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Micro Anatomy 2 Test 1
Skin, Ear, Eye, Respiratory
112
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
01/31/2012

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Cards

Term
Name 5 Functions of Skin.
Definition
Protection, Sensation, Temperature Regulation, Secretion/Excretion and Metabolic Functions
Term
How many layers does the epidermis have?
Definition
5, sometimes only 4 because the stratum lucidum is primarily only in the foot pad.
Term
Which epidermal layer is made up of keratinized cells that are flattened, eosinophilic and are continuously shed?
Definition
Stratum corneum.
Term
What epidermal layer is primarily found only on the foot pad and represented as a pale pink zone made up of a layer of dead, transLUCent squamous cells?
Definition
Stratum lucidum.
Term
What epidermal layer is where the process of keratinization begins?
Definition
Stratum granulosum.
Term
The purple granules of the stratum granulosum are also known as?
Definition
Keratohyaline granules.
Term
What is the SPINy cell layer of the epidermis where desmosomes are visible at high magnifications?
Definition
Stratum Spinosum.
Term
What is the deepest epidermal layer that is made up of cuboidal cells?
Definition
Stratum basale.
Term
Where do melanocytes live?
Definition
Stratum basale.
Term
Are all pigmented cells melanocytes?
Definition
No, melanocytes can pass on their melanin to adjacent keratinocytes.
Term
These antigen presenting cells are present in the stratum spinosum and the stratum basale.
Definition
Langerhand cells.
Term
These cells also live in the stratum basale and are clear thus difficult to see.
Definition
Merkel cells.
Term
Does the epidermis lack blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves?
Definition
Yes
Term
What is the term for interdigitation of the epidermal basement membrane with the dermis? The epidermis dives into the dermis.
Definition
Rete pegs
Term
What are the functions of the dermis?
Definition
tensile strength and elasticity, supports and nourishes the epidermis.
Term
The Dermis is composed of many things, can you name a few?
Definition
Collagen, reticular and elastic fibers. Groudn or intersitial substance, blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, WBCs, and adnexa.
Term
What are the layers of the hair itself?
Definition
Cuticle (outer), Cortex, and Medulla (inner)
Term
What are the layers of the hair follicle that makes the hair?
Definition
Outer root sheath, inner root sheath, matrix and dermal papilla.
Term
What is the connective tissue that surround the follicle?
Definition
Adventitial sheath
Term
What are the three regions of the hair follicle?
Definition
Infundibulum, Isthmus and Suprbulbar & Bulbar regions.
Term
What do primary hair follicles have that secondary do not have?
Definition
apocrine glands and arrector pili muscles.
Term
Who ONLY has simple, primary hair follicles? How about both primary and secondary?
Definition
ONLY simple, primary? horses, cows and pigs. Both? sheep, goats, dogs, and cats.
Term
What are the 3 steps in the cycle of hair growth? What occurs during each step?
Definition

Anagen phase: growth, extension deeper into dermis of suprabulbar/bulbar portion

Catagen phase: Transitional or involuting phase, regression of suprabulbar/bulbar portion

Telogen phase: resting phase, suprabulbar/bulbar portion is lost, hair is shed.

Term
What type of gland is an apocrine gland and what type of hair follicle are they found on?
Definition
Simple coiled tubular type, and only found on primary follicles.
Term
Are eccrine glands associated with hair follicles?
Definition
NO! But they are similar to apocrine glands.
Term
What glands is ONLY found associated with hair follicles?
Definition
Sebaceous glands. Since perianal or hepatoid glands are specialized sebaceous glands you could say them too.
Term
What type of glands look like hepatocytes and are modified sebaceous glands?
Definition
Perianal or Hepatoid glands.
Term
These 2 types of glands are modified apocrine glands.
Definition
Anal glands and mammary glands.
Term
What are some functions of the subcutaneous tissue or subcutis?
Definition
Energy storage, thermoregulation, protective padding, maintains surface contours, site of many injections.
Term
What is the subcutis composed of?
Definition
Primarily fat, blood vessels, nerves, and muscle.
Term
What is the muscle in the subcutis that causes shivering?
Definition
Panniculus muscle!
Term
What are the 2 different names for the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and no adnexa of the nose?
Definition
Planum nasale and Planum nasolabiale.
Term
Is the primary epidermal or dermal layer of the horse's hoof keratinized?
Definition
Primary epidermal layer core is keratinized and makes the hoof.
Term
What is the palpebral fissure and what is the name for the junction of the upper and lower eyelid?
Definition
The palpebral fissure is the hole where the eye is. The junction of the upper and lower eyelids is the canthus.
Term
What muscle is deep to the skin of the eyelids that gives the ability to blink? What is deep to that muscle?
Definition
Orbicularis oculi muscle.


