of RBCs
Can cause bacterial infections
Cause could also be from unmatched blood transfusions
Term
Hemolysis
Definition
rupture or destruction of blood cells
Term
Hemorrhagic anemia
Definition
Caused by a decreased number of RBCs
Blood loss
Term
Aplastic Anemia
Definition
Caused by a decreased number of RBCs
- RBCs not forming, no erythropoeisis
Toxins, radiation, arsenic
Term
Low Hb
Definition
Caused by nutritional problems such as lack of Fe, Cu, B12, Folic Acid. ... (microcytosis?)
Also can be caused by Pernicious Anemia
Term
Pernicious Anemia
Definition
Intrinsic factor (stomach) for absorption of vitamin B12 developing in erythrocytes fail to divide (increase in size - macrocytes)
Term
Sickle Cell Anemia
Definition
Blood cells carry HbS (defective B chain)
Insoluble HbS, crystalline structure causes sickle, pointed shaped cells that get stuck in the capillaries and causes choking and PAIN.
1/400 African-American
1/12 are carriers of gene
32% are carriers in Africa
SS: normal, prone to malaria
Ss: carrier, resistant to malaria
ss: patient
Term
Thalassemia
Definition
Globin chain defective, less number of chains
Commonly seen in the Mediterranean/Asian people
Thal Major: Fatal, baby lives 5-6 years
Thal Minor: constant, lifelong blood transfusions
Term
Polycythemia
Definition
Increased concentration of Hb in blood.
8-11 mill/mm^3
Common in people living in high altitudes
Triggers more secretion of hemopoeitin or erythropoietin (hormones from kidneys) which increases blood viscosity which leads to high blood pressure and thrombosis
Term
Hemopoeitin/Erythropoietin
Definition
Hormones from the kidneys that is secreted when hypoxia occurs.
Triggers erythropoeisis
Term
Hypoxia
Definition
Low O2 level
Term
Hypoxemia
Definition
Low O2 level in blood
Term
Development of RBCs
Definition
Start as hemocytoblast --> Proerythroblast -->Early Proerythroblast --> Late Proerythroblast --> Normoblast (still has nucleus) --> Reticulocytes (process of losing nucleus --> Erythrocyte (no nucleus) --> to circulation
Term
Secondary Polycythemia
Definition
6-8 mill/mm^3, hypoxemia
Blood doping
Term
Leukocytes/WBCs
Definition
4800-10,800 cells/mm^3
Polymorphonuclear leucocytes - varying shape of nucleus.
Term
Granulocytes (myelocytes)
Definition
granules in cytoplasm.
3 types of granulocytes: basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
Term
Basophils
Definition
20-50 cells/mm^3
<1%
Histamine (IgE & histamine; vasodilation)
produces heparin
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
100-140 cell/mm^3
4%
Involved in allergic reactions
Increases with allergic reactions
Term
Neutrophils
Definition
3000-7000cells/mm^3
70%
Phagocytes, NADPH oxidase, free radicals..?
Term
Agranulocytes
Definition
Without granules in cytoplasm
2 types of agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
1500-3000 cells/mm^3
Immunocompetent?
T-cells, B-cells
25-30%
Term
Monocytes
Definition
100-700 cells/mm^3
phagocytes, can escape blood circulation and become macrophages in tissue
3-8%
Term
Neutophils v. Macrophages
Definition
Although both eat bacteria, macrophages do not die in process. Neutrophils eat bacteria and die. Pus is created when thousands of neutrophils are dying.
Term
Leukemia
Definition
Symptoms; anemia, pain
2 types of leukemia: myelocytic and lymphocytic
Term
Myelocytic Leukemia
Definition
Granulocytes
Develops slowly, usually in older people
Term
Lymphocytic Leukemia
Definition
Agranulocytes
Develops quickly, usually in younger people
Term
Leukocytosis
Definition
?
