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Mid Term Lectures 1 - 9, BYU Wisco
duh
34
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/09/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

What is Anatomy and Physiology?

Definition
Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts where as physiology is the study of the functions of body parts.
Term
Talk about the structural organization of the body.
Definition
Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level. see pg 5
Term
what do the different organ systems do?
Definition

skeletal - provides for and function

muscular- movement

nervous - transfer of information

endocrine - regulation of hormones

cardiovascular - circulates blood

lymphatic system - returns excess fluids back to cardiovascular system

respiratory system - bring in the o2

digestive system - absorb nutrients get rid of waste

Term
Skin markings
Nevus (mole or birth mark)
Freckles
Hemangioma
Friction Ridges
Definition
Nevus (mole or birth mark) - overgrowth of melanin-forming cells, harmless unless it mutates and becomes malignant
Freckles - yellowish or brown spots form excessive malnocyte activity, not increased malanocyte cels
Hemangioma - proliferation of blood vessels, bright red to deep purple in color
Friction Ridges - formed by large folds and valleys of the dermis and epidermis
Term
three types of hair-
lanugo
vellus
terminal
Definition
lanugo - fetal
vellus - fine hair on most of the body
terminal - head, pubic region, armpit, male facial hair
Term
BURNS
1st degree
2nd degree
3rd degree
Definition
1st - damages epidermis
2nd - damages epidermis and part of the dermis, blister
3rd - damages entire epidermis and dermis
Term
skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant melanoma
Definition
basal cell - most common and least dangerous, originates in stratum basale
squamous - arises from keratinocytes
malignant melanoma - most deadly, arises from melanocytes, usually a preexisting mole
Term
ABCD rule f malignant melanoma recognition
Definition
A - asymmetry- one half of mole doesn't match the other
B - border- edges notched, irregular, blured or ragged
C - color- not uniform, different shades
D - diameter- larger than 1/4 inch
Term
TYPES OF CARTILAGE?
Definition
fibrocartilage- contains thick collagen fibers, intervertebral discs, menisci of knee, pubic symphysis
hyaline- flexible but resilient, found in respiratory system (larynx, trachea, bronchi) costal cartilage, nose, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, fetal skeleton
elastic- contains elastic fibers, epiglottis and auricle of the ear
Term

Bone clasification by structure

long

short

flat

irregular

Definition

long (humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals

short ( carpals, tarsals, sesamoid bones (patella))

flat - skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs

irregular - vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, os coxa, ethmoid, sphenoid

Term

What are the cells of the bone?

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Definition

osteoprogenitor cells - mesenchymal cell that turns into one of the things below

osteoblasts - build bone by secreting osteoid

osteocytes  mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix

osteoclasts - consume bone (bone resorption)

Term
tell me about the 2 kinds of bone tissue!
Definition

compact bone - aka cortical bone, lined by the periosteum (dense irregular connective tissue), contains osteons (the fundamental functional unit of compace bone)

spongy bone - also called cancellous or trabecular bone, lined by endosteum, often contains red bone barrow, fundamental functional unit is the trabecule

Term

BONE GROWTH

Where/what is interstitial growth and appositional growth

Definition

interstitial growth (length) - occurs at epiphyseal plates

 

appositional growth (thickness) - occurs at the periosteum and endosteum

Term

what are the different types of bone fractures?

-simple fracture, open or compound, stress fracture, pathologic fracture?

Definition

simple fracture - bone doesn't pierce the skin

open or compound fracture - bone pierces the skin

stress fracture - thin break from repetitive loads

pathologic fracture - disease weakens bones

Term

The Inner Cell mass or the embryo blast become the?

 

the trophoblast become the???

Definition

embryo

 

becomes fetal half of placenta

Term

Trophoblast dicides into what two layers??

 

The inner cell mass divides into what two layers???