The tarsal plate is deep to the orbicularis oculi muscle and is made up of dense CT.
Term
What sebaceous glands are embedding in the tarsal plate of the eyelid?
Definition
Meibomian glands.
Term
Conjunctival epithelium has what type of epithelial cells?
Definition
stratified columnar to stratified squamous with goblet cells.
Term
What is the structure of the 3rd eyelid?
Definition
Cartilaginous core (hyaline), lined on each side by conjunctival epithelium- palpebral= eyelid side- bulbar= globe side, and lymphoid tissue.
Term
What are the 3 sources of tears?
Definition
1. Meibomian glands 2. lacrimal glands (gland of the 3rd eyelid) 3. lacrimal glands (at the dorsolateral margins of the orbit)
Term
Name the 5 bones and 7 muscles of the orbit.
Definition
Bones: Frontal, maxillary, lacrimal, zygomatic and prespenoid.

Muscles: dorsal oblique m., ventral oblique m., (dorsal, ventral, medial, lateral) rectus mm. and retractor bulbi m.

Term
What are the 3 main layers of the Globe?
Definition
1. Outer fibrous tunic: Cornea and Sclera

2. Vascular tunic: Anterior Uvea (Iris and Ciliary Body) and Posterior Uvea (Choroid).

3. Inner nervous tunic: Retina

Term
What are the 3 main layers of the Cornea?
Definition
1. Epithelium: Stratified squamous, most superficial

2. Stroma: scattered keratocytes, organized collagen layers, NERVES (never seen).

3. Endothelium: Simple squamous, sits on Descenmet's membrane (basement membrane)

Term
What is the sclera composed of?
Definition
(posterior portion of globe)

Connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels.

Term
What are the components of the iris?
Definition
Fibroblasts, Collagen, Lymphatics, blood vessels, nerves, epithelium, melanocytes
Term
What 3 muscles are in the iris?
Definition
Smooth muscle, sphincter muscle and dilator muscle.
Term
The ciliary body is made up of ciliary processes and ciliary muscle- what composes each of these?
Definition
Ciliary processes: Inner non-pigmented epithelium (superficial)-(becomes pigmented as it transitions onto the back of the iris), outer(deeper) pigmented layer

Ciliary muscle: smooth muscle in mammals surrounded by pigment, or skeletal m. in non-mammals

Term
What do the ciliary processes produce?
Definition
aqueous humor.
Term
Contraction of the ciliary body pulls on what to focus light on different parts of the retina?
Definition
zonule fibers.
Term
The anterior lens capsule has what type of epithelium?
Definition
cuboidal lens epithelial cells (LEC).
Term
Describe the process of the formation of lens fibers from the cuboidal LEC.
Definition
The cells proliferate, move peripherally toward the lens bow, elongate, move centrally and loose their nucleus. Because this happens continuously, the lens gets denser as you age.
Term
What makes up the iridocorneal angle and how is aqueous humor drained?
Definition
The iris and the cornea. Aqueous humor is drained from the ciliary processes->posterior chamber-> anterior chamber->pectinate ligamentstrabecular meshwork ->scleral plexus -> venous system.
Term
What is the function of the retina?
Definition
It receives and transduces light and converts the information to nerve impulses which are sent to the brain via the optic nerve.
Term
What are the 3 layers of the retina do we need to know?
Definition
Ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer, outer nuclear layer (cell bodies, rods and cones)
Term
Retinal pigmented epithelium are made up of what type of epithelium?
Definition
cuboidal epithelium BUT they are not always pigmented even though they are called melanin pigmented cells. The cuboidal epithelium interdigitates with photoreceptor outer segments and sits on a basement membrane.
Term
What is the junction of the retina ends and the ciliary body begins?
Definition
Ora ciliaris retinae.
Term
What are the function and composition of the choroid?
Definition
Nourishes outer portion of the retina (which has no blood vessels while the choroid does). The choroid also has supportive CT and is pigmented.
Term
What is the tapetum lucidum between?
Definition
the RPE (non pigmented portion)of the retina and the choroid (dorsal)
Term
What is the fovea and macula of primates, birds, fish and reptiles?
Definition
The fovea is a despressed area in the retina where only photoreceptors and the outer nuclear layer are present; it lessen the refractory distortion. The macula is the portion of the retina that surrounds the fovea which has a thicker ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer.
Term
External ear canal:

The outermost portion is called the pinna or ? What is its core composed of?

