Dog presents with vomiting, muscle weakness and neurological signs and slow/stop in growth.

Stands with head tilt and walks in circles.

Eats own faeces.

GIT malabsorption = diarrhoea.

Loss of appetite

Thiamin deficiency (B1)

Coenzyme in glucose metabolism = no energy.

Body tries to metabolise fatty acids, but not able to cross blood brain barrier = brain disorders 1st

Lactic acid build up = metabolic acidosis = vomitting

Secondary deficiencies when horses consume bracken fern/cats eating raw fish with high bacteria load/meat treated with sulfur dioxide = thiaminases

Piglets presenting with dermatitis and lesions on the oral cavity and lips

Skin lesions

Vomitting

Leg paralysis

Alopecia

Riboflavin deficiency (B2)

Inability to maintain the integrity of the epithelium and nervous system = skin and nervous damage

Important in production of ATP

Can be synthesised by ruminant microflora! (calves need it though)

Dog presents with severe dermatits and diarrhoea.

Has a black tongue (haemorrhage of alimentary tract mucosa)

Dementia

Pig with poor growth, anorexia, enteritis, vomiting and dermatisis

Niacin deficiency (B3)

Affects everything needed NAD and NADP to facilitate energy conversion (glycolysis) = very severe

No ATP for energy

Dementia as brain has no glucose supply

Can be converted from tryptophan 

Pellegra in humans

Dog presents with abnormal liver function

Decreased urine concentration, decrease in metabolites in urine = decreased filtration of blood

Reduction in serum cholesterol

Cat presents with dermatitis and alopecia

Slow growth

Necrosis of adreanal glands

Chickens with reduced hatchability, dermatitis and spinal cord degernation

Pigs with diarrhoea and goose stepping

Dog with fatty liver

Pantothetic Acid (B5) deficiency

Involved in fatty acid oxidation and TCA cycle

A constituent of coenzyme A

Drop in blood pyridoxal phosphate and an increase in methionine and tryptophan

Impaired growth

Convulsions

Cheilosis

Increased likelihood of sickness

Chronic renal failure

Pyrodoxine (B6)

Metabolism of amino acids (deamination and transamination) and absorption in small intestines

Impaired cell mediated immunity, reduced lymphocyte proliferation, anemia

Decreased absorption/filtering of blood

Horses in one region affected with alopecia, foot lesions and reduced growth

Reduced feathering in chickens + neurological impairment, fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chickens starved or a short period of time

Biotin deficiency(B7)

Secondary deficiency when raw egg white consumed (avidin binding to biotin)

Treatment with sulpha drugs = bacterial death in gut

Key in gluconeogenesis therefore deficiency prevents creation of glucose

Can be synthesised by rumen bacteria

Megaloblastic anaemia 

Neural tube defects

Poor growth and feather development

Diarrhoea

Folic Acid deficiency(B8)

Transamination of methionine

Synthesis of adenine and guanine (purines)

Can be caused by cancer drugs as it stops utilisation of foliate

Malabsorption through injury of gut wall (applies to all)

Pernicious anaemia

Poor feathering and reduced hatchability

Pigs = dermatitis

Ruminent with severe wasting disease = 'ill thrift'

B12

Partners with folic acid to produce methionine

In ruminants is a cofactorto produce succinyl coA

Methyl transfer in synthesis of nucleic acids

Ruminants cant convert propanoic acid

Ruminants require colbalt for microorganisms to produce B12 = pasture supplementation

Guinea pig presents with multiple haemorrhages throughout body

Toothloss, gingiva, severe diarrhoea

Spontaneous wound opening

Thickening of dermis and alopecia

Haemorrhage from rear knee joint

3-4 weeks after stopping fruit intake

Vit C deficiency

Can be synthesised in all animals except humans, guinea pigs and some fruit eating bats and birds

CT supporting capillaries weaken = oedema

Synthesis of collage, steroids and elastin

Electron donor in enzymatic reactions (mops up free radicals)

Maintains scar tissue, blood vessels, cartilage

Can cause increase iron intake

Decreases copper uptake/metabolism 

Night blindness and light phobia

Conjunctvitis and cornial ulceration w/ dry eye (keratin debris build up of cornea).

