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Microscopic anatomy test 4
test 4
184
Anatomy
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04/15/2008

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Cards

Term
Where is the pituitary gland?
Definition
lies in a cavity of the sphenoid bone (sella turcica)
Term
Where does the pituitary gland come from embryologically?
Definition
oral ectoderm (Ratke's pouch) and floor of diencephalon
Term
What are the derivatives of the oral ectoderm?
Definition

adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary):

pars distalis (anterior pituitary)

pars tuberalis (surrounds neural stalk)

pars intermedia (vestigial) 

Term

What are the derivatives of the diencephalon?

Definition

neurohypophysis = posterior pituitary:

 

neural stalk (infundibulum) - includes stem and median eminence

 

pars nervosa (posterior pituitary) 

Term
What does the hypothalamohypophyseal portal circulation allow?
Definition
cells of the pars distalis (anterior pituitary) receive releasing and inhibitory factors synthesized by neurons of hypothalamic nuclei stored within the median eminence
Term
What branches of the internal carotid artery supply the pituitary?
Definition
superior and inferior hypophysial arteries and their primary capillary plexus
Term
What gives rise to the secondary capillary plexus within the anterior pituitary?
Definition
long portal veins
Term
How do hormones synthesized in the pars distalis enter the general circulation?
Definition
via the secondary capillary plexus
Term
What does an additional capillary plexus within the pars nervosa (posterior pituitary) carry into general circulation?
Definition
products of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
Term
What are the 3 sites for production of polypeptide hormones?
Definition

1 peptides synthesized by secretory neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei enter capillaries in the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

2 peptides synthesized by neurons in the dorsal-medial, ventral-medial and infundibular nuclie of the hypothalamus are released in the median eminence and transported to the anterior pituitary via  a portal system

3 polypeptide homrones synthesized by cells of the pars distalis 

Term
What types of cells are in the pars distalis and what do they secrete?
Definition

cords of glandular cells surrounded by capillaries, acidophils (chromophobes) and basophils (chromophils)

 

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, GH (somatotrophin), MSH 

Term
What types of cells are in the pars intermedia?
Definition
weakly basophilic cells (rudimentary region)
Term

What is the arrangement of cells in the pars tuberalis?


What do cells secrete?

Definition

cells arranged in cords along blood vessels- surrounds the neural stalk

 

FSH or LH 

Term
What happens to hormones produced by neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei?
Definition
stored and liberated from the posterior pituitary
Term
What are stored hormones int he posterior pituitary bound to?
Definition
neurophysin
Term
What are pituicytes?
Definition
highly branched glial cells which make up 25% of volume of neurohypophysis
Term
What are Herring bodies?
Definition
aggregates of neurosecretory granules in dilated axon terminals in the posterior pituitary
Term
What are the hormones of the neurohypophysis?
Definition
vasopressin and oxytocin
Term
What is diabetes insipidus?
Definition
patient has polyuria due to ADH deficiency
Term
WHat is the make-up of the adrenal glands?
Definition
an outer cortex and a central medulla, embedded in adipose
Term
Where do the adrenal glands come from embryologically?
Definition
coelomic epithelium and neural crest
Term
What is the metabolic activity of the adrenal gland regulated by?
Definition

cortex: ACTH

medulla: preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers 

Term
What do adrenal cortical hormones do?
Definition

regulate metabolism (corticosteroids)

maintain normal electrolyte balance (aldosterone)

influence reproductive organs (weak androgens) 

Term
What are some hormonal targets for epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Definition
glandular epithelial cells, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle of blood vessels and viscera
Term
What is the vascular supply to the adrenal glands?
Definition

capsular arteries provide an extensive subcapsular network, cortical arteries irrigate the cortex, and medullary arteries pass through the cortex directly to the medulla

 

all drained by suprarenal vein 

Term
What are the 3 concentric zones of the adrenal cortex?
Definition

zona glomerulosa (salt-aldosterone)

zona fasiculata (sugar-cortisol)

zona reticularis (sex hormones)