Physiological, pregnancy
Term
Infectious Mononucleosis
Definition
Agranulocytes caused by Epstein-Barr virus
Highly contagious
Symptoms include fever, itchy, weakness, tired, sore throat
Term
Leukopenia
Definition
Low leukocyte count
Term
Thrombocytes
Definition
150,000-400,000cells/mm^3
2-4 micrometers
Thrombopoeitin transforms hemocytoblast into megakaryoblast and then into megakaryocyte
Fragments of megakaryocytes
No nucleus
Blood coagulation by aggregation
Release thromboxin A2 which causes blood vessels to constrict (vasoconstriction), platelets to stick to each other --> blood clot
Term
Thrombopoeitin
Definition
Hormone to cause platelets to form
Term
PDGF
Definition
promotes tissue repair after injury
stimulates fribroblasts
Term
Thrombocytopenia Purpura
Definition
Condition where blood doesn't clot
Symptoms include low platelet count, blood loss
Term
Prostacyclin
Definition
Substance that causes pain and prevents platelet aggregation
Term
Leukopoiesis
Definition
Stimulated by hormones in cytokines
Term
2 kinds of cytokines
Definition
Interleukins (IL-3, IL-5...)
Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF) - stimulate production of specific leukocytes (G-CSF for granulocytes)
Term
List the layers of the heart starting from outside going in
Definition
Pericardium, (peri-around, cardium-heart)
-Double walled sac.
-fibrous pericardium: protects, anchors, prevents overfilling
-Serous pericardium: thin, slippery bilayer
-Pericardial cavity: pericardial fluid
Epicardium, (epi-upon, on, or above)
-Visceral layer of serous pericardium
Myocardium (myo-muscle)
-cardiac muscles in spiral or circular bundles
-fibrous skeleton
Endocardium (endo-internal, within)
-glistening white squamous epithelium
-continues with endothelium of blood vessels
Term
Coronary Arteries
Definition
Supply heart with a constant supply of O2.
1/20th of cardiac output
Left coronary: branches out to Anterior interventricular artery + circumflex artery
Right coronary: branches out to Posterior interventricular artery + marginal artery
Blood collects in coronary sinus and opens into the right atrium.
Coronaries originate from base of aorta
If coronaries experience blockage by plaque formation, it will cause ischemia and a lack of O2 and nutrients which leads to myocardial infarction (muscles are dead or dying). Once dead, these tissues are replaced by scar tissue (fibrous collagenous tissue, not contractile) which leads to a decrease in force in heart, no circulation, no brain --> neurons die. If ATP is not supplied to neuron within 3-7 mins, cell will die.
Term
Ischemia
Definition
decrease in blood flow
Term
Pulmonary Circuit
Definition
Lesser circulation: blood to and from lungs
Circulation time = 12 sec
Entire blood supply goes through pulmonary circuit 5 times per minute.
Term
Systemic Circuit
Definition
Greater circulation: blood to and from body and head
Most blood is here.
Circulation time = 1 minute (5L 1time every minute)
Term
Ductus Arteriosus
Definition
In the fetus, ductus arteriosis allows blood to pass directly from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, thus bypassing the nonfunctional fetal lungs.
Matures in adult body into the ligamentum arteriosum
Located between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
Term
Foramen Ovale
Definition
Structure in fetal heart that allows blood to pass from the right to the left atruim, thus by passing the fetal lungs
Matures into oval depression called the fossa ovalis
Located in interatrial septum
Some babies are born with hole in interatrial septum-"blue babies." If the hole does not close with age, it has to be surgically closed.
Term
Myocardial Infarction
Definition
Heart attack; caused by blockage, thus lack of O2.
Fixed by bypass or shunt
Term
Atrioventricular Sulci
Definition
Anterior interventricular sulcus - depression between 2 ventricles. Houses interventricular artery + circumflex.
Term
Angina Pectoris
Definition
Blockage in coronaries
Term
Thrombus, embolus
Definition
Free floating clot in blood vessels
Term
Coronary Thrombosis
Definition
stroke
Term
Incompetent Valves
Definition
Valves that do not close
Promotes backflow of blood
Surgery is needed to fix bad valves - replace with artificial valves or pig valves
Term
Sino-atrial Node
Definition
1st pacemaker on right atrium
Term
Atrio-ventricular node
Definition
2nd pacemaker on interatrial ... wall
Term
Cardiac Muscles
Definition
Contractile
Short, thick, branched fibers
Fewer nuclei
Fewer striations
Intercalated discs
-Contains desmosomes for strength
-contains channels to connect muscles to each other.
-Contains gap junctions for ions to cross though
Contain plenty of mitochondria
Sarcomeres
Wider and fewer T-tubles
No Triads
Need ATP and Ca2+ ions
Term
Gap Junction
Definition
Allow electrical coupling between muscle cells.
Electrical current can travel easily through muscle cells
Gap junctions close due to lack of ATP or acidic conditions (H+ surplus)
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