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Term
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Definition
| loss of gene function, or alternate gene sequence studies |
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Term
What does this nomenclature mean?
C57BL/6J |
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Definition
C= Cold Spring Harbor
57= originated from female #57
BL= Black Line originated from female #57
6= Subline #6
J= Bred at Jackson Laboratory |
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Definition
| free of Abs to viral pathogens (no exposure) |
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| microbial burden unknown or not controlled; carry an unknown, uncontrolled variety and number of microorganisms |
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| "Germ-Free" is also known as _____. What does this mean? |
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Definition
| Axenic: free of detectable microorganisms (no NF) |
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| "Defined Flora" is also known as _____. What does this mean? |
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Definition
| Gnotobiotic: germ-free except for introduction of 1-2 non-pathogenic microorganisms (have NF) |
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| What does "Pathogen-Free" mean? |
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Definition
| free of all demonstrabe pathogens |
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| What does "Specific Pathogen-Free" mean? |
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Definition
| free of a specific list of pathogens |
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| When does post-partem estrus occur? |
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Definition
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| Synchronized estrous is called what? |
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Definition
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| What is the Whitten effect? |
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Definition
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| What is the Bruce effect? |
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Definition
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| Spontaneous abortion is called what? |
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Definition
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| Induction of anestrous is called what? |
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Definition
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| What is the Lee Boot effect? |
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Definition
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| What are the mating / housing systems of lab animals? |
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Definition
--Monogamous- male/female paired for life (gerbils)
--Harem/polygamous- one male with 2+ females (primates, rats, mice)
--Separate housing, brought together for breeding only (hamsters) |
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| What is a benefit of harem mating? What is a negative aspect? |
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Definition
+ cost efficient
- maternity may not be clear |
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Term
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Definition
| result of brother/sister or parent/offspring mating for a minimum of 20 consecutive generations |
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Term
| Examples of inbred strains: |
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Definition
--athymic nude mouse (no T cells)
--SCID (severe combined immunodeficient) mouse (no B or T cells) |
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Term
| Advantage to using inbred strains: |
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Definition
| minimal genetic variation, so researcher can select specific trait to be studied (homogenous) |
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Term
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Definition
| same as congenic; the first generation of two inbred strains mating |
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Definition
| same as hybrid; first generation of inbred strains mating |
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Definition
| inherited trait or combo of traits that allows the study of a specific biologic process or disease |
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Definition
| result of random matings to achieve genetic variations (heterogenous) |
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| homogeneity vs heterogeneity |
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Definition
homogeneity: genetically the same
heterogeneity: having genetic variation |
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Definition
| animals share one of few distant ancestors |
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Term
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Definition
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| How are rabbits and chinchillas usually housed? |
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Definition
| front-opening cages with catch pans for urine/droppings |
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| What is a metabolism cage? |
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Definition
| special cage with a funnel-shaped apparatus that allows the separation of feces from urine, so each can be examined separately |
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Term
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Definition
| alkaline urine of many lab animals forms crystal build-up on cages; must be removed with acidic product like white vinegar |
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| Major cause of respiratory disease in small animals? |
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Definition
| build-up of ammonia from urine |
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Term
| Two specific types of bedding that are harmful to rodents' health? |
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Definition
| cedar and pine - mess with liver enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| animals are in direct contact with the bedding |
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Term
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Definition
| animals are on a grate above the bedding |
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| Maximum storage time for milled diets? Why is there a time limit? |
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Definition
| 6 months (3mos for NHPs and G-Pigs because of vitamin C) |
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Term
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Definition
| transmission of characteristics/traits by genes |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA sequences found on chromosomes |
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| spontaneous mutation VS external mutation |
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Definition
spontaneous: happens by chance
external: caused by chemical or physical environmental factors |
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Term
| Transgenic and immune-deficient mice are housed in what sort of cage? |
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Definition
| laminar flow cages: uniform continuous positive air flow and HEPA filtration; can be autoclaved; "shoe-box" style |
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Term
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Definition
| high efficiency particulate air; filters out 99.99% particles |
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Definition
| plastic filter-top lid over a wire food hopper, protects agaisnt contaminants, must be opened inside a hood |
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| Non-permanent identification systems: |
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Definition
-cage card
-collar
-fur dye / fur clip
-ink tail marking |
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| Permanent identification systems: |
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Definition
-ear notch
-toe clip
-tattoo
-ear tag / leg band
-microchip |
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Term
| What does HVAC stand for? What does it do? |
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Definition
--heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning
--provide oxygen, add/remove heat, dilute contaminants, produce air movement |
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Term
| The air in an animal room should be completely replaced how often? |
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Definition
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Term
| The laboratory environment consists of two parts. Name and describe: |
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Definition
Macro-environment: temp, humidity, ventilation, light intensity, light/dark cycles of room
Micro-environment: immediate surroundings of animals, its own temp/humidity in its cage |
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Term
| Negative VS Positive Air Flow |
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Definition
Negative: air pressure in animal room is lower than surrounding rooms, so air flows INTO animal room (zoonotic, quarantine, NHPs)
Positive: air pressure in room is higher than surrounding rooms, so air flows OUT of animal room into surrounding rooms (Sx suite esp orthopedics, barrier rooms) |
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| Standard environmental factors: |
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Definition
Temp: 70F
Humidity: 30-70%
Ventilation: 10-15 air exchanges / hour
Lighting: 12:12
Noise: low level noise, radio can reduce startle |
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Term
| What animals react negatively to noise? How can "startle" be avoided? |
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Definition
| rodents, cats, Gpigs, rabbits; reduce startle with low level radio |
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Term
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Definition
--70F
--over 80F can cause heat stress in mice
--dogs and rabbits prefer cooler temps than rodents |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-10-15 air exchanges per houe
-positive or negative air flow depends on study / animal |
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Definition
-12:12
-circadian rhythms should be followed to reduce stress |
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Term
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Definition
-rodents, cats, Gpigs, rabbits react negatively to noise
-low level noise like radio can reduce startle |
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Term
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Definition
| theory to explain a question |
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Term
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Definition
-research hypothesis
-literature search
-determine animal model species, number, strain and justification
-methods and schedule of experimental manipulation
-SOP for housing and medical care
-investigator qualifications
-budget
-IACUC protocol |
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Term
| What does SOP stand for? Why would they need to be made and kept? |
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Definition
| Standard Operating Procedure; involved with FDA/EPA |
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Term
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Definition
| Good Laboratory Practices |
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Term
| Animal groups in a study: |
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Definition
-research group
-control group
-sham group (placebo) |
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Term
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Definition
C: procedures involving no pain or distress, or requiring no pain relieving drugs
--regular euthanasia
--blood sampling, tattoo, injections
--short-term restraint anesthesia
D: procedures involving pain or distress with appropriate anesthetic, analgesic or tranquilizing drugs
--euthanasia before recovery during terminal Sx procedures
E: procedures involving pain or distress for which appropriate anesthetic, analgesic, or tranquilizing drugs cannot be used
--explain and justify how these drugs would have affected procedures, results, or interpretation of results |
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Term
| How to determine the # of animals to put in 1 cage: |
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Definition
| area of cage / floor area per animal of that weight = # of animals of that weight to put in 1 cage |
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