 

 

Term
What types of cells are in the zona fasiculata?
Definition
large polyhedral cells (spongyocytes) in parallel columns deparated by cortical sinusoids with lipid droplets
Term
what types of granules are in the zona reticularis?
Definition
lipofuchsin
Term
What types of cells are in the adrenal medulla?
Definition
chromaffin
Term
What are some characteristics of pancreatic islets?
Definition
spherical configuration, rounded/polygonal cells, fenestrated capillary network, separated from exocrine tissue by reticular fibers, 10% innervated by ANS fibers
Term
Where does the thyroid gland come from embryologically?
Definition
endoderm of the primitive gut
Term
What does the thryoid synthesize and what do the hormones do?
Definition
T3 and T4, they are important for growth, differentiation and control of metabolic rate
Term
What is the thyroid gland composed of?
Definition
10-20 million follicles that are lined by a simple epithelium
Term
What is thyroglobulin and where is it stored?
Definition

a hormone precursor

 

stored in the central cavity of the thyroid in a gelatinous matix called colloid 

Term
What do follicles look like?
Definition
spherical shape, simple squamous to low columnar epithelium
Term
What is the effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone?
Definition

stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis

increases height of follicular epithelium

decreases qualiy of colloid as well as follicle diameter 

Term
In which is the thyroid bigger, hypo or hyperthyroidism?
Definition
hypo because it is distended with colloid
Term

What type of epithelium is predominant in hypoactive thyroid?

 

hyperactive thyroid? 

Definition

hypo- squamous

 

hyper- simple columnar 

Term
What are parafollicular or C-cells?
Definition
may form part of follicular epithelium or may exist as isolated cluster between follicles, larger and less intensely stained compared to follicular cells, arise from neural crest cells
Term
What do the C-cells of the thyroid secrete and what does it do?
Definition
calcitonin, decreases blood clacium levels by inhibiting bone resorption
Term
Where does the parathyroid gland derive from embryologically?
Definition
the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches
Term
What are the two types of parathyroid parenchymal cells?
Definition
chief cells and oxyphil cells
Term
What do chief cells from the parathyroid secrete?
Definition
parathyroid hormone
Term
What is the function of parathyroid hormone?
Definition

increases blood calcium levels

reduces blood phosphate levels

promotes increased calcium absorption from the gut 

Term
WHat is the tunica albuginea? What is it made up of?
Definition

a thick layer of connective tissue which surrounds the testis.

  

- mediastinum: region where the rete testis are located; thickened, posterior portion

-tunica vasculosa: inner layer; abundant with blood vessels

Term
How many seminiferous tubules per lobule? What is its configuration? How do they end?
Definition
1-4, has a U-shaped configuration with each end being continuous with the rete testis, they end at the mediastinum testis by straightening out, forming tubuli recti
Term
What are tubuli recti?
Definition
ducts consisting of a specialized epithelium and a basal lamina
Term
Products generated by the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules are conveyed where?
Definition
to the rete testis
Term
What are the layers of the testis?
Definition

1 tunica albuginea

2 tunica vaginalis

3 lobuli testis 

Term
What is the tunica vaginalis?
Definition
serous sac embryologically derived from peritoneum
Term
AWhat are the two primary cells types of the seminiferous tubules?
Definition
Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells
Term
What are they types of spermatogenic cells?
Definition
spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids
Term
What is the wall of the seminiferous tubule made up of?
Definition
collagen fibers, fibroblasts and contractile cells (myoid cells)
Term
What is in the space between the loops of the seminiferous tubules?
Definition
blood vessels, lymphatic channels,macrophages and interstitial cells of leydig
Term
What do interstitial cells of leydig produce?
Definition
androgens
Term
What do myoid cells do?
Definition
contractions of myoid cells are responsible for moving non-motile sperm from the lumen of the seminiferous tubules to the rete testis
Term
What is the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules?
Definition
complex stratified epithelium
Term
What do leydig cells respond to?
Definition
LH by synthesizing testosterone
Term
What are the functions of sertoli cells?
Definition