Cornea becomes soft and bursts

Poor digit, heart and CNS formation in embryo

Squamous metaplasia of upper respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenitary tracts = systemic infection

Retarted bone growth and nerve damage as bones compress (optic and auditory nerves)

Low reproductive success and abortion

Vit A deficiency

Diarrhoea

Hemosiderosis (Fe overload) in black rhinos, new world parros and Australian fur seals

Acute = nausea, vomitting, headache, vertigo

Chronic = drowsiness, malaise, physical inactivity, diziness, coma, convulsions, respiratory difficulties, death

Amykylosis spondylosis in cats fed liver

Long bones malformed + bony outgrowths + hyperplasic cartilage

Alopecia

Birth defects, abortion, permanent learning disabilities

Large puppy presents with

Decreased growth and decreased feed intake

Hyperplasia of growth plates + joint swelling + bone reabsorption= rickets

Zoo animals, reptiles, birds particularly at risk

Vit D deficiency (not nutritional)

Regulator of DNA transcription in small intestinal microvilli

Calcium binding proteins essential to calcium homeostasis

Enhances P absorption

Enhances Ca and P re-absorption from bone

Modulates bone remodelling

Parathyroid gland very sensitive to calcium levels in blood

Deficiency can be due to insufficient Ca and P

Shingleback lizard fed crickets only

Anorexia, vomiting, demineralisation of bones

Increased serum 25 (OH) VD

Hypercalcaemia, deposition of Ca salts in arteries and various organs

Naked mole rats with 'lumpy jaw' being fed rodent chow

Vit D toxicity

Hormone = toxic at large doses

Chickens showing subcutaneous, internal and intramuscular haemorrhages

Prolonged blood clotting time = anaemia

Diet very low in lipids

Low thrombin levels

Cows eating clover silage

Pelicans fed Vit E supplement

Vit K deficiency

Required to make thrombin (imp for binding sites)

Requires lipid for absorption (but can be recycled)

Affected by vit A and E (competitive interaction)

Bactericides can kill off resident bacteria = deficiency

Warfarin affects Vit K absorption

Thyroid problems

C:P ratio less than 1:1

Calcium deficiency

Composition of bone

Transmission of nerve impulses

Contraction of muscle

Coagulatin of blood

Absorbed in the small intestine upon stimulus from vit D

Muscle weakness, failure of reproduction, bone disease and decreased growth

Animals fed on crickets/mealworms/cereal grains/roots

Resorption of bone firstly in jaw and other skull bones, ribs, vertebrae and then long bones

Overgrowth of epiphyseal plate

Regression of alveolar bone and gingiva = tooth loss

Big headed horses in certain pastures

Milk fever in lactation

Phosphorus deficiency

Phospholipids of membranes

Linking molecule in DNA and RNA

Phosphorylation of ADP to ATP= energy production

Calcium toxicity

Interferes with absorption of iron, zinc, magnesium and copper

If excess = transient hypercalcaemia -> parathyroid tries to compensate = decrease parathyroid hormone and increase calcitonin = decrease in uptake of calcium

VitB12 deficiencies

Megablastic anaemia (also associated with folic acid) = stimulation of erythopoietin = mild polycythemia

Cardiomyopathy (demyelination of tissue)

Colbalt deficiency and toxicity have the same signs

Rate of DNA production slower than RNA

Demyelination of heart tissue

Anaemia = increase in haeme degredation and erythrocyte fragility

Diarrhoea and damage to intestinal cell mucosa

Decrease in integrity of blood vessels = aorta bursts (falling disease in cattle)

Pale coat colour/feathering (depigmenting)

Undermineralisation of tibial epiphysial growth plate

Cardiac muscle degradation and tremors

Sway back in lambs

Copper deficiency

Enzyme co factor - allows transfer of iron (Fe2+ to Fe3+) into haeme group

Last enzyme in electron transfer chain = cytochrome C oxidase

Attaches cell to adjacent cell = essential to elastin and collagen

Important in melanin production

Impaired myelination of nerve endings

Mother has enough Cu stores, but not enough for lamb = incoordation as NS underdeveloped due to impaired myelination

Zinc is a primary competitor

Increased serum transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase

Sheep presents with necrosis of liver, jaundice, loss of appetite, death from hepatic coma

Eating subterranean clover on an acidic soil with low molybdium

Also potato weed Helioropium europaeum and Patterson's curse 

Copper toxicity

Cumulative affect

Clover has lots of copper

No block mechanism that prevents excess absorption like in iron

Potato weed causes copper leakage from liver. British breeds very susceptible

In foetus= mental retardation, deaf mutism, reduced birthweight and survival, post partum intake during growth

Child and adult = goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland due to reduced production of thyroxine.

