Term
| What does the air conducting portion of the respiratory system consist of? |
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Definition
| nasal cavities, associated paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles |
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Term
| What is the respiratory portion of the respiratory system composed of? |
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Definition
| respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli |
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Term
| What is the primary function of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| gas exchange between blood and aire |
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Term
| What does a pulmonary lobule consist of? |
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Definition
| terminal bronchioles and that portion of the lung which they supply |
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Term
| What four essential elements does the mechanism of ventilation involve? |
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Definition
| thoracic skeleton, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, elastic connective tissue within the lung |
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Term
| Where is olfactory mucosa present? |
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Definition
| in the roof of nasal cavities and on portion of superior concha |
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Term
| What is the vestibule of the nose covered with? |
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Definition
external: stratified squamous keratinized epithelium internal: non-keratinized stratified squamous |
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Term
| What do the nasal cavities consist of? |
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Definition
| vestibule, respiratory and olfactory regions separated by a septum |
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Term
| What epitheliam covers the respiratory region of the nasal cavities? |
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Definition
| ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells |
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Term
| What type of glands are in the lamina propria of the nasal cavities? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses? |
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Definition
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar with fewer goblet cells and fewer glandular elements in the lamina propria |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the nasal conchae? |
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Definition
| result in airflow turbulence which facilitates contact beween the air and the mucous coating covering the respiratory region |
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Term
| When does the nasopharynx become the oropharynx? |
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Definition
| at the level of the soft palate |
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Term
| What is the epithelial lining of the pharynx? |
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Definition
nasopharynx: ciliated pseudostratified columnar oropharynx: stratified squamous non-keratinized |
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Term
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Definition
| the abundant mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue located deep to the nasopharynx epithelium |
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Term
| Where do Eustachian tubes open? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four types of cells in the olfactory epithelium? |
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Definition
1 basal cells 2 differentiating olfactory neurons 3 mature (bipolar) olfactory neurons 4 sustentacular (supporting) cells |
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Term
| Where do the axons of mature olfactory neurons go? |
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Definition
| pass through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone to synapse on cells of the olfactory bulbs |
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Term
| What do the olfactory glands of bowman secrete? |
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Definition
| serous fluid containing odorant-binding protein which carries odorants to receptors on the modified cilia, also contains lysozyme and IGA |
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Term
| What type of epithelium lines the larynx? |
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Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium covers lingal aspect of epiglottis and the ture vocal cords, remainder of larynx is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar type epithlium containing goblet cells |
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Term
| What does the lamina propria of the larynx contain? |
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Definition
| except on the vocal cords, the lamina propria contains numerous seromucous glands and mast cells |
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Term
| What type of epithelium lines the trachea and mainstem bronchi? |
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Definition
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
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Term
| What type of fibers are present in the lamina propria of the trachea and bronchi? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of glands are in the submucosa of the trachea and bronchi? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the C-shaped rings in the wall of the trachea and mainstem bronchi made of? What doe they gradually give way to? |
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Definition
hyaline cartilage irregularly-shaped cartilage plates in the walls of the branching bronchi |
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Term
| What are the cell types of the respiratory tree? |
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Definition
1 ciliated columnar cells 2 basal cells 3 intermediate cells 4 goblet cells 5 neuroendocrine cells |
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Term
| What is located in the submucosa of the bronchial tree? |
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Definition
| smooth muscle, seromucous glands, collagen, elastic fibers, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue |
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Term
| What are the smallest portion of the conducting airways? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of epithelium are bronchioles lined by and what types of cells comprise them? |
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Definition
| ciliated columnar epithelium which may beome cuboidal without pseudostratification; occasional goblet cells and some neuroendocrine cells, clara cells; absence of seromucous glands |
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Term
| Where are clara cells most numerous? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are respiratory bronchioles? |
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Definition
come after terminal bronchioles; transitional airways with conduct air and participate in gas exchange lined by cuboidal epithelium with clara cells |
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Term
| Where do repiratory bonchioles lead? |
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Definition
| to alveolar ducts which lead to one or more alveolar sacs lined by alveoli |
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Term
| What is the primary site for gas exchange? |
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Definition
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Term
| What provides direct communication between adjacent alveoli? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which pneumocytes represnet 40% of alveolar cell population and form 90% of the alveolar surface? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference in shape between type I and II pneumocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are alveolar macrophages located? |
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Definition
| within the alveolar wall or free within the alveolar space |
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Term
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Definition
| 1/7 located at the corticomedullary junction and the remaining are located within the cortex |
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Term
| Where is the urinary space? |
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Definition
| located between the visceral and parietal layers of Bowman's capsule |
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Term
| Where does the afferenct arteriole enter the renal corpuscle? Where does the efferent arteriole leave? |
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Definition
| both enters and leaves the arterial pole |
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Term
| What is the epithelial lining of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the epithelial lining of the proximal convoluted tubule? |
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Definition
| low cuboidal or simple columnar |
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Term
| What are the cells of the visceral layer of the renal corpuscle called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the spaces between the adjacent pedicels or the podocytes called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the filtration barrier of the renal corpuscle? |
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Definition
| derived from fusion of basement membranes of capillaries and the podocytes |
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Term
| WHat does the basement membrane of the renal corpuscle consist of? |
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Definition
| centrally located lamina densa and an electron lucent lamina rara on each side |
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Term
| What is the protein, nephrin? |
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Definition
| involved in the filtration barrier, mutations may lead to malfunction or absence of the slit diaphragm |
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Term
| What are mesangial cells? |
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Definition
| contractile cells possessing angiotensin II receptors and natriuretic factor receptors. they synthesize ECM materials, provide structural support for the glomerulus, clean the basement membrane, and produce cytokines and prostaglandins |
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Term
| What is produced by juxtgaglomerular cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the prostetic urethra lined with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the membranous and bulbous urethra lined by? |
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Definition
| statified or pseudostratified epithelium |
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Term
| Where are Lettre's glands? |
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Definition
| present along the entire length of the urethra, but are most prevalent in the pendulous portion |
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Term
| What is the female urethra lined by? |
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Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium, with scattered regions of pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
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Term
| What is special about the cells of the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule? |
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Definition
| sensitive to ionic composition and volume of the tubular fluid |
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