Term
| Name 5 Functions of Skin. |
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Definition
| Protection, Sensation, Temperature Regulation, Secretion/Excretion and Metabolic Functions |
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Term
| How many layers does the epidermis have? |
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Definition
| 5, sometimes only 4 because the stratum lucidum is primarily only in the foot pad. |
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Term
| Which epidermal layer is made up of keratinized cells that are flattened, eosinophilic and are continuously shed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What epidermal layer is primarily found only on the foot pad and represented as a pale pink zone made up of a layer of dead, transLUCent squamous cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What epidermal layer is where the process of keratinization begins? |
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Definition
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Term
| The purple granules of the stratum granulosum are also known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the SPINy cell layer of the epidermis where desmosomes are visible at high magnifications? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the deepest epidermal layer that is made up of cuboidal cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do melanocytes live? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are all pigmented cells melanocytes? |
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Definition
| No, melanocytes can pass on their melanin to adjacent keratinocytes. |
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Term
| These antigen presenting cells are present in the stratum spinosum and the stratum basale. |
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Definition
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Term
| These cells also live in the stratum basale and are clear thus difficult to see. |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the epidermis lack blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for interdigitation of the epidermal basement membrane with the dermis? The epidermis dives into the dermis. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the dermis? |
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Definition
| tensile strength and elasticity, supports and nourishes the epidermis. |
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Term
| The Dermis is composed of many things, can you name a few? |
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Definition
| Collagen, reticular and elastic fibers. Groudn or intersitial substance, blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, WBCs, and adnexa. |
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Term
| What are the layers of the hair itself? |
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Definition
| Cuticle (outer), Cortex, and Medulla (inner) |
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Term
| What are the layers of the hair follicle that makes the hair? |
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Definition
| Outer root sheath, inner root sheath, matrix and dermal papilla. |
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Term
| What is the connective tissue that surround the follicle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three regions of the hair follicle? |
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Definition
| Infundibulum, Isthmus and Suprbulbar & Bulbar regions. |
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Term
| What do primary hair follicles have that secondary do not have? |
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Definition
| apocrine glands and arrector pili muscles. |
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Term
| Who ONLY has simple, primary hair follicles? How about both primary and secondary? |
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Definition
| ONLY simple, primary? horses, cows and pigs. Both? sheep, goats, dogs, and cats. |
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Term
| What are the 3 steps in the cycle of hair growth? What occurs during each step? |
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Definition
Anagen phase: growth, extension deeper into dermis of suprabulbar/bulbar portion
Catagen phase: Transitional or involuting phase, regression of suprabulbar/bulbar portion
Telogen phase: resting phase, suprabulbar/bulbar portion is lost, hair is shed. |
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Term
| What type of gland is an apocrine gland and what type of hair follicle are they found on? |
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Definition
| Simple coiled tubular type, and only found on primary follicles. |
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Term
| Are eccrine glands associated with hair follicles? |
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Definition
| NO! But they are similar to apocrine glands. |
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Term
| What glands is ONLY found associated with hair follicles? |
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Definition
| Sebaceous glands. Since perianal or hepatoid glands are specialized sebaceous glands you could say them too. |
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Term
| What type of glands look like hepatocytes and are modified sebaceous glands? |
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Definition
| Perianal or Hepatoid glands. |
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Term
| These 2 types of glands are modified apocrine glands. |
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Definition
| Anal glands and mammary glands. |
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Term
| What are some functions of the subcutaneous tissue or subcutis? |
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Definition
| Energy storage, thermoregulation, protective padding, maintains surface contours, site of many injections. |
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Term
| What is the subcutis composed of? |
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Definition
| Primarily fat, blood vessels, nerves, and muscle. |
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Term
| What is the muscle in the subcutis that causes shivering? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 different names for the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and no adnexa of the nose? |
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Definition
| Planum nasale and Planum nasolabiale. |
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Term
| Is the primary epidermal or dermal layer of the horse's hoof keratinized? |
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Definition
| Primary epidermal layer core is keratinized and makes the hoof. |
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Term
| What is the palpebral fissure and what is the name for the junction of the upper and lower eyelid? |
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Definition
| The palpebral fissure is the hole where the eye is. The junction of the upper and lower eyelids is the canthus. |
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Term
| What muscle is deep to the skin of the eyelids that gives the ability to blink? What is deep to that muscle? |
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Definition
Orbicularis oculi muscle.