1 protect and nourish developing spermatogenic cells

2 phagocytose residual bodies

3 secrete fluid rich in proteins and ions into the tubule lumen

4 facilitate the release of mature spermatids into the tubule lumen (spermiation)

5 tight jxns between them for a blood testis barrier

6 synthesize and secrete androgen bonding protein in response to FSH

7 synthesize and secrete inhibin and activin subunits

8 fetal sertoli cells synthesize mullerian inhibiting substance 

Term
What does mullerian inhibiting substance do?
Definition
inhibits the growth of the paramesonephric duct (fallopian tubes and uterus)
Term
What are the stages of spermatogenesis?
Definition

spermatogonia

primary spermatocytes

secondary spermatocytes

spermatids

spermatozoa 

Term
What are the two types of spermatogonia?
Definition
type A (stem cells) and type B (progenitor cells)
Term
What is spermiogenesis and what are its events?
Definition

the process by which spermatids differentiate into sperm

 

1 development of a flagellum

2 development of an acrosome

3 nuclear condensation 

Term
What comprises the head of the sperm?
Definition
condensed nucleus and an acrosome (contains enzymes for fertilization)
Term
What comprises the sperm tail?
Definition
middle piece , principal piece and an end piece
Term
What is in the middle piece of sperm?
Definition
a microtubular axoneme, and outer dense fibers surrounded by helically arranged mitochondria
Term
What is in the prinicpal piece of a sperm?
Definition
a centrally located axoneme surrounded by seven outer dense fibers and a fibrous sheath
Term
What are the intra-testicular ducts and what are they lined by?
Definition

tubuli recti and rete testis

 

simple cuboidal  

Term
Where do sperm go after passing through the rete testis? What is it characterized by and what is its function?
Definition

ductuli efferentes

 

scalloped appearance

 

absorb fluid from the lumen and transport sperm (is ciliated) 

Term
What type of epithelium is the epididymis lined by?
Definition
pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia
Term
What are the two cell types of the epididymis?
Definition
short basal cell with round nucleus and tall columnar cell with oval nucleus
Term
What type of epithelium does the ductus deferens have and where is it located?
Definition

pseudostratified columnar

 

spermatic cord 

Term
What is the ampulla?
Definition
enlarged ductus deferens as it approaches the prostate gland
Term
What is the smooth muscle arrangement of the ductus deferens?
Definition
inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal
Term
What is the ejaculatory duct?
Definition
ductus deferencs unites with the seminal vesicle, passes through the substance of the prostate gland to enter the prostatic urethra
Term
WHat are the three male accessory sex glands?
Definition
seminal vesicle, prostate, and bulbourethral glands
Term
What do seminal vesicles secrete?
Definition
a fluid rich in fructose which accounts for 50-70% of the ejaculate; yellow fluid
Term
What lines the seminal vesicles?
Definition
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Term
What lines the prostate gland?
Definition
simple or pseudostratified columnar type epithelium
Term
What are the three regions of the prostate gland?
Definition
central zone (periurethral glands), transition zone (submucosal glands), peripheral zone (main glands)
Term
What is the prostatic urethra lined by?
Definition
transitional epithelium
Term
What are prostatic concretions?
Definition
in elderly individual s the lumen of the prostatic glands contains prostatic concretions known as corpora amylacea which are rich in glycoproteins and may become calcified
Term
What are the secretory products of the prostate?
Definition
thin, white fluid containing prostatic acid phophatase and other proteolytic enzymes
Term
What is the penis made up of?
Definition
3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue: 2 corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum; each is surrounded by tunica albuginea. distal aspect of the corpus spongiosum expands to form the glans penis which covers the distal aspect of each corpora cavernosum
Term
How does an erection occur?
Definition
the sinusoids in the erectile tissue mass fill with blood during erection and compression of the venous channels halps to maintain the erect state by preventing blood from exiting via the venous channels
Term
What are bulbourethral (Cowper's glands) lined by and what do they secrete?
Definition

simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium

 

secrete mucus into cavernous urethra for lubrication

Term
What are the layers of the ovary?
Definition

1 medulla

2 cortex

3 tunica albuginea

4 germinal epithelium 

Term
How do blood vessels enter and exit the ovary?
Definition
by way of the suspensory ligament of the ovary which enters the gland at its hilum and penetrates the medulla
Term
What part of the ovary houses the oogonia?
Definition
cortex
Term
What is an ovarian follicle?
Definition
an oocyte surrounded by a layer of epithelial cells
Term
What hapens to follicles in the presence of FSH?
Definition
they grow and mature: enlarge, differentiate and become encapsulated by the ovarian stroma
Term
What surrounds the ovarian follicles?
Definition
a highly cellular connective tissue stroma rich in fibroblasts and scattered smooth muscle cells
Term
What type of epithelium is the germinal epithelium?
Definition
a modified mesothelium of simple cuboidal epithelium
Term
What are the maturational stages of an ovarian follicle?
Definition

1 primordial follicle

2 unilaminar primary follicle

3 multilaminar primary follicle

4 early secondary follicle

5 late secondary follicle

6 graafian follicle

7 atrectic follicle 

Term
What stage has the resting follicle with a primary oocyte?
Definition
primordial follicle
Term
What type of epithelium does the primordial follicle have?
Definition
simple squamous
Term
What stage of follicle development results from growth of the primary oocyte and is the stage in which the zona pellucida begins to form?
Definition
unilaminar primary follicle
Term
What type of epithelium does the unilaminar primary follicle have?
Definition
simple cuboidal
Term
What do granulosa cells secrete?
Definition
estogen
Term
in which stage to follicular cells proliferate forming a stratified layer and stromal cells begin to reorganize around the basal lamina?
Definition
multilaminar primary follicle
Term
In which stage of follicle development do Call-Exner Bodies form?
Definition
early secondary follicle
Term
In which stage of follicle development do call-exner bodies coalesce to form anturns, the corona radiata forms, and the two thecal layers form?
Definition
late secondary follicle
Term
What are the two thecal layers?
Definition
theca interna, theca externa
Term
What is the function of the theca interna?
Definition
the inner, vascular, glandular layer that nourishes the oocyte; synthesize androgens; also contains fibroblasts, collagen bundles, and a rich arterial supply
Term
What are the main constituents of the theca externa?
Definition
smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers
Term
In what stage of follicle development does the mature, preovulatory follicle contain a secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase II?
Definition
graafian (tertiary)
Term
What happens to an atretic follicle?
Definition
subsequent to ovulation, the remaining partially matured follicles degenerate by this process
Term
What is the stigma?
Definition
the bulge that the graafian follicle forms on the surface of the ovary as it grows
Term
When is the first meiotic division completed?
Definition
just prior to ovulation
Term
What is corpus hemorrhagicum?
Definition
bloody scar tissue following ovulation
Term
The activity of the corpus luteum marks which phase of the ovarian cycle?
Definition
luteal
Term
How do granulosa cells enlarge and become vesicular?
Definition
by upregulating the sER and mitochondrial content in preparation for hormone synthesis
Term
what do granulosa lutein cells look like?
Definition
large with spherical centrally-positioned nuclei, abundant cytoplasm containing multiple empty-appearing vesicles which contian lipid in vivo (gives the cytoplasm a yellow appearance)
Term
What are the four regions of the oviduct?
Definition

intramural area

isthmus

ampulla

infundibulum 

Term
What 3 layers the wall of the oviduct made up of?
Definition

mucosa

muscularis

serosa 

Term
What type of epithelium is in the mucosa and what two cell types?
Definition

