Term
| Immunology is the study of immunity. What is immunity? |
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Definition
| How the body protects itself agains "non-self" microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and toxins. |
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Term
| What can the body do in immunity? |
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Definition
| The body can develop an immune response to neoplastic cells and also develop an immune response to "self" which is known as AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE |
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Term
| What does the immune system do? |
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Definition
| The immune system reacts against substances that are perceive as foreign to the body and is suppose to be protective; however it can be excessive and inappropriate. |
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Term
| What are two main lines of defense against "non-self" when dealing with immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does both types of immunity involve? |
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Definition
| Involves both cellular and humor components such as cells (macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes) |
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Term
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Definition
It's derived from fluid molecules (non cellular)
Antibodies, Complement, Etc. |
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Term
| What is Innate (non-specific) Immune System? |
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Definition
It's also known as Natural Immunity (born with)
There is immediately maximum response
1. Not Antigen Specific
2. Non Immunologic Memory |
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Term
| What is Adaptive (specific) Immune System? |
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Definition
It's also known as Acquired Immunity
1. The response is antigen dependent
2. There is a lag time between exposure and maximum response
3. Exposure results in Immunologic Memory |
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Term
| What does Innate (non-specific) Immune System involve? |
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Definition
INCLUDES
1. Barrier Tissues: skin
2. Physical Forces: Mucociliary apparatus
3. Secretory substances: Gastric acid
4. Inflammatory Response
5. Natural Killer Cells |
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Term
| How does barrier tissues play a role in Innate (non-specific) immune system? |
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Definition
It prevents physical entrance into the body through epithelium such as skin, mucous membranes, or GI mucosa
However, burns/cuts can break these barriers allowing microorganisms to enter tissues leading to an infections; usually acute inflammation |
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Term
| List some cellular components involved with Innate (non-specific) Immune system: |
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Definition
1. Neutrolphils (phagocytize)
2. Monocytes/macrophages (phagocytize)
3. Natural Killer Cells
4. Eosinophils
5. Basophils, mast cells, platelets |
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Term
| What are natural Killer cells? |
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Definition
| It's a type of T lymphocyte that is not part of the inflammatory reaction; they kill virus infected and tumor cells |
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Term
| What are eosinophils good for? |
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Definition
| They have proteins in their granules that can kill certain parasites |
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Term
| List a few cells that play a role in both innate and adaptive immunity: |
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Definition
1. APC--antigen presenting cells
2. Assorted leukocytes--help to activate helpter T cells (part of adaptive immunity)
3. Dendritic Cells
4. Macrophages |
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Term
| List some substances involved in inflammation: |
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Definition
1. Complement
2. Coagulation Factors
3. Lactoferrin
4. Transferrin
5. Interferons
6. Lysozyme |
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Term
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Definition
It's a group of serum proteins that can:
lyse bacteria
opsonize bacteria for enchanced phagocytosis
recruit and activate phagocytes |
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Term
| What are coagulation factors? |
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Definition
| They are activated to increase vascular permeability and attracts phagocytic cells and some are directly antimicrobial |
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Term
| What are lactoferrin and transferrin? |
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Definition
| They are essential nutrients for bacteria that bind iron |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that can limit virus replication in cells |
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Term
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Definition
| They are non-specificc bacteriocidal proteins found in tears, nasal and intestinal secreations that break down the cell wall of bacteria |
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Term
| What is Adaptive (specific) Immune System? |
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Definition
It's response is antigen-dependent; there is lag time between exposure and maximum response
It's antigen specific and its exposure results in immunologic memory |
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Term
| What does Adaptive (specific) immune system involve? |
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Definition
1. Humoral Components (antibodies)
2. Cellular Components
a. B-lymphocytes
b. T-Cells
i. T cytotoxic cells
ii. T helper cells
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Term
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Definition
| Its an immunoglobulin molecule (protein) that combines with a specific antigen that induced its formation; its made by the body and works in defense |
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Term
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Definition
| It's a substance foreign to the body, that can induce a specific immune response; foreign proteins, toxins, bacteria, viruses; its the enemy defense |
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Term
| Whats the main effects of an antibody? |
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Definition
| It binds to a microorganism to fix/bind complement to lyse the microorganism. Opsonize then permits the microorganism to be phagocytized. |
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Term
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Definition
| It's a substance (protein) which binds to the surface of a particle enhancing its uptake by a phagocyte |
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Term
| What is applied immunology? |
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Definition
It's an immunopreventive techniques such as vaccinations that includes active immmunity.
EXAMPLES: immunodiagnostics and immunotherapy |
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Term
| What is immunodiagnostics? |
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Definition
It's a diagnosis by immune reaction
EXAMPLES:
Allergic skin testing
immunofluorescent tagging to identify certain conditions |
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Term
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Definition
Includes bone marrow or thymus transplants
EXAMPLES:
Allergic hyposensitization
Immunopotentiators
Passive Immunization |
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Term
| What are immunopotentiators? |
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Definition
| Substances which stimulate the immune system |
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Term
| What is Passive Immunization? |
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Definition
When you give patients pre-formed antibodies, which have been actively produced in another individual
Immediate, Short-term Effective
EXAMPLE: tetanus antitoxin and Colostrum |
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Term
| What does Adaptive (Specific) Immunity include? |
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Definition
| Includes active immunity and passive immunity |
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Term
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Definition
It's when an individual is exposed to an antigen naturally or by vaccination in which he makes his own antibodies
EXAMPLE: Tetanus toxoid in horses |
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Term
| What is Passive Immunity? |
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Definition
It's the transfer of antibodies from a donor to a recipient for temporary immunity, in which the donor makes the antibodies
Routes of Passive Immunity: Serum, colostrum, transplacental, yolk |
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Term
| How is serum used in Passive Adaptive Immunity? |
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Definition
| The donor animal is exposed to the antigen, making antibodies towards it and then it's harvested and injected into the recipient |
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Term
| How is colostrum used in Passive Adaptive Immunity? |
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Definition
| It has high concentrations of antibodies and the large protein molecules are able to cross the very permeable neonatal GI mucosa into the baby's blood. |
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Term
| How is transplacental used in Passive Adaptive Immunity? |
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Definition
| It's when the mother's antibodies cross the placena and enter the fetus through gestation; occurs more in primates than in domestic animals |
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Term
| How is yolk used in Passive Adaptive Immunity? |
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Definition
| It's when the mothers anitbodies are present in the yolk and the chick incorporates antibodies during incubation |
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