Definition

cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast

 

epiblast, hypoblast

Term
what happens during embryonic period??
Definition
primitive streak forms, gastrulation, body folding, neurlation, limb buds form, organogenesis.
Term
what are the derivatives of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm layers respectively??
Definition

ectoderm: skin and nervous tissue

 

mesoderm: muscle tissue, heart, kidneys, reproductive organs, connective tissue

 

endoderm: digestive and respiratory systems

Term
Tell me a hormone, chemical, physical and infectious agent teratogen!
Definition

hormone - adrogenic hormones cause labial fusion

chemical - alcohol cause fetal alcohol syndrome

physical - x-rays cause microcephaly

infectious agents - HIV causes ya tu sabe

Term
what is epithelial tissue, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue?
Definition

epithelial - tissue that protects the percumal cells, keeps the outside out, inside in.

connective tissue - tissue that connects, supports, or separates diff. tissues and organs throughout the body

muscle tissue - movement

nerous tissue - sense, regulates and controls body functions

Term
Intercellular Junctions???
Definition

tight junctions- most superficial junctions

adhering junctions - like belt, connects cells

desmosome- like a button

hemidesmosome - half a button

gap junction - junction that lets things through

Term
what are the functions and locations of simple quamous epithelium???
Definition

functions: diffusion, filtration

locations: lung air sacs (alveoli), lining of blood vessels, serous membranes

Term
what are the functions and locations of sumple cuboidal epithelium???
Definition

functions: absorption, secretion

 

locations: kidney tubules, glands

Term
what are the functions and locations of simple columnar epitheliam?
Definition

functions: absorption, secretion, movement (if ciliated)

 

location: non-ciliated: stomach, small and large intestine

ciliated: uterine tubes

Term
what are the functions and locations of stratified squamous epithelium?
Definition

funciton: protection

 

locations: oral cavity, pharynx (throat), esophagus, vagina, anus, epidrmis of skin

Term
what are the functions and locations of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Definition

functions: protection, movement (if ciliated)

 

locations: respiratory tract (includes nasal cavity)

Term
what are the functions and locations of transitional epithelium???
Definition

functions: distention and relaxation of urinary structures

 

locations: ureters, bladder, urethra

Term
glands.... exocrin and endocrine???
Definition

exocrine - ducts secrete products onto an epithelial surface

 

endocrine - ductless, cells secrete products into interstitial fluid and bloodstream

Term
tell me about the types of exocrine glands!!!
Definition

merocrine gland- it gives out watery stuff (tears sweat, saliva) (not armput sweat)

 

holocrine gland - holocaust cell, cell explodes and goes w/ secretion

 

apocrine- tip of cell is taken off and secreted, i.e. anal genital or arm pit. mamarry glands

 

Term

Loose connective tissue proper!

 

AARRRRR. Pirates are LOOSE!

Definition

Areolar connective tissue- airy mesh like tissue, it loosely binds epithelia to deeper tissues and surrounds and protects tissues, it is found in the subcutaneous layer under skin; surrounds organs

 

adipose tissues, is close packed fat cells, for storing energy, protecting, cushioning and insulating, is located in subcutaneous layer, covers and surrounds some organs

 

reticular tissue- ground gell like liquoid.  Provides supportive framework for lymphatic organs and bone marrow.  Located at lymphatic organs and bone marrow.

Term

Tell me about them connective tissue types!!

 

RIE. i love rie...grass

Definition

dense regular connective tissue- it resists stress applied in one direction, location~tendones and ligaments

 

dense irregular connective tissue - it resists stress applied in all direction, location~ dermis, periosteum covering bone, organ capsules

 

elastic connective tissue - allows stretching of osme organs. location~walls of large elastic arteries and bronchial tubes

Term

the papillary layer is made of???

and the reticular layer????

Definition

areolar CT

 

dense irregular CT

Term
tell me about the diff cartilage types, stronges to weakest
Definition

fibrocartilage - intervertebral discs, menisci of knee, pubic symphysis

 

hyaline cartilage - respiratory system, costal cartilage, nose, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, fetal skeleton

 

elestic cartilage - epiglottis and auricle of the ear

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