The tarsal plate is deep to the orbicularis oculi muscle and is made up of dense CT. |
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Term
| What sebaceous glands are embedding in the tarsal plate of the eyelid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Conjunctival epithelium has what type of epithelial cells? |
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Definition
| stratified columnar to stratified squamous with goblet cells. |
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Term
| What is the structure of the 3rd eyelid? |
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Definition
| Cartilaginous core (hyaline), lined on each side by conjunctival epithelium- palpebral= eyelid side- bulbar= globe side, and lymphoid tissue. |
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Term
| What are the 3 sources of tears? |
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Definition
| 1. Meibomian glands 2. lacrimal glands (gland of the 3rd eyelid) 3. lacrimal glands (at the dorsolateral margins of the orbit) |
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Term
| Name the 5 bones and 7 muscles of the orbit. |
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Definition
| Bones: Frontal, maxillary, lacrimal, zygomatic and prespenoid.
Muscles: dorsal oblique m., ventral oblique m., (dorsal, ventral, medial, lateral) rectus mm. and retractor bulbi m. |
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Term
| What are the 3 main layers of the Globe? |
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Definition
| 1. Outer fibrous tunic: Cornea and Sclera
2. Vascular tunic: Anterior Uvea (Iris and Ciliary Body) and Posterior Uvea (Choroid).
3. Inner nervous tunic: Retina |
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Term
| What are the 3 main layers of the Cornea? |
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Definition
| 1. Epithelium: Stratified squamous, most superficial
2. Stroma: scattered keratocytes, organized collagen layers, NERVES (never seen).
3. Endothelium: Simple squamous, sits on Descenmet's membrane (basement membrane) |
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Term
| What is the sclera composed of? |
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Definition
| (posterior portion of globe) Connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels. |
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Term
| What are the components of the iris? |
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Definition
| Fibroblasts, Collagen, Lymphatics, blood vessels, nerves, epithelium, melanocytes |
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Term
| What 3 muscles are in the iris? |
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Definition
| Smooth muscle, sphincter muscle and dilator muscle. |
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Term
| The ciliary body is made up of ciliary processes and ciliary muscle- what composes each of these? |
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Definition
| Ciliary processes: Inner non-pigmented epithelium (superficial)-(becomes pigmented as it transitions onto the back of the iris), outer(deeper) pigmented layer
Ciliary muscle: smooth muscle in mammals surrounded by pigment, or skeletal m. in non-mammals |
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Term
| What do the ciliary processes produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| Contraction of the ciliary body pulls on what to focus light on different parts of the retina? |
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Definition
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Term
| The anterior lens capsule has what type of epithelium? |
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Definition
| cuboidal lens epithelial cells (LEC). |
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Term
| Describe the process of the formation of lens fibers from the cuboidal LEC. |
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Definition
| The cells proliferate, move peripherally toward the lens bow, elongate, move centrally and loose their nucleus. Because this happens continuously, the lens gets denser as you age. |
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Term
| What makes up the iridocorneal angle and how is aqueous humor drained? |
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Definition
| The iris and the cornea. Aqueous humor is drained from the ciliary processes->posterior chamber-> anterior chamber->pectinate ligamentstrabecular meshwork ->scleral plexus -> venous system. |
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Term
| What is the function of the retina? |
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Definition
| It receives and transduces light and converts the information to nerve impulses which are sent to the brain via the optic nerve. |
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Term
| What are the 3 layers of the retina do we need to know? |
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Definition
| Ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer, outer nuclear layer (cell bodies, rods and cones) |
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Term
| Retinal pigmented epithelium are made up of what type of epithelium? |
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Definition
| cuboidal epithelium BUT they are not always pigmented even though they are called melanin pigmented cells. The cuboidal epithelium interdigitates with photoreceptor outer segments and sits on a basement membrane. |
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Term
| What is the junction of the retina ends and the ciliary body begins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the function and composition of the choroid? |
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Definition
| Nourishes outer portion of the retina (which has no blood vessels while the choroid does). The choroid also has supportive CT and is pigmented. |
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Term
| What is the tapetum lucidum between? |
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Definition
| the RPE (non pigmented portion)of the retina and the choroid (dorsal) |
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Term
