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| Pride/Loyalty to your home country. |
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Taking over other countries for economical, political, or military means.
(Bigger countries taking over smaller ones) |
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Alliance System:
Central Powers & Allies |
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Two groups of allies that opposed each other.
Central Powers - led by Germany, Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire
Allies - originally consisted of: Great Britain, France and Russia
later joined by: USA, Italy, and others |
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| Battle between trenches rather than in a battlefield. |
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| Telegram intercepted by Britain from Germany to Mexico, promising to help them regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if they got involved in the war/became allies. |
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- Heir to the Austrian throne.
- Shot by a member of the Black Hand (an organization promoting Serbian nationalism).
Austria-Hungary declared war against Serbia
Germany declared war on Russia and France (Russia's ally).
Britain declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary. |
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The British blockaded the German coast to prevent supplies from getting through (weapons, food, etc.).
Around 750,000 Germans starved to death because of the blockade & the lack of food. |
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| German Response to the Blockade |
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Definition
| Formed their own blockade with U-boats - Any British or British ally ship in the waters near Britain was sunk. (Ex. British ship Lusitania - off the southern coast of Ireland). |
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| British ship that was sunk by German U-boats off the southern coast of Ireland. |
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Wilson ran again as the democratic candidate, vs. Charles Evans Hughes (Supreme Court Justice) as the republican candidate.
Wilson used the slogan "He kept us out of the war", which is ironic because the US ended up declaring war, after the Zimmerman Note. |
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| Required men to register and be randomly selected for the military. |
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| A heavy guard of destroyers escorted merchant ships back and forth across the Atlantic. |
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| New weapons introduced during WW1 (ex. tanks, machine guns, airplanes) made the war more 'mechanized' than ever. (Relies on machines powered by gas & engines) |
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Trench Foot - When you wore wet socks & shoes for a long time, your foot would start to turn red or blue, then become numb, and eventually start to rot. The only cure was to amputate toes or entire feet.
Trench Mouth - A painful infection of the gums and throat. |
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- Conscientious objector - didn't believe in war (Bible states "Thou shalt not kill.") but later decided that it was okay if the cause was just.
- Killed 25 Germans/Captured 132 prisoners |
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- On 11/11/1918, at the 11th hour.
- Agreed to cease fire and signed the armistice (truce). |
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| Giving the Supreme Court the power do declare a law unconstitutional. |
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-$15 Million
- Doubled the size of the US |
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| The US won't interfere with European affairs/Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, as long as Europe does the same for the US |
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Large-scale production resulting in massive chance in social and economic organization
Ex. Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney) |
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| President Madison/Henry Clay - "American System" |
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Definition
Believed in:
- Establishing a protective tariff on imports
- Rechartering the national bank
- Sponsoring the deveopment of transportation systems and other internal improvements making travel throughout the nation easier. |
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In 1830 Congress (with Jackson's support) passed the Indian Removal Act.
The federal gov't provided funds to negotiate treaties, forcing the Native Americans to move west. |
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| The belief that the US was obligated to expand to the Pacific & into Mexican and Native American territory. |
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Mormons migrated westward to escape persecution.
Moved to Ohio/Illinois, then further west to what is now Utah. |
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| The freedom for private businesses to operate competitively for profit (with little gov't regulation). |
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| Nat Turner - Turner's Rebellion |
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| In August 1831, Turner + about 50 others attaced plantations and killed around 60 whites. |
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- 1st woman to graduate from medical school.
- Opened up New York Infirmary for Women and Children |
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- Slave owner took D. Scott from the slave state of Missouri to a free territory in Illinois and Wisconsin, and back to Missouri.
- Scott appealed that he should be a free man after living on free state - Illinois - and free territory - Missouri - grounds. |
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| First bloodshed of the Civil War |
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General Thomas J. Jackson
"There stands Jackson like as stone wall!" |
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- Bloodiest single-day battle in American history.
- 26,000+ injured/dead soldiers. |
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| Emancipation Proclamation |
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- Abraham Lincoln
- Slaves within the current United States are to be freed. |
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| Union nurse - went on to found the American Red Cross. |
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- Most decisive battle of the war.
- North won!
- 50,000 people killed. |
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| Abraham Lincoln's speech to dedicate a cemetery in Gettysburg. |
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| Where Lee and Grant met to arrange a Confederate surrender. |
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| Assassinated Abraham Lincoln. |
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| The period of time that the US was rebuilding after the Civil War. |
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| White Southerners who joined the Republican Party |
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| Northerners who moved South after the war. |
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| 1st African American senator. |
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| When landowners divided their land and assigned each head of household a few acres, and gave them seed and tools, in return for some of the crops. |
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| A plan where Native Americans would give up their beliefs and way of life and become part of the white culture. |
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| Brought the Indian Wars to an end. |
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| Offered 160 acres of land to any head of a household. |
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| African Americans who moved from the post-Reconstruction South to Kansas. |
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| Freestanding houses made from stacking blocks of prairie turf. |
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| Enormous single-crop spreads of 15,000 - 50,000 acres. |
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| A monetary system in which the government would give citizens either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks. |
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| A monetary system in which the government would give citizens either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks. |
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| Backing dollars solely with gold. |
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- Delivered the "Cross of Gold" speech.
