Term
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Definition
| Turkish people who controlled Jerusalem when the Christians wanted it |
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Term
| Why did Pope Urban II call for a crusade? |
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Definition
The land of Jerusalem was considered holy to the Christian people and Muslims were controlling it
("will of Gd") |
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Term
What is another name for Ataturk?
What did he do? |
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Definition
Mustafa Kemal.
Ataturk tried to create a modern, secular Turkey, by:
-encouraging economic development with government funds
-separation of religion/gov't (mosque/state) (based on western model)
-women right to VOTE, hold public office
-setting up public schools
-encouraged people to wear western clothing |
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Definition
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Definition
| Muslim warrior who was Gd-fearing, courteous, and generous to both friends and enemies |
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Term
| Saladin conquered Jerusalem. How did this differ from when the Christians conquered? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sunni people of Anatolia, a Turkish speaking people who formed the Ottoman Empire |
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Term
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Definition
| Ottoman ruler who brought the empire to its height via military conquests and law reform. |
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Term
| Name for slaves in Ottoman Empire? Explain |
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Definition
| Janassids = Christians boys who trained for the military and gained freedom by converting to Islam. |
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Term
| Who were the non-muslim communities of the Ottoman Empire called? |
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Definition
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Term
| An Islamic man have ____ wives, and only if |
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Definition
| 4, he can provide financially for all of them |
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Term
Muslim men can marry____
Muslim women can marry___ |
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Definition
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Term
| How does one divorce in Islam? |
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Definition
Man-->3x "I divorce you"
Women--> prove her case |
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Term
| Why do women have to be covered up? |
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Definition
| To keep men from lusting after them |
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Term
| In the 1700s & 1800s European imperialism and growing nationalism posed challenges to the _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| These four groups (ottoman) gained independence |
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Definition
-Greeks
-Serbs
-Romanians
-Bulgarians |
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Term
| Reform efforts of Ottomans? |
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Definition
-tried to modernize army and gov't to be more like the West
-set up secular schools, taught sci and tech |
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Term
| Why were Ottoman reforms unsuccessful? |
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Definition
| corrupt officials, religious leaders, and other groups opposed changes that threatened their power |
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Term
What is the name of the revolutionary Turkish groups that wanted to end Western imperialism?
What was their major political action? |
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Definition
-Young Turks
-Replaced Sultan |
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Term
| Who didn't the Young Turks like? (besides Westerners) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Germany, Ottomans vs. Russia, Great Britain, France |
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Term
| What happened to the Ottoman Empire as a result of the Versailles peace conference? |
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Definition
| Their provinces were stripped |
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Term
| What did Britain get as a mandate? |
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Definition
| Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine |
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Term
| What did France get as mandates? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| territory that was administered but not owned by a member of the league of nations (U.N.) |
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Term
| Why did some Arabs feel betrayed by the Versailles peace conference? |
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Definition
| They helped the British fight the Ottomans, and wanted independent kingdoms |
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Term
| Why did Britain and France not want to give up their mandates? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| movement which sought to reestablish a Jewish state in palestine |
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Term
| Define: Baltour Declaration |
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Definition
| Britain supported Jews setting up a homeland in Palestine, existing non-Jews had equal rights |
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Term
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Definition
| movement that sought to unite all Arabs based on language and culture, as people knew they couldn't fight the West as separate nations |
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Term
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Definition
| President Nasser of Egypt |
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Term
| Name three gov't systems in the ME, where found |
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Definition
monarchy- Morocco, Saudi, Jordan
democracy- Iraq, Israel
republic- United Arab Emirates |
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Term
| Name for sacred law of Islam? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define: Islamic Fundamentalism |
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Definition
-Demand of a return to the values of the Koran
-Religious leaders should have authority
-Strict separation of men/women
-radicalism |
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Term
| Problems of modern day middle east? |
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Definition
-population explosion (food shortages)
-Great disparity between oil-rich nations and those surrounding them |
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Term
| The greatest demand from the population explosion besides food is... |
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Definition
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Term
| Name prosperities gained by oil-rich nations |
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Definition
-new capitals built
-new hospitals built
-overall SOL raised |
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Term
| How do middle easterners find jobs/housing in cities? |
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Definition
| networks of family/friends |
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Term
| As women's education increased...however... |
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Definition
| they wanted more jobs. However, the spread of Islamic fundamentalism has influenced many more women to return to more strict and traditional ways. |
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Term
| What happened after WWII concerning Israel? |
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Definition
-Violence between Arabs and Jews increased
-Thousands of Jewish refugees left Europe for Palestine
-Great Britain was exhausted from the war, and unable to resolve the violence, and gave Palestine to the U.N. |
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Term
| In 1947, the U.N. recommended that... |
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Definition
| Palestine be partitioned into a Jewish state and an Arab state |
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Term
| What happened on May 14, 1948? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which countries wanted to rain on Israel's parade? |
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Definition
| Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon |
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Term
| What happened from the 1948 war that left a huge effect on Palestinians? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Israel seized Gaza and the Sinai from Egypt in the south and the Golan Heights from Syria in the north. It also pushed Jordinian forces out of the West Bank and East Jerusalem.