| What is the fovea and macula of primates, birds, fish and reptiles? |
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Definition
| The fovea is a despressed area in the retina where only photoreceptors and the outer nuclear layer are present; it lessen the refractory distortion. The macula is the portion of the retina that surrounds the fovea which has a thicker ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer. |
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Term
| External ear canal:
The outermost portion is called the pinna or ? What is its core composed of? |
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Definition
| Auricle. Hyaline or elastic cartilage. |
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the external auditory meatus? from what to what? |
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Definition
| from the pinna to the middle ear (at tympanic membrane) |
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Term
| What are the derivatives of the sebaceous and apocrine glands in the external auditory meatus? |
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Definition
| Sebaceous glands make sebum + apocrine (ceruminous) glands make cerumen = ear wax |
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Term
| What are the 3 parts of the typmpanic membrane's thin fibrous membrane? |
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Definition
| 1. outer cuticular (epithelial layer): continuous with external ear canal epithelium, no adnexa
2. middle fibrous layer
3. inner mucus (epithelial)layer: continuous with epithelium lining the middle ear. |
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Term
| The middle ear is located within this bone, which is the hardest bone in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the names of the 3 bones that make up the middle ear? |
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Definition
| 1. Malleus
2. Incus
3. Stapes |
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Term
| What type of epithelium is the middle ear? |
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Definition
| simple squamous to simple cuboidal |
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Term
| The inner is described as a membranous labyrinth inside a bony labyrinth, what fills each of these labyrinths? |
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Definition
| membranous- endolymph
bony (osseous)- perilymph (which communicates via the perilymphatic duct with the CSF |
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Term
| What are the 3 areas the osseous (bony) labyrinth is divided into? |
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Definition
| Vestibule Semicircular canals Cochlea |
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Term
| The vestibule (or oval window) has 2 parts of membranous labyrinth in its region called...? |
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Definition
| The saccule and the utricle. |
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Term
| What is the term for the sensory hair cells within the saccule and utricle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the macula do? What's embedded in it? |
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Definition
| it relays head positions to the brain via the vestibular nerve. Otoliths are embedded in it to move in the gelatinous matrix, which move the sensory hairs, which tells the brain about the movement. |
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Term
| How many semicircular canals are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ridge inside the dilated area at the end of each semicircular canal? |
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Definition
| The Dilated area are the ampullae, the ridge is the crista ampullaris which has a similar function to the macula with no otoliths. |
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Term
| The spiral-shaped cochlea in the petrous temporal bone has 3 compartment when cut on cross section, what are they? |
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Definition
| The SCALA MEDIA(SM) is the middle compartment with endolymph, the SCALA VESTIBULI (SV) is the upper compartment at the base of the cochlea containing perilymph, and the SCALA TYMPANI (ST) is the lower perilymphatic compartment |
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Term
| Within the Scala Media (SM) is the Organ of Corti which has auditory sensory receptors for sound. What is the center called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is on top of the sensory hairs that lie on either side of the tunnel of corti? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the organ of corti sit on? |
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Definition
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Term
| In fetal development,what does the nasal cavity arise from? |
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Definition
| paired ectodermal invaginations. Yay! embryology! |
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Term
| In fetal development, what does the ectodermal epithelium in the roof nasal cavity become? |
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Definition
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Term
| In fetal development, the nasal sacs formed by the paired ectodermal invaginations give rise to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| In fetal development, the trachea and lung begin as a small bud off what developing organ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 stages of fetal lung development? |
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Definition
| 1. Pseudoglandular period (1st trimester)
2. Canalicular period (2nd trimester) 3. Terminal sac period (late 2nd and 3rd trimester)
4. Alveolar period (late 3rd and into neonate) |
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Term
| Describe gas exchange progression for each of the 4 stages of fetal lung development? |
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Definition
| 1. Pseudoglandular period: NO gas exchange or respiration.
2. Canalicular period: Lungs become vascularized so gas exchange is possible but poor. 3. Terminal sac period: Better gas exchange because type II pneumocytes secrete surfactant to create liquid/air interface.