simple columnar epithelium

 

ciliated cell

peg cell

lamina propria 

Term
What are the characteristics of a peg cell?
Definition
produces nutritive material, elongated nuclei, nonciliated dome-shaped apical surface
Term
What is the serosa made up of?
Definition
simple squamous mesothelium with underlying loose ct
Term
Which menstrual phase occurs in response to estrogen produced by thecal cells of maturing ovarian follicles, marked by growth and renewal of the functional layer of the endometrium?
Definition
proliferative phase
Term
Which phase of the menstrual cycle coincides with hormonal progesterone activity of the corpus luteum?
Definition
secretory phase
Term
In what phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum degenerate and the epithelium is shed if fertilization does not occur?
Definition
menstrual phase
Term
What type of epithelium lines the uterine endometrium?
Definition
simple columnar
Term
What comprises the endometrial stroma of the uterus?
Definition
the lamina propria and endometrial glands
Term
What do the endometrial glands secrete?
Definition
glycoprotein
Term
What are the two layers of the endometrium?
Definition

stratum functionalis

stratum basalis 

Term
What phase replaces menstruation if fertilization occurs?
Definition
gravid phase
Term
What is the decidual reaction?
Definition
signaled by embryo implantation, endometrial stromal cells store lipids and glycogen and become large round epithelioid cells; serves as a definitive sign of pregnancy
Term
Which artery supplies the functional layer of the uterus?
Definition
spiral artery
Term
What is the endocervical canal lined by?
Definition
a mucus secreting columnar type epithelium
Term
WHat is the ectocervix lined by?
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium continuous with the vaginal epithelium
Term
Where do 95% of all cervical intraepithelial neoplasms occur?
Definition
at the transition zone between the epithelium of the endocervical canal and the ectocervix
Term
What causes a nabothian cyst?
Definition
blockage of cervical glands with entrapment of cervical mucus
Term
What type of epithelium does the vagina have?
Definition
thick, aglandular, nonkeratinizing stratified squamous
Term
What type of gland is the mammary gland?
Definition
compound tubuloalveolar
Term
WHat is special about the mild secreted during the first few days after childbirth? What is it called?
Definition

has a high protein and vitamin A content and a high antibody content

 

colostrum 

Term
What does gray matter gontain?
Definition
cell bodies or neurons and glia, as well as neuropil (complex array of axons, dendrites, and synapses)
Term
What is in white matter?
Definition
myelinated nerve fibers
Term

What type of astrocytes are in white matter?

 

Gray? 

Definition

white: fibrous

 

gray: protoplasmic 

Term
What are ependyma?
Definition
neuroepithelial cells that form the ventricular lining
Term
What is gliosis?
Definition
scar tissue formed by glial cell proliferation in response to injury
Term
What is a projection or Golgi type I neuron?
Definition
possesses a long axon, longer than the diameter of the dendritic tree, which carries information away from the local area
Term
What is an interneuron or a Golgi type II neuron?
Definition
possesses a shrot axon and is involved in local integration and modulation of function
Term
What are the 3 layers of the eye?
Definition

retina layer

choroid layer

corneo-scleral layer 

Term
What is the retina layer of the eye?
Definition
innermost neural layer composed of the neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium
Term
What is the choroid layer of the eye?
Definition
middle vascular layer containing the choroid, iris, and cilliary body
Term
What is the corneo-scleral layer of the eye?
Definition
outer fibrous layer consisting of the cornea and scelra
Term
What are the three chambers of the eye?
Definition

anterior chamber

posterior chamber

vitreous chamber 

Term
What is the anteror chamber of the eye?
Definition

space defined by the cornea, iris, and lens

filled with aqueous humor 

Term
What is the posterior chamber of the eye?
Definition

space defined by the iris, lens, zonule fibers and ciliary body

filled with aqueous humor 

Term
What is the vitreous chamber of the eye?
Definition

space defined by the lens, zonule fibers and retina

filled with gelatinous vitreous humor 

Term
How does the retina develop?
Definition
from the primitive diencephalon portion of the brain to form the optic vesicle which then folds onto itself to form the optic cup whose inner layer will form the neural retina and whose outer layer will form the retinal pigment epithelium
Term

What does the lens form from?

