Term
| Where is the pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
| lies in a cavity of the sphenoid bone (sella turcica) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the pituitary gland come from embryologically? |
|
Definition
| oral ectoderm (Ratke's pouch) and floor of diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the derivatives of the oral ectoderm? |
|
Definition
adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary): pars distalis (anterior pituitary) pars tuberalis (surrounds neural stalk) pars intermedia (vestigial) |
|
|
Term
What are the derivatives of the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
neurohypophysis = posterior pituitary: neural stalk (infundibulum) - includes stem and median eminence pars nervosa (posterior pituitary) |
|
|
Term
| What does the hypothalamohypophyseal portal circulation allow? |
|
Definition
| cells of the pars distalis (anterior pituitary) receive releasing and inhibitory factors synthesized by neurons of hypothalamic nuclei stored within the median eminence |
|
|
Term
| What branches of the internal carotid artery supply the pituitary? |
|
Definition
| superior and inferior hypophysial arteries and their primary capillary plexus |
|
|
Term
| What gives rise to the secondary capillary plexus within the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do hormones synthesized in the pars distalis enter the general circulation? |
|
Definition
| via the secondary capillary plexus |
|
|
Term
| What does an additional capillary plexus within the pars nervosa (posterior pituitary) carry into general circulation? |
|
Definition
| products of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 sites for production of polypeptide hormones? |
|
Definition
1 peptides synthesized by secretory neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei enter capillaries in the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) 2 peptides synthesized by neurons in the dorsal-medial, ventral-medial and infundibular nuclie of the hypothalamus are released in the median eminence and transported to the anterior pituitary via a portal system 3 polypeptide homrones synthesized by cells of the pars distalis |
|
|
Term
| What types of cells are in the pars distalis and what do they secrete? |
|
Definition
cords of glandular cells surrounded by capillaries, acidophils (chromophobes) and basophils (chromophils) FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, GH (somatotrophin), MSH |
|
|
Term
| What types of cells are in the pars intermedia? |
|
Definition
| weakly basophilic cells (rudimentary region) |
|
|
Term
What is the arrangement of cells in the pars tuberalis?
What do cells secrete?
|
|
Definition
cells arranged in cords along blood vessels- surrounds the neural stalk FSH or LH |
|
|
Term
| What happens to hormones produced by neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei? |
|
Definition
| stored and liberated from the posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| What are stored hormones int he posterior pituitary bound to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly branched glial cells which make up 25% of volume of neurohypophysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aggregates of neurosecretory granules in dilated axon terminals in the posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| What are the hormones of the neurohypophysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is diabetes insipidus? |
|
Definition
| patient has polyuria due to ADH deficiency |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the make-up of the adrenal glands? |
|
Definition
| an outer cortex and a central medulla, embedded in adipose |
|
|
Term
| Where do the adrenal glands come from embryologically? |
|
Definition
| coelomic epithelium and neural crest |
|
|
Term
| What is the metabolic activity of the adrenal gland regulated by? |
|
Definition
cortex: ACTH medulla: preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
What do adrenal cortical hormones do?
|
|
Definition
regulate metabolism (corticosteroids) maintain normal electrolyte balance (aldosterone) influence reproductive organs (weak androgens) |
|
|
Term
| What are some hormonal targets for epinephrine and norepinephrine? |
|
Definition
| glandular epithelial cells, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle of blood vessels and viscera |
|
|
Term
| What is the vascular supply to the adrenal glands? |
|
Definition
capsular arteries provide an extensive subcapsular network, cortical arteries irrigate the cortex, and medullary arteries pass through the cortex directly to the medulla all drained by suprarenal vein |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 concentric zones of the adrenal cortex? |
|
Definition
zona glomerulosa (salt-aldosterone) zona fasiculata (sugar-cortisol) zona reticularis (sex hormones) |
|
|
Term
| What types of cells are in the zona fasiculata? |
|
Definition
| large polyhedral cells (spongyocytes) in parallel columns deparated by cortical sinusoids with lipid droplets |
|
|
Term
| what types of granules are in the zona reticularis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of cells are in the adrenal medulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of pancreatic islets? |
|
Definition
| spherical configuration, rounded/polygonal cells, fenestrated capillary network, separated from exocrine tissue by reticular fibers, 10% innervated by ANS fibers |
|
|
Term
| Where does the thyroid gland come from embryologically? |
|
Definition
| endoderm of the primitive gut |
|
|
Term
| What does the thryoid synthesize and what do the hormones do? |
|
Definition
| T3 and T4, they are important for growth, differentiation and control of metabolic rate |
|
|
Term
| What is the thyroid gland composed of? |
|