4. Alveolar period: birth, 95% of alveoli develop after birth. |
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Term
| What are the anatomical divisions for the upper and lower respiratory tracts? |
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Definition
| Upper is nares to tracheal bifurcation. Lower is tracheal bifurcation to alveoli |
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Term
| What are the 3 parts of the nasal cavity? |
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Definition
| Vestibular portion, the Olfactory portion and the Respiratory Portion. |
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Term
| What is the loose collagenous layer of the upper respiratory tract called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| A further supporting tissue layer that separates the mucosa from underlying structures |
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Term
| What is the primary function of the upper respiratory system esp. nasal cavity turbinates? |
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Definition
| Filtering, humidifying and adjusting the temperature of inspired air. |
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Term
| The vestibular portion of the nasal cavity is made up of what epithelial type? |
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Definition
| keratinized stratified squamous. with hairs (vibrissae)and sebaceous glands. |
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Term
| Respiratory epithelium is what type of epithelium? |
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Definition
| pseudostratified columnar and ciliated. this is supported by a richly vascularized lamina propria with serous and mucous glands. |
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Term
| What are the 3 cells of the olfactory epithelium (similar to pseudostratified columnar? What do they do? |
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Definition
| Sustentacular cells = Superficial and give Structural Support and nutrition.and tall Olfactory cells: true bipolar neurons, a single dendritic process extends from cell body and terminates as a small swelling which gives rise to cilia. Basal cells: can differentiate into sustentacular or olfactory cells. |
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Term
| What is the function of the nasopharynx/pharynx? |
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Definition
| Defensive function, conduction by entrapment. |
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Term
| What is the larynx composed of? |
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Definition
| Stratified squamous epithelium, complex cartilage and fibrovascular stroa. |
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Term
| What does the incomplete cartilaginous ring allow for in the trachea? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Does the trachea epithelial cells have cilia and microvilli? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the epithelium underneath the lamina propria called? What lies under that? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes up the gel-sol layer of the muco-ciliary apparatus? |
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Definition
| The sero-mucinous secretions of the goblet cells and submucosal glads. |
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Term
| What is the incomplete C-shaped cartilagenous ring linked by? |
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Definition
| longitudinal collagenous and elatic connective tissue fibers. |
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Term
| What compartmentalizes the bronchi from the surrounding pulmonary parenchyma? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bronchi divide into lobar bronchi, What do lobar bronchi give rise to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bronchioles: is the smooth muscle thicker or thinner here relative to the bronchi? Is cartilage present? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is airway diameter dependent on? |
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Definition
| the attachemnt of the thin peribronchiolar connective tissue to intro-alveolar septa that are arranged radially from the bronchiole. |
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Term
| What is airway diameter dependent on? |
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Definition
| the attachemnt of the thin peribronchiolar connective tissue to intro-alveolar septa that are arranged radially from the bronchiole. |
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Term
| How is respiratory milking accomplished? |
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Definition
| by the normal collapse of the bronchioles at expiration! |
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Term
| Type I alveolar cells (pneumocytes) are flat and cover what percentage of the alveolar surface? |
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Definition
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Term
| Type II pneumocytes are cuboidal to irregular and have what relationship to Type I? |
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Definition
| Type II is progenitor for Type I |
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Term
| What do Type II pneumocytes produce? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the alveolar septa composed of? |
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Definition
| Highly vascularized CT and the epithelium (pneumocytes) |
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Term
| What cell is the primary defense for the alveoli? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 functions of Clara cells? |
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Definition
| produce surfactant, act as reserve cells, and they contain enzyme systems which can detoxify noxious substances. |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of pulmonary macrophages? |
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Definition
| alveolar (intra), interstitial and pulmonary intra-vascular. |
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|
Term
| Compared to the muco-ciliary apparatus, how efficient are phagocytes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the 3 groups of pulmonary pleural arrangement? |
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Definition
| Group 1: (well-developed) thick pleura and intra-lobular septa, few respiratory bronchioles (not much communication)
Group 2: Thin pleura, bronchioles extend deeply and well developed, NO lobular sepatation Group 3: Incomplete lobular septa, thick pleura, poorly developed respiratory bronchioles. |
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