- Won the Democratic nomination. |
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- Technique involving injecting air into molten iron to remove the carbon and other impurities.
- Used to produce more that 90% of the nation's steel. |
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| Transcontinental Railroad |
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| 1st railroad from the Atlantic to the Pacific. |
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| Construction company that layed track at 2-3x the actual cost. They kept the profits. |
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| Right of the federal gov't to supervise railroad activities. |
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| Buying out suppliers, in order to control the raw materials and transportation systems. |
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| Theory of evolution. "Survival of the fittest." |
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| Joined with competing companies in trusts. |
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| Illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries. |
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| Attempted to form a union for all laborers (skilled and unskilled) - American Railway Union - ARU. |
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| Immigration station in New York - East Coast |
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| Immigration Station in California - West Coast |
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| Favoritism toward native-born Americans. |
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| Banned US entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and gov't officials. |
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| Japan agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the US, if the US repealed the San Francisco segregation order. |
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| Community centers in the slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area, especially immigrants. |
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- Multifamily urban dwellings.
- Crowded and unsanitary. |
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| An organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city. |
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| The illegal use of political influence for personal gain. |
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Believed racism would end when blacks acquired useful labor skills & proved their economic value to society.
Headed Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, or Tuskegee University. |
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- 1st African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard.
- Disagreed w/ Washington's gradual approach.
- Founded the Niagara Movement - blacks should seek a liberal arts education so that the black community would have well-educated leaders. |
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| Even if a man failed the literacy test or couldn't pay the poll tax, if his grandfather had voted, he can vote too. |
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| Segregation laws separating blacks & whites. |
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| Supreme Court ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and id not violate the 14th amendment. "Separate but equal." |
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| Journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life. |
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| A bill originated by the people, rather than the lawmakers, on the ballot. |
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| A vote on the initiative. |
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| Enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term if enough voters asked for it. |
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- Can't sell contaminated foods/medicines.
- Have to put correct labels on everything. |
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| Strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act. |
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| Writing that exaggerates the news to lure and enrage readers. |
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| Sent to Cuba to bring home American citizens in danger. Ship blew up. Nobody really knew why, but the press blamed the Spanish. |
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| Volunteer cavalry under the command of Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt. |
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| Most famous land battle in Cuba. |
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- The US and Spain signed an armistice (cease-fire agreement).
- Spain freed Cuba and turned over Guam and Puerto Rico to the US.
- Spain sold the Philippines to the US for $20 Million. |
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| Ended military rule and set up a civil gov't. |
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- Cuba could not make treaties that might limit it's independence.
- The US reserved the right to intervene in Cuba.
- Cuba was not to go into debt.
- The US could buy or lease land on the island for naval stations and refueling stations. |
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| A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power. |
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| Letters addressed to the leaders of imperialist nations proposing that the nations share their trading rights with the US. |
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| "Speak softly, and carry a big stick." |
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| The US gov't guaranteed loans made to foreign countries by American businesspeople. |
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| - MAIN: Militarism, Alliance System, Imperialism, Nationalism. |
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| Espionage and Sedition Acts |
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| Can't interfere with war effort or say anything disloyal to the US. |
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| Movement of tons of Southern blacks to Northern cities. |
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Points were divided into 3 groups:
- Prevent another war.
- Boundary changes.
- Creation of an international organization to address diplomatic crises like the ones that had sparked the war (League of Nations). |
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| Established 9 new nations & shifted the boundaries of other nations. |
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| An economic and political system based on a single-party gov't ruled by a dictatorship. Equal wealth and power. |
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| People who opposed any form of gov't. |
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- Arrested and charged with robbery & murder or a factory paymaster and his guard.
- Witnesses said that they had appeared to be Italians. |
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| Established a set number of people who could enter the US from each country. |
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| Enabled people to buy goods over an extended period, without having to put down much money at the time or purchase. |
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| Illegal, underground, hidden bars. |
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| People who smuggled alcohol in through Canada, Cuba, and the West Indies. |
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| "All important knowledge could be found in the Bible." The believed that everything in the bible, and all the details, were true. |
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A fight over evolution vs. the Bible being taught in public schools.
Scopes was defended by Clarence Darrow. |
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| A young woman who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes of the day. Wore: close fttng felt hats, bright waistless dresses an inch above the knees, skin toned silk stockings, sleek pumps, and strings of beads. |
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| Made the first nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic. |
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| 1st American to win a Nobel Prize in literature. |
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| Believed that African Americans should build a separate society & return to Africa. |
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| A literary and artistic movement celebrating African American culture. |
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