Definition
| 10-20 million follicles that are lined by a simple epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What is thyroglobulin and where is it stored? |
|
Definition
a hormone precursor stored in the central cavity of the thyroid in a gelatinous matix called colloid |
|
|
Term
| What do follicles look like? |
|
Definition
| spherical shape, simple squamous to low columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone? |
|
Definition
stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis increases height of follicular epithelium decreases qualiy of colloid as well as follicle diameter |
|
|
Term
| In which is the thyroid bigger, hypo or hyperthyroidism? |
|
Definition
| hypo because it is distended with colloid |
|
|
Term
What type of epithelium is predominant in hypoactive thyroid? hyperactive thyroid? |
|
Definition
hypo- squamous hyper- simple columnar |
|
|
Term
| What are parafollicular or C-cells? |
|
Definition
| may form part of follicular epithelium or may exist as isolated cluster between follicles, larger and less intensely stained compared to follicular cells, arise from neural crest cells |
|
|
Term
| What do the C-cells of the thyroid secrete and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| calcitonin, decreases blood clacium levels by inhibiting bone resorption |
|
|
Term
| Where does the parathyroid gland derive from embryologically? |
|
Definition
| the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of parathyroid parenchymal cells? |
|
Definition
| chief cells and oxyphil cells |
|
|
Term
| What do chief cells from the parathyroid secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of parathyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
increases blood calcium levels reduces blood phosphate levels promotes increased calcium absorption from the gut |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the tunica albuginea? What is it made up of? |
|
Definition
a thick layer of connective tissue which surrounds the testis.
- mediastinum: region where the rete testis are located; thickened, posterior portion -tunica vasculosa: inner layer; abundant with blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| How many seminiferous tubules per lobule? What is its configuration? How do they end? |
|
Definition
| 1-4, has a U-shaped configuration with each end being continuous with the rete testis, they end at the mediastinum testis by straightening out, forming tubuli recti |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ducts consisting of a specialized epithelium and a basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| Products generated by the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules are conveyed where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the testis? |
|
Definition
1 tunica albuginea 2 tunica vaginalis 3 lobuli testis |
|
|
Term
| What is the tunica vaginalis? |
|
Definition
| serous sac embryologically derived from peritoneum |
|
|
Term
| AWhat are the two primary cells types of the seminiferous tubules? |
|
Definition
| Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells |
|
|
Term
| What are they types of spermatogenic cells? |
|
Definition
| spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids |
|
|
Term
| What is the wall of the seminiferous tubule made up of? |
|
Definition
| collagen fibers, fibroblasts and contractile cells (myoid cells) |
|
|
Term
| What is in the space between the loops of the seminiferous tubules? |
|
Definition
| blood vessels, lymphatic channels,macrophages and interstitial cells of leydig |
|
|
Term
| What do interstitial cells of leydig produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contractions of myoid cells are responsible for moving non-motile sperm from the lumen of the seminiferous tubules to the rete testis |
|
|
Term
| What is the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules? |
|
Definition
| complex stratified epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What do leydig cells respond to? |
|
Definition
| LH by synthesizing testosterone |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of sertoli cells? |
|
Definition
1 protect and nourish developing spermatogenic cells 2 phagocytose residual bodies 3 secrete fluid rich in proteins and ions into the tubule lumen 4 facilitate the release of mature spermatids into the tubule lumen (spermiation) 5 tight jxns between them for a blood testis barrier 6 synthesize and secrete androgen bonding protein in response to FSH 7 synthesize and secrete inhibin and activin subunits 8 fetal sertoli cells synthesize mullerian inhibiting substance |
|
|
Term
| What does mullerian inhibiting substance do? |
|
Definition
| inhibits the growth of the paramesonephric duct (fallopian tubes and uterus) |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of spermatogenesis? |
|
Definition
spermatogonia primary spermatocytes secondary spermatocytes spermatids spermatozoa |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of spermatogonia? |
|
Definition
| type A (stem cells) and type B (progenitor cells) |
|
|
Term
| What is spermiogenesis and what are its events? |
|
Definition
the process by which spermatids differentiate into sperm 1 development of a flagellum 2 development of an acrosome 3 nuclear condensation |
|
|
Term
| What comprises the head of the sperm? |
|
Definition
| condensed nucleus and an acrosome (contains enzymes for fertilization) |
|
|
Term
| What comprises the sperm tail? |
|
Definition
| middle piece , principal piece and an end piece |
|
|
Term
| What is in the middle piece of sperm? |
|
Definition
| a microtubular axoneme, and outer dense fibers surrounded by helically arranged mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| What is in the prinicpal piece of a sperm? |
|
Definition
