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| Revolutionaries in Mexico such as Hidalgo often proposed abolition of slavery among other social reforms in order to attract more people to their causes. |
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| Augustin de Iturbide (Augustin I) |
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| Mexican Creole who reformed the government, forming a five-person regency and changing the laws to conform more to the Constitution of 1812. Unless Ferdinand VII conformed to their demands, he would never be ruler of Mexico. |
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| Before free trade was established, only one British ship was allowed into the Indies each year. Contraband was often smuggled in. |
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| Army of the Three Guarantees |
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| An army of the combined forces of Guerrero and Iturbide. The three guarantees of the Plan of Iguala were what they were fighting for: Catholicism to be the only religion in Mexico, Mexico's independence, and for Mexico to be united. |
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| Allowed other countries to sell slaves in the Spanish empire. |
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| Area of Mexico that included Guanajuato; breadbasket of Mexico. |
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| Royal family who at one point controlled France, Spain, and Italy. The first Bourbon ruler of Spain was Philip V, and Spain still has a Bourbon king. |
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| Took throne of Spain after the death of his father Philip V. Conquered Naples and Sicily and brought them under his control. Expelled the Jesuits from Spanish lands. |
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| Son of Charles III. Declared war on France after the execution of the French king. He spent more time hunting than being a monarch, and promoted the unknown soldier Godoy to high office. An unpopular war and rumors of the queen's infidelity caused him to be usurped by his son, Ferdinand. |
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| Constitution created by the Junta of Madrid, the temporary government until the return of King Ferdinand. It created a constitutional monarcy, limiting the powers of the king, and gave more power to representatives from the Indies. Upon regaining his throne, Ferdinand first rejected the Constitution and then when revolts occurred accepted it once again. |
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| Consolidation of vales reales |
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| Vales reales were royal bonds. They were consolidated under a great deal of controversy and people were hesitant to lend the government money. |
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| Constitution of Mexico put into place after the abdication of Iturbide. |
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| Legislative body meeting in Cadiz during the wars with Napoleon. The cortes made some progressive policies that led towards democracy. |
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| Charles IV abdicated the throne to Ferdinand, and Ferdinand was ousted by Napoleon and replaced with Jose. This led to widespread resistance in both Spain and the Indies and led to revolution and democratic ideas in the absence of one centralized government. |
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| Expulsion of the gachupines |
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| Peninsular Spaniards were allowed to leave Mexico after Iturbide's revolution led the Creoles to rise in power, but many Peninsulars stayed. |
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| The Jesuits, a very rich religious order, were kicked out of the Spanish Empire under Charles IV. Their property was seized by the crown. Many supported the return of the Jesuits and they returned under Ferdinand only to be expelled once again under the cortes. |
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| First Count of Calderon. Viceroy of New Spain during the Mexican War of Independence. |
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| Second Count of Revillagigedo |
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| Juan Vicente, a great reformer and viceroy of New Spain. |
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| A son of Philip V. Brought a great deal of reforms to the government of the Empire, and stimulated trade in the Americas. |
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| Son of Charles IV who plotted against his father and took the Spanish throne only to find it seized by the Napoleons. There was war during his absence and he was a popular ruler until he actually took the throne after the French were expelled. He was displeased by the Constitution of 1812 but eventually had to accept it. |
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| Free Trade within the Empire |
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| Free trade was a major issue for the Indies, who had to smuggle cheaper English goods into their countries. There was sporadic free trade but most of the time there was only one English ship allowed in the Indies per year. |
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| Special priveliges given to the military and church that often angered the rest of the population. |
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| Cry of Independence; marked the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence in the town of Dolores. Used as a rallying cry by Hidalgo's troops. |
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| Viceroy of New Spain from 1803 to 1808, widely believed to be corrupt. He was sympathetic to the Creoles and was deposed by a Peninsular party under Yermo. |
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| A mestizo Roman Catholic priest who became the leader of the revolutionary army after Hidalgo's death. He was executed for treason in 1815. |
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| Lowly soldier who attracted the attention of the king and queen by falling off his horse. Rumored to be Maria Luisa's lover, he became their friend and was promoted through to high ranks despite his inexperience. The scandal over Godoy's promotion led to the deposition of Charles IV. |
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| Led a revolt in Mexico, hoping for social reforms. Hidalgo lost control of his troops, leading to a massacre, and lost support of the Creoles. He was remorseful for his actions upon his execution. |
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| Under the Constitution of 1812, the government of Spain began listening to the complaints of the people of Mexico. Mexico was granted more representatives in the Spanish government than ever before and a more democratic government emerged. |
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| First Bourbon king of Spain who led in a new era of government in Spain. |
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| Document created by Iturbide that led to the combining of his forces with Guerrero's. It asked for equality for all Mexican citizens, Mexican independence from Spain, and the promotion of Catholocism. |
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| An alcohol popular in Mexico and drunk in pulquerias. It was made from the sap of the maguey plant. It was originally an Indian drink, but they only drank it in celebrations where the Spaniards drank it to excess. |
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| A major in the military, stationed near Cadiz, who started a revolt. Little was mentioned in the papers about it until Ferdinand VII became fearful and agreed to the Constitution of 1812 again. |
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| Established Mexican independence from Spain in 1821. |
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| Ended the War of Spanish Succession in 1713. It divided the Spanish empire into pieces among the powers fighting in the war. |
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| Revolutionary general in the War of Independence. He fought alongside Morelos and Iturbide and later served as president. |
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