Definition
Auricle. Hyaline or elastic cartilage.
Term
What are the boundaries of the external auditory meatus? from what to what?
Definition
from the pinna to the middle ear (at tympanic membrane)
Term
What are the derivatives of the sebaceous and apocrine glands in the external auditory meatus?
Definition
Sebaceous glands make sebum + apocrine (ceruminous) glands make cerumen = ear wax
Term
What are the 3 parts of the typmpanic membrane's thin fibrous membrane?
Definition
1. outer cuticular (epithelial layer): continuous with external ear canal epithelium, no adnexa

2. middle fibrous layer

3. inner mucus (epithelial)layer: continuous with epithelium lining the middle ear.

Term
The middle ear is located within this bone, which is the hardest bone in the body?
Definition
Petrous temporal bone.
Term
What are the names of the 3 bones that make up the middle ear?
Definition
1. Malleus

2. Incus

3. Stapes

Term
What type of epithelium is the middle ear?
Definition
simple squamous to simple cuboidal
Term
The inner is described as a membranous labyrinth inside a bony labyrinth, what fills each of these labyrinths?
Definition
membranous- endolymph

bony (osseous)- perilymph (which communicates via the perilymphatic duct with the CSF

Term
What are the 3 areas the osseous (bony) labyrinth is divided into?
Definition
Vestibule

Semicircular canals

Cochlea

Term
The vestibule (or oval window) has 2 parts of membranous labyrinth in its region called...?
Definition
The saccule and the utricle.
Term
What is the term for the sensory hair cells within the saccule and utricle?
Definition
macula.
Term
What does the macula do? What's embedded in it?
Definition
it relays head positions to the brain via the vestibular nerve. Otoliths are embedded in it to move in the gelatinous matrix, which move the sensory hairs, which tells the brain about the movement.
Term
How many semicircular canals are there?
Definition
3.
Term
What is the ridge inside the dilated area at the end of each semicircular canal?
Definition
The Dilated area are the ampullae, the ridge is the crista ampullaris which has a similar function to the macula with no otoliths.
Term
The spiral-shaped cochlea in the petrous temporal bone has 3 compartment when cut on cross section, what are they?
Definition
The SCALA MEDIA(SM) is the middle compartment with endolymph, the SCALA VESTIBULI (SV) is the upper compartment at the base of the cochlea containing perilymph, and the SCALA TYMPANI (ST) is the lower perilymphatic compartment
Term
Within the Scala Media (SM) is the Organ of Corti which has auditory sensory receptors for sound. What is the center called?
Definition
The tunnel of corti.
Term
What is on top of the sensory hairs that lie on either side of the tunnel of corti?
Definition
tectorial membrane.
Term
What does the organ of corti sit on?
Definition
The basilar membrane.
Term
In fetal development,what does the nasal cavity arise from?
Definition
paired ectodermal invaginations. Yay! embryology!
Term
In fetal development, what does the ectodermal epithelium in the roof nasal cavity become?
Definition
olfactory epithelium.
Term
In fetal development, the nasal sacs formed by the paired ectodermal invaginations give rise to what?
Definition
the nasal septum.
Term
In fetal development, the trachea and lung begin as a small bud off what developing organ?
Definition
the foregut.
Term
What are the 4 stages of fetal lung development?
Definition
1. Pseudoglandular period (1st trimester)

2. Canalicular period (2nd trimester)

3. Terminal sac period (late 2nd and 3rd trimester)

4. Alveolar period (late 3rd and into neonate)

Term
Describe gas exchange progression for each of the 4 stages of fetal lung development?
Definition
1. Pseudoglandular period: NO gas exchange or respiration.

2. Canalicular period: Lungs become vascularized so gas exchange is possible but poor.

3. Terminal sac period: Better gas exchange because type II pneumocytes secrete surfactant to create liquid/air interface.