| a centrally located axoneme surrounded by seven outer dense fibers and a fibrous sheath |
|
|
Term
| What are the intra-testicular ducts and what are they lined by? |
|
Definition
tubuli recti and rete testis simple cuboidal |
|
|
Term
| Where do sperm go after passing through the rete testis? What is it characterized by and what is its function? |
|
Definition
ductuli efferentes scalloped appearance absorb fluid from the lumen and transport sperm (is ciliated) |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the epididymis lined by? |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia |
|
|
Term
| What are the two cell types of the epididymis? |
|
Definition
| short basal cell with round nucleus and tall columnar cell with oval nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium does the ductus deferens have and where is it located? |
|
Definition
pseudostratified columnar spermatic cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enlarged ductus deferens as it approaches the prostate gland |
|
|
Term
| What is the smooth muscle arrangement of the ductus deferens? |
|
Definition
| inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal |
|
|
Term
| What is the ejaculatory duct? |
|
Definition
| ductus deferencs unites with the seminal vesicle, passes through the substance of the prostate gland to enter the prostatic urethra |
|
|
Term
| WHat are the three male accessory sex glands? |
|
Definition
| seminal vesicle, prostate, and bulbourethral glands |
|
|
Term
| What do seminal vesicles secrete? |
|
Definition
| a fluid rich in fructose which accounts for 50-70% of the ejaculate; yellow fluid |
|
|
Term
| What lines the seminal vesicles? |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What lines the prostate gland? |
|
Definition
| simple or pseudostratified columnar type epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What are the three regions of the prostate gland? |
|
Definition
| central zone (periurethral glands), transition zone (submucosal glands), peripheral zone (main glands) |
|
|
Term
| What is the prostatic urethra lined by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are prostatic concretions? |
|
Definition
| in elderly individual s the lumen of the prostatic glands contains prostatic concretions known as corpora amylacea which are rich in glycoproteins and may become calcified |
|
|
Term
| What are the secretory products of the prostate? |
|
Definition
| thin, white fluid containing prostatic acid phophatase and other proteolytic enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What is the penis made up of? |
|
Definition
| 3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue: 2 corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum; each is surrounded by tunica albuginea. distal aspect of the corpus spongiosum expands to form the glans penis which covers the distal aspect of each corpora cavernosum |
|
|
Term
| How does an erection occur? |
|
Definition
| the sinusoids in the erectile tissue mass fill with blood during erection and compression of the venous channels halps to maintain the erect state by preventing blood from exiting via the venous channels |
|
|
Term
| What are bulbourethral (Cowper's glands) lined by and what do they secrete? |
|
Definition
simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium secrete mucus into cavernous urethra for lubrication |
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the ovary? |
|
Definition
1 medulla 2 cortex 3 tunica albuginea 4 germinal epithelium |
|
|
Term
| How do blood vessels enter and exit the ovary? |
|
Definition
| by way of the suspensory ligament of the ovary which enters the gland at its hilum and penetrates the medulla |
|
|
Term
| What part of the ovary houses the oogonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an ovarian follicle? |
|
Definition
| an oocyte surrounded by a layer of epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| What hapens to follicles in the presence of FSH? |
|
Definition
| they grow and mature: enlarge, differentiate and become encapsulated by the ovarian stroma |
|
|
Term
| What surrounds the ovarian follicles? |
|
Definition
| a highly cellular connective tissue stroma rich in fibroblasts and scattered smooth muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the germinal epithelium? |
|
Definition
| a modified mesothelium of simple cuboidal epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What are the maturational stages of an ovarian follicle? |
|
Definition
1 primordial follicle 2 unilaminar primary follicle 3 multilaminar primary follicle 4 early secondary follicle 5 late secondary follicle 6 graafian follicle 7 atrectic follicle |
|
|
Term
| What stage has the resting follicle with a primary oocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium does the primordial follicle have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stage of follicle development results from growth of the primary oocyte and is the stage in which the zona pellucida begins to form? |
|
Definition
| unilaminar primary follicle |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium does the unilaminar primary follicle have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do granulosa cells secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in which stage to follicular cells proliferate forming a stratified layer and stromal cells begin to reorganize around the basal lamina? |
|
Definition
| multilaminar primary follicle |
|
|
Term
| In which stage of follicle development do Call-Exner Bodies form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which stage of follicle development do call-exner bodies coalesce to form anturns, the corona radiata forms, and the two thecal layers form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two thecal layers? |
|
Definition