Common in zoo felids and domestic cats

Consumption of kale, cabbage, rape and cooked cassava

Treatment with sulfonamides and tetracyclines

Iodine deficiency

Important in brain and mental development

Hormone synthesis that is produced in the thyroid gland

Enzymes are selenium dependent

(Iodine toxicity is very rare. Calves = depression in weight gain, everything else has a high tolerance. Can result in thyroid malfunction)

Anorexia, weight loss, decreased serum albumin

Haemochromotosis

 Breakdown of liver, kidneys and spleen + other organs

Iron toxicity

Inability to regulate uptake (damage to intestinal mucosa)

High amounts of digestible iron in diet

Piglets with anaemia, poor appetite, lethargic, pale skin, slow growth rate

Dogs with poor working performance

Iron deficiency

Must give piglets iron supplement 5-7 days after birth (Fe-Dextran formulation to prevent free radical damage)

Ruminant presenting with

Tremours, nervousness, twitching, staggering stiff gait

Frothing at mouth

Vasodilation, hyperiritability, convulsions and death

= grass staggers, lactation tetany

Death during cold weather and stress

Magnesium deficiency

Needed to activate ATP

Important in cellular respiration, moderates neuromuscular activity, stabilises nucleic acids

Binds to phospholipids = maintains cell membrane integrity

Potassium reduces absorption efficiency in the rumen

Pigs and chickens presenting with

High iron levels

Skeletal defects (curvature of spine and swollen joints)

Ataxia and incoordination (particularly during pregnancy)

Impaired development of otoliths

Hyperplasia of pancreatic tissue + insuline resistance

Reduced reproductive success

Manganese deficiency

High Fe = low Mg and inverse also true

Impaired CHO metabolism

Chickens presenting with

High copper levels = copper toxicity

Molybdenum deficiency

Copper used as a growth promoter but actively inhibits molybdenum absorption

Low molybdenum levels associated with copper toxicity

Ruminant in arid conditions present with

Intense craving for salt (with pica)

Decrease in appetite, harggard appearance, rough coat, lowering of osmotic pressure = low blood pressure, dehydration

Sodium deficiency

Na and Cl = most important electrolytes of ECF

Important in regulation of osmotic and acid base balance of animals (along with Cl and K)

Addison's disease = inability to retain Na and Cl

Renal disease = decreases capacity to eliminate Na and Cl = hypertension, oedema, pulmonary oedema and death

Chloride deficiency

Along with Na = very important in ECF for maintaining osmolarity balance/gradient

Very tightly associated with Na

Calf presenting with

Anorexia, retarted growth, lethargy, emaciation

Paralysis

Chicks with retarded growth, weakness and tetany

 Hypokalemia

Potassium deficiency

K = predominant cation of ICF = ratio in ICF:ECF can be clinical

Cell incapable of depolarisation = non functioning

Usually result of disease state rather than nutritional

Toxicity = hyperkalemia. Also then interferes with magnesium uptake in ruminants

Young chickens present with

Excessive thirst, muscular weakness, oedema

Fed a homemade diet

Some deaths

Pathological damage (hepatic fibrosis, muscle degeneration)

Blind staggers + Alkali disease

Hoof deformation and alopecia

Reproductive disorders

Calves with skeletal and muscular problems, poor growth = "illthrift"

Sheep with "white muscle disease" (heart failure, paralysis, deposition of Ca in muscle fibres, distinctive colour to meat)

Exudative diathesis in chickens (oedma)

Selenium deficiency

Prevents formation of free radicals from heavy metals = prevents toxicity and cell damage

Aids recycling of vit E

Converts inactive form of tyroxine into active thryroid hormone

Regional

Acute = blind staggers, respiratory failure, death

Chronic = alkali disease, stiffness and deformation of joints, cardiac myopathy, hoof deformation (sloughing in horses)

Lots of Neptunia amplexicaulis in pasture

Selenosis (selenium toxicity)

Associated with eating plants with high selenium content

Selenium accumulation = erosion of joint surface due to free radical damage

Prevent by heavy calcium coverage of pasture

Pig presents with depression of growth and severe depression of appetite (humans lose taste)

Severe diarrhoea

Severe eczema = parakeratosis

No puberty

Damage to internal organs (liver and pancreas) with death if untreated

Fed cereal grain diet

Zinc deficiency

Bound to metallothionein (same as Cu = competition)

Modifies genetic expression of cells (hormone receptor protein)

Specific hormone receptor sites in thyroid, retinoic acid, all steroid hormones ex: corticosteroids and sex hormones)

Phytic acid binds to zinc = unavailable to digestion