Egypt's powerful air force was put out of action on the first day of fighting when Israeli jets bombed it on the ground in a pre-emptive strike.
The territorial gains doubled the area of land controlled by Israel. |
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Term
| When did the six day war take place? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| when did the Yom Kippur war take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the Yom Kippur war |
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Definition
| Syria and Egypt attacked Israel in a partially successful attempt to regain the lands they list during the Six Day War. Israel pushed back the invaders and the UN soon negotiated a cease-fire |
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Term
What outside war added fuel to the fire that was the Arab-Israeli conflict?
How? |
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Definition
The Cold War.
The US backed Israel.
The Soviet Union backed Syria, Iraq, and Egypt.
(They armed them) |
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Term
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Definition
Palestinian Liberation Orginization.
Launched guerrilla attacks and committed acts of terrorism. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What was the Israeli reprisal to the PLO? |
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Definition
| struck PLO bases in Jordan |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Define: Palestinian intifada |
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Definition
-mass uprising against Israeli occupation that began in Gaza, spread to West Bank.
-took form of civil disobedience, strikes, boycotts on Israeli goods, graffiti, and barricades
-stone-throwing demonstrations against heavily armed troops captured int'l attention
-Israeli defense forces responded, Palestinian civilians died. |
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Term
| Why do both Israel and Palestine reject peace agreements? |
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Definition
Palestine: wants to destroy Israel
Israel: Doesn't want to get destroyed (safety concerns) |
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Term
| What was the first breakthrough towards peace in the Middle East? |
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Definition
Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty, and Israel
-withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula
-Allowed Palestinian self-rule in occupied territories
and Egypt
-recognized Israel
-was condemned by other Arab states |
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Term
| What happened in the Madrid Peace talks? |
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Definition
-Palestine/Israel leaders met face to face
-Israel refused to talk to the PLO |
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Term
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Definition
-Islamic Resistance movement
-Social service/terrorist wing
-terrorist organization |
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Term
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Definition
Peace agreement in which ISRAEL
-recognizes PLO
-withdraw forces from parts if the occupied territories and allow self-rule fro Palestinians in Gaza and parts of the West Bank
PALESTINE
-stops attacking Istael
-Negotiation signed on White House lawn and sealed with a historic first handshake between Yitzhak Rabin (Israel) and Yasser Arafat (PLO) |
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Term
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Definition
West Bank becomes...
Zone A- (7%. Palestine. East Jerusalem, Hebron)
Zone B- (21%, joint)
Zone C- stays Israeli, but Palestinian prisoners are released |
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Term
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Definition
| Palestinian authority president, involved with Mr. Ariel Sharon in Gaza pullout |
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Term
Who won the 2006 Palestinian elections?
What did this do? |
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Definition
Hamas.
