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Microscopic anatomy test 3
test 3
54
Anatomy
Professional
03/22/2008

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Cards

Term
What does the air conducting portion of the respiratory system consist of?
Definition
nasal cavities, associated paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
Term
What is the respiratory portion of the respiratory system composed of?
Definition
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli
Term
What is the primary function of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
Definition
gas exchange between blood and aire
Term
What does a pulmonary lobule consist of?
Definition
terminal bronchioles and that portion of the lung which they supply
Term
What four essential elements does the mechanism of ventilation involve?
Definition
thoracic skeleton, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, elastic connective tissue within the lung
Term
Where is olfactory mucosa present?
Definition
in the roof of nasal cavities and on portion of superior concha
Term
What is the vestibule of the nose covered with?
Definition

external: stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

internal: non-keratinized stratified squamous 

Term
What do the nasal cavities consist of?
Definition
vestibule, respiratory and olfactory regions separated by a septum
Term
What epitheliam covers the respiratory region of the nasal cavities?
Definition
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Term
What type of glands are in the lamina propria of the nasal cavities?
Definition
seromucus glands
Term
What type of epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?
Definition
pseudostratified ciliated columnar with fewer goblet cells and fewer glandular elements in the lamina propria
Term
What is the purpose of the nasal conchae?
Definition
result in airflow turbulence which facilitates contact beween the air and the mucous coating covering the respiratory region
Term
When does the nasopharynx become the oropharynx?
Definition
at the level of the soft palate
Term
What is the epithelial lining of the pharynx?
Definition

nasopharynx: ciliated pseudostratified columnar

oropharynx: stratified squamous non-keratinized 

Term
What is Waldeyer's ring?
Definition
the abundant mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue located deep to the nasopharynx epithelium
Term
Where do Eustachian tubes open?
Definition
into the oropharynx
Term
What are the four types of cells in the olfactory epithelium?
Definition

1 basal cells

2 differentiating olfactory neurons

3 mature (bipolar) olfactory neurons

4 sustentacular (supporting) cells 

Term
Where do the axons of mature olfactory neurons go?
Definition
pass through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone to synapse on cells of the olfactory bulbs
Term
What do the olfactory glands of bowman secrete?
Definition
serous fluid containing odorant-binding protein which carries odorants to receptors on the modified cilia, also contains lysozyme and IGA
Term
What type of epithelium lines the larynx?
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium covers lingal aspect of epiglottis and the ture vocal cords, remainder of larynx is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar type epithlium containing goblet cells
Term
What does the lamina propria of the larynx contain?
Definition
except on the vocal cords, the lamina propria contains numerous seromucous glands and mast cells
Term
What type of epithelium lines the trachea and mainstem bronchi?
Definition
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Term
What type of fibers are present in the lamina propria of the trachea and bronchi?
Definition
elastic
Term
What types of glands are in the submucosa of the trachea and bronchi?
Definition
mucus and serous glands
Term
What are the C-shaped rings in the wall of the trachea and mainstem bronchi made of? What doe they gradually give way to?
Definition

hyaline cartilage

 

irregularly-shaped cartilage plates in the walls of the branching bronchi 

Term
What are the cell types of the respiratory tree?
Definition

1 ciliated columnar cells

2 basal cells

3 intermediate cells

4 goblet cells

5 neuroendocrine cells 

Term
What is located in the submucosa of the bronchial tree?
Definition
smooth muscle, seromucous glands, collagen, elastic fibers, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Term
What are the smallest portion of the conducting airways?
Definition
bronchioles
Term
What type of epithelium are bronchioles lined by and what types of cells comprise them?
Definition
ciliated columnar epithelium which may beome cuboidal without pseudostratification; occasional goblet cells and some neuroendocrine cells, clara cells; absence of seromucous glands
Term
Where are clara cells most numerous?
Definition
terminal bronchioles
Term
What are respiratory bronchioles?
Definition

come after terminal bronchioles; transitional airways with conduct air and participate in gas exchange

 

lined by cuboidal epithelium with clara cells 

Term
Where do repiratory bonchioles lead?
Definition
to alveolar ducts which lead to one or more alveolar sacs lined by alveoli
Term
What is the primary site for gas exchange?
Definition
alveoli
Term
What provides direct communication between adjacent alveoli?
Definition
pores of Kohn
Term
Which pneumocytes represnet 40% of alveolar cell population and form 90% of the alveolar surface?
Definition
Type I pneumocytes
Term
What is the difference in shape between type I and II pneumocytes?
Definition
type II are rounded
Term
Where are alveolar macrophages located?
Definition
within the alveolar wall or free within the alveolar space
Term
Where are the nephrons?
Definition
1/7 located at the corticomedullary junction and the remaining are located within the cortex
Term
Where is the urinary space?
Definition
located between the visceral and parietal layers of Bowman's capsule
Term
Where does the afferenct arteriole enter the renal corpuscle? Where does the efferent arteriole leave?
Definition
both enters and leaves the arterial pole
Term
What is the epithelial lining of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule?
Definition
simple squamous
Term
What is the epithelial lining of the proximal convoluted tubule?
Definition
low cuboidal or simple columnar
Term
What are the cells of the visceral layer of the renal corpuscle called?
Definition
podocytes
Term
What are the spaces between the adjacent pedicels or the podocytes called?
Definition
filtration slits
Term
What is the filtration barrier of the renal corpuscle?
Definition
derived from fusion of basement membranes of capillaries and the podocytes
Term
WHat does the basement membrane of the renal corpuscle consist of?
Definition
centrally located lamina densa and an electron lucent lamina rara on each side
Term
What is the protein, nephrin?
Definition
involved in the filtration barrier, mutations may lead to malfunction or absence of the slit diaphragm
Term
What are mesangial cells?
Definition
contractile cells possessing angiotensin II receptors and natriuretic factor receptors. they synthesize ECM materials, provide structural support for the glomerulus, clean the basement membrane, and produce cytokines and prostaglandins
Term
What is produced by juxtgaglomerular cells?
Definition
renin
Term
What is the prostetic urethra lined with?
Definition
transitional epithelium
Term
What is the membranous and bulbous urethra lined by?
Definition
statified or pseudostratified epithelium
Term
Where are Lettre's glands?
Definition
present along the entire length of the urethra, but are most prevalent in the pendulous portion
Term
What is the female urethra lined by?
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium, with scattered regions of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Term
What is special about the cells of the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule?
Definition
sensitive to ionic composition and volume of the tubular fluid
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