4. Alveolar period: birth, 95% of alveoli develop after birth.

Term
What are the anatomical divisions for the upper and lower respiratory tracts?
Definition
Upper is nares to tracheal bifurcation.

Lower is tracheal bifurcation to alveoli

Term
What are the 3 parts of the nasal cavity?
Definition
Vestibular portion, the Olfactory portion and the Respiratory Portion.
Term
What is the loose collagenous layer of the upper respiratory tract called?
Definition
the lamina propria.
Term
What is the submucosa?
Definition
A further supporting tissue layer that separates the mucosa from underlying structures
Term
What is the primary function of the upper respiratory system esp. nasal cavity turbinates?
Definition
Filtering, humidifying and adjusting the temperature of inspired air.
Term
The vestibular portion of the nasal cavity is made up of what epithelial type?
Definition
keratinized stratified squamous.

with hairs (vibrissae)and sebaceous glands.

Term
Respiratory epithelium is what type of epithelium?
Definition
pseudostratified columnar and ciliated.

this is supported by a richly vascularized lamina propria with serous and mucous glands.

Term
What are the 3 cells of the olfactory epithelium (similar to pseudostratified columnar? What do they do?
Definition
Sustentacular cells = Superficial and give Structural Support and nutrition.and tall

Olfactory cells: true bipolar neurons, a single dendritic process extends from cell body and terminates as a small swelling which gives rise to cilia.

Basal cells: can differentiate into sustentacular or olfactory cells.

Term
What is the function of the nasopharynx/pharynx?
Definition
Defensive function, conduction by entrapment.
Term
What is the larynx composed of?
Definition
Stratified squamous epithelium, complex cartilage and fibrovascular stroa.
Term
What does the incomplete cartilaginous ring allow for in the trachea?
Definition
Muscle contraction
Term
Does the trachea epithelial cells have cilia and microvilli?
Definition
yes
Term
What is the epithelium underneath the lamina propria called? What lies under that?
Definition
Mucosa. Submucosa.
Term
What makes up the gel-sol layer of the muco-ciliary apparatus?
Definition
The sero-mucinous secretions of the goblet cells and submucosal glads.
Term
What is the incomplete C-shaped cartilagenous ring linked by?
Definition
longitudinal collagenous and elatic connective tissue fibers.
Term
What compartmentalizes the bronchi from the surrounding pulmonary parenchyma?
Definition
CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
Term
Bronchi divide into lobar bronchi, What do lobar bronchi give rise to?
Definition
Segmental bronchi.
Term
Bronchioles: is the smooth muscle thicker or thinner here relative to the bronchi? Is cartilage present?
Definition
Thicker. No cartilage.
Term
What is airway diameter dependent on?
Definition
the attachemnt of the thin peribronchiolar connective tissue to intro-alveolar septa that are arranged radially from the bronchiole.
Term
What is airway diameter dependent on?
Definition
the attachemnt of the thin peribronchiolar connective tissue to intro-alveolar septa that are arranged radially from the bronchiole.
Term
How is respiratory milking accomplished?
Definition
by the normal collapse of the bronchioles at expiration!
Term
Type I alveolar cells (pneumocytes) are flat and cover what percentage of the alveolar surface?
Definition
95%
Term
Type II pneumocytes are cuboidal to irregular and have what relationship to Type I?
Definition
Type II is progenitor for Type I
Term
What do Type II pneumocytes produce?
Definition
surfactant.
Term
What is the alveolar septa composed of?
Definition
Highly vascularized CT and the epithelium (pneumocytes)
Term
What cell is the primary defense for the alveoli?
Definition
alveolar macrophages.
Term
What are the 3 functions of Clara cells?
Definition
produce surfactant, act as reserve cells, and they contain enzyme systems which can detoxify noxious substances.
Term
What are the 3 types of pulmonary macrophages?
Definition
alveolar (intra), interstitial and pulmonary intra-vascular.
Term
Compared to the muco-ciliary apparatus, how efficient are phagocytes?
Definition
not very efficient.
Term
Describe the 3 groups of pulmonary pleural arrangement?
Definition
Group 1: (well-developed) thick pleura and intra-lobular septa, few respiratory bronchioles (not much communication)

Group 2: Thin pleura, bronchioles extend deeply and well developed, NO lobular sepatation

Group 3: Incomplete lobular septa, thick pleura, poorly developed respiratory bronchioles.

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