The cornea? 

Definition
both from ectoderm
Term
What does the fovea or macula contain? For what purpose?
Definition
all cones, no blood vessels, and cell spreading to form a pit, all of which seves to maximize high acuity color vision
Term
What is the optic disk or optic papilla?
Definition
the origination of the optic nerve, and since there are no photoreceptors there, it is a functional blind spot
Term
What is the ora serrata?
Definition
the location where the multilayered neural retina simplifies into a single layer columnar epithelium that is not photoreceptive
Term
What is the ciliary body?
Definition
regulates fine focus by adjusting the shape of the lens, and is also the source of aqueous humor
Term
What are the zonule fibers?
Definition
fine ligaments which connect ciliary body to lens, whose shape is thus affected by contraction of ciliary muscle
Term
What does the iris do?
Definition
regulates the amount of light entering the eye by changing the size of the pupil
Term
Where do the extraocular muscles insert?
Definition
sclera
Term
What are the five layers of the cornea from external to internal?
Definition

stratified squamous non-keratinized corneal epithelium

Bowman's membrane

substantia propria

Descemet's membrane

simple squamous corneal endothelium 

Term
What is the canal of Schlemm?
Definition
drains the aqueous humor
Term
What are the components of the outer ear?
Definition
auricle, external auditory meatus and tympanic membrane
Term
What are the components of the middle ear?
Definition
tympanic cavity, Eustachian tube, auditory ossicles (incus, malleus and stapes), and ovl and round windows
Term
What are the components of the inner ear?
Definition
bony labyrinth and its vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea, and the membranous labyrinth with its utricle, saccule, semicircular ducts, cochlear duct, maculae, cristae and organ of corti
Term
Where did the inner ear develop from?
Definition
the otic or auditory vesicle, which forms by invagination of the otic placode from the ectoderm
Term
Which bone is the inner ear within?
Definition
temporal
Term
What type of cartilage makes up the auricle?
Definition
elastic
Term
What type of glands are located in the external auditory meatus?
Definition
ceruminous (earwax) glands
Term
What type of epithelium lines the tympanic cavity?
Definition
simple squamous epithelium which becomes ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Term
What separates the middle ear from the inner ear?
Definition
the oval and round windows
Term
Which muscles control vibrations of the ossicles?
Definition
stapedius and tensor tympani
Term
What is the fluid within the bony labyrinth?
Definition
perilymph
Term
What is the fluid within the membranous labyrinth?
Definition
endolymph
Term
Which receptors function as components of the vestibular system by responding to changes in linear acceleration?
Definition
macula
Term
How do macula receptors function?
Definition
insertion of hair cell cilia into a gelatinous covering called the otolithic membrane, which contains tiny calcium carbonate granules called otoliths which move with the force of gravity
Term
How does the organ of corti function?
Definition
insertion of a hair cell cilia into a gelatinous covering called the tectorial membrane that vibrates due tot eh action of sound waves transmitted to the inner ear structures
Term
Which receptor responds to changes in angular momentum?
Definition
crista ampullaris
Term
What is the name of the gelatinous covering into which the cilia of the crista ampullaris insert?
Definition
cupola
Term
Which receptor responds to sound waves?
Definition
organ of corti
Term
What is the defect in osteopetrosis?
Definition
osteoclasts are deficient in carbonic anhydrase and are unable to resorb bone normally. characteristics are increased bone density; neurological damage due to bone impinging upon nerves; and hematological problems due to diminished bone marrow
Term
What is the disorder in osteoporosis?
Definition
loss of both collagen matrix and calcium phosphate results in decreased bone mass and strength due to increased bone resorption relative to bone formation
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