| theca interna, theca externa |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the theca interna? |
|
Definition
| the inner, vascular, glandular layer that nourishes the oocyte; synthesize androgens; also contains fibroblasts, collagen bundles, and a rich arterial supply |
|
|
Term
| What are the main constituents of the theca externa? |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers |
|
|
Term
| In what stage of follicle development does the mature, preovulatory follicle contain a secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase II? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to an atretic follicle? |
|
Definition
| subsequent to ovulation, the remaining partially matured follicles degenerate by this process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the bulge that the graafian follicle forms on the surface of the ovary as it grows |
|
|
Term
| When is the first meiotic division completed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is corpus hemorrhagicum? |
|
Definition
| bloody scar tissue following ovulation |
|
|
Term
| The activity of the corpus luteum marks which phase of the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do granulosa cells enlarge and become vesicular? |
|
Definition
| by upregulating the sER and mitochondrial content in preparation for hormone synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what do granulosa lutein cells look like? |
|
Definition
| large with spherical centrally-positioned nuclei, abundant cytoplasm containing multiple empty-appearing vesicles which contian lipid in vivo (gives the cytoplasm a yellow appearance) |
|
|
Term
| What are the four regions of the oviduct? |
|
Definition
intramural area isthmus ampulla infundibulum |
|
|
Term
| What 3 layers the wall of the oviduct made up of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is in the mucosa and what two cell types? |
|
Definition
simple columnar epithelium ciliated cell peg cell lamina propria |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of a peg cell? |
|
Definition
| produces nutritive material, elongated nuclei, nonciliated dome-shaped apical surface |
|
|
Term
| What is the serosa made up of? |
|
Definition
| simple squamous mesothelium with underlying loose ct |
|
|
Term
| Which menstrual phase occurs in response to estrogen produced by thecal cells of maturing ovarian follicles, marked by growth and renewal of the functional layer of the endometrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which phase of the menstrual cycle coincides with hormonal progesterone activity of the corpus luteum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum degenerate and the epithelium is shed if fertilization does not occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium lines the uterine endometrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What comprises the endometrial stroma of the uterus? |
|
Definition
| the lamina propria and endometrial glands |
|
|
Term
| What do the endometrial glands secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two layers of the endometrium? |
|
Definition
stratum functionalis stratum basalis |
|
|
Term
| What phase replaces menstruation if fertilization occurs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the decidual reaction? |
|
Definition
| signaled by embryo implantation, endometrial stromal cells store lipids and glycogen and become large round epithelioid cells; serves as a definitive sign of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Which artery supplies the functional layer of the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the endocervical canal lined by? |
|
Definition
| a mucus secreting columnar type epithelium |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the ectocervix lined by? |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium continuous with the vaginal epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Where do 95% of all cervical intraepithelial neoplasms occur? |
|
Definition
| at the transition zone between the epithelium of the endocervical canal and the ectocervix |
|
|
Term
| What causes a nabothian cyst? |
|
Definition
| blockage of cervical glands with entrapment of cervical mucus |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium does the vagina have? |
|
Definition
| thick, aglandular, nonkeratinizing stratified squamous |
|
|
Term
| What type of gland is the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat is special about the mild secreted during the first few days after childbirth? What is it called? |
|
Definition
has a high protein and vitamin A content and a high antibody content colostrum |
|
|
Term
| What does gray matter gontain? |
|
Definition
| cell bodies or neurons and glia, as well as neuropil (complex array of axons, dendrites, and synapses) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of astrocytes are in white matter? Gray? |
|
Definition
white: fibrous gray: protoplasmic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neuroepithelial cells that form the ventricular lining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scar tissue formed by glial cell proliferation in response to injury |
|
|
Term
| What is a projection or Golgi type I neuron? |
|
Definition
| possesses a long axon, longer than the diameter of the dendritic tree, which carries information away from the local area |
|
|
Term
| What is an interneuron or a Golgi type II neuron? |
|
Definition
| possesses a shrot axon and is involved in local integration and modulation of function |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of the eye? |
|
Definition
retina layer choroid layer corneo-scleral layer |
|
|
Term
| What is the retina layer of the eye? |
|
Definition