Cut off aid to Palestinians. |
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Term
| What led to the 2007-9 Israel Gaza War? |
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Definition
| Civil war in Gaza, Hamas defeated forces loyal to Palestinian President Abbas. President Bush promoted a new peace effort, but Hamas rocket attacks on Israel and Israeli reprisals jeopardized negotiations. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the war between Israel and Hezbollah called a "proxy war?" |
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Definition
| U.S. and Iran backing each, more like a war between them |
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Term
| Who replaced the Shah in 1979? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did Iran's gov't change after the rev? |
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Definition
| A theocracy was put in place of the more secular gov't, complete with mullahs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How did Iranian teens respond to America's support of the Shah? |
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Definition
| Stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran, taking dozens of hostages |
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Term
| Why were American leaders determined to keep the Shah in power? |
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Definition
| Iran was seen as a potential target for Soviet communism |
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Term
| Why are there tensions between America and the current Iranian gov't? |
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Definition
| possibility of Iran using nuclear weapons |
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Term
| What is OPEC? Why was it created? |
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Definition
Oil and Petroleum Exporting Countries.
To end Western control over oil prices |
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Term
| Explain the Iraq-Iran War |
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Definition
The Iran-Iraq war raised tensions. After the Islamic revolution in Iran, the two countries were...tense. Border clashes flared into war, and Iraqi leader Sadam Hussein took the Shah al-Arab. (important sea port)
Iraq proceeded to attack tankers and set mines in the Persian Gulf. It ended in a cease fire. |
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Term
| Why was the Persian Gulf War fought? |
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Definition
Saddam Hussein faced huge debts and public unrest, so he declared Kuwait a nineteenth province of Iraq. President Bush thought Hussein would take Saudi Arabia, so the U.N. allowed sanctions against Iraq, and the U.S. set up troops in Kuwait ("Operation Desert-Shield")
-military buildup in Kuwait, so Bush demanded that Iraq withdraw from Kuwait.
-Devastating air assault courtesy of US
-Denies peace agreement, gives ultimatum
-launches ground war
-US crushes Iraq
-Iraq burns Kuwait's oil wells
-Meet for a cease-fire, Iraq agrees to all UN resolutions |
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Term
| Why did the US invade Iraq? |
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Definition
After 2001 attacks, US went looking for WOM.
They also said that Saddam Hussein was forming an alliance with al Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden. (which had alliance with the Taliban) |
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Term
| Name three architectural achievements of the Arab golden age |
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Definition
-Minarets (where faithful called to prayer)
-horseshoe arch
-Dome of the Rock
-Cordoba Mosque
-Alhambra Mosque |
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Term
| Name three arts and crafts achievements of the Arab golden age |
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Definition
-calligraphy
-rugs
-Isafhan (mosque city) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Who influenced Arabic art? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did people keep noise out in the arab golden age? |
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Definition
| wooden doors, tile floors, closing windows |
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Term
For each country, name what the Arabs traded for (MIX UP)
a. Sahara
b. China
c. Spain |
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Definition
a. slaves
b. silk/porcelain
c. Leather goods, olives, wine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Name three trading achievements of the arab golden age |
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Definition
-no trade barriers
-gold/silver
-receipts, letters of credit, checks |
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Term
| Name three farming/industrial achievements of the Arab golden age |
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Definition
-Arabian horses (primary transportation)
-Metal working
-Damascene swords
-Botanical advancements
-crop rotation
-fertilizer |
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Term
| describe literature of the Arab golden age |
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Definition
-Translations
-much influence from Koran
-laid foundations for enlightenment/renaissance |
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Term
| Name three novels written in the Arab golden age |
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Definition
-Aladdin
-Ali Baba
-Arabian Nights |
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Term
| Name three mathematical achievements of the Arab golden age |
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Definition
-developed algebra
-invented 0
-Arabic numerals |
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Term
| Name two astronomy achievements of the Arab golden age |
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Definition
-atlases of night sky
-measured solar year
-helped Copernicus's theories |
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Term
| Name three awesome medicine people of the Arab golden agw |
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Definition
-Al-Razi
-Al-hazen
-Ibn-Sina<----really super awesome |
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Term
| Who in Arab society was respected, unlike other ancient cultures? |
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Definition
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