| innermost neural layer composed of the neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What is the choroid layer of the eye? |
|
Definition
| middle vascular layer containing the choroid, iris, and cilliary body |
|
|
Term
| What is the corneo-scleral layer of the eye? |
|
Definition
| outer fibrous layer consisting of the cornea and scelra |
|
|
Term
| What are the three chambers of the eye? |
|
Definition
anterior chamber posterior chamber vitreous chamber |
|
|
Term
| What is the anteror chamber of the eye? |
|
Definition
space defined by the cornea, iris, and lens filled with aqueous humor |
|
|
Term
| What is the posterior chamber of the eye? |
|
Definition
space defined by the iris, lens, zonule fibers and ciliary body filled with aqueous humor |
|
|
Term
| What is the vitreous chamber of the eye? |
|
Definition
space defined by the lens, zonule fibers and retina filled with gelatinous vitreous humor |
|
|
Term
| How does the retina develop? |
|
Definition
| from the primitive diencephalon portion of the brain to form the optic vesicle which then folds onto itself to form the optic cup whose inner layer will form the neural retina and whose outer layer will form the retinal pigment epithelium |
|
|
Term
What does the lens form from? The cornea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the fovea or macula contain? For what purpose? |
|
Definition
| all cones, no blood vessels, and cell spreading to form a pit, all of which seves to maximize high acuity color vision |
|
|
Term
| What is the optic disk or optic papilla? |
|
Definition
| the origination of the optic nerve, and since there are no photoreceptors there, it is a functional blind spot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the location where the multilayered neural retina simplifies into a single layer columnar epithelium that is not photoreceptive |
|
|
Term
| What is the ciliary body? |
|
Definition
| regulates fine focus by adjusting the shape of the lens, and is also the source of aqueous humor |
|
|
Term
| What are the zonule fibers? |
|
Definition
| fine ligaments which connect ciliary body to lens, whose shape is thus affected by contraction of ciliary muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulates the amount of light entering the eye by changing the size of the pupil |
|
|
Term
| Where do the extraocular muscles insert? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five layers of the cornea from external to internal? |
|
Definition
stratified squamous non-keratinized corneal epithelium Bowman's membrane substantia propria Descemet's membrane simple squamous corneal endothelium |
|
|
Term
| What is the canal of Schlemm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the outer ear? |
|
Definition
| auricle, external auditory meatus and tympanic membrane |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the middle ear? |
|
Definition
| tympanic cavity, Eustachian tube, auditory ossicles (incus, malleus and stapes), and ovl and round windows |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the inner ear? |
|
Definition
| bony labyrinth and its vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea, and the membranous labyrinth with its utricle, saccule, semicircular ducts, cochlear duct, maculae, cristae and organ of corti |
|
|
Term
| Where did the inner ear develop from? |
|
Definition
| the otic or auditory vesicle, which forms by invagination of the otic placode from the ectoderm |
|
|
Term
| Which bone is the inner ear within? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cartilage makes up the auricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of glands are located in the external auditory meatus? |
|
Definition
| ceruminous (earwax) glands |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium lines the tympanic cavity? |
|
Definition
| simple squamous epithelium which becomes ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What separates the middle ear from the inner ear? |
|
Definition
| the oval and round windows |
|
|
Term
| Which muscles control vibrations of the ossicles? |
|
Definition
| stapedius and tensor tympani |
|
|
Term
| What is the fluid within the bony labyrinth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fluid within the membranous labyrinth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which receptors function as components of the vestibular system by responding to changes in linear acceleration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do macula receptors function? |
|
Definition
| insertion of hair cell cilia into a gelatinous covering called the otolithic membrane, which contains tiny calcium carbonate granules called otoliths which move with the force of gravity |
|
|
Term
| How does the organ of corti function? |
|
Definition
| insertion of a hair cell cilia into a gelatinous covering called the tectorial membrane that vibrates due tot eh action of sound waves transmitted to the inner ear structures |
|
|
Term
| Which receptor responds to changes in angular momentum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the gelatinous covering into which the cilia of the crista ampullaris insert? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which receptor responds to sound waves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the defect in osteopetrosis? |
|
Definition
| osteoclasts are deficient in carbonic anhydrase and are unable to resorb bone normally. characteristics are increased bone density; neurological damage due to bone impinging upon nerves; and hematological problems due to diminished bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| What is the disorder in osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| loss of both collagen matrix and calcium phosphate results in decreased bone mass and strength due to increased bone resorption relative to bone formation |
|
|
