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Metabolism
Meta 1
51
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
11/18/2012

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Term
_____ is the sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time.
Definition
Metabolism
Term
Cells synthesize new organic components for
Definition
a.Growth and repair
b.Producing secretions
c.Performing structure maintenance
d.Storing nutrient reserves
Term
During _____, a molecule of glucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and net gain is 2ATPs and 2 NADH + H+
Definition
glycolysis
Term
Inside the mitochondria, each pyruvic acid loses a ?
Definition
carbon atom
Term
____ is the process of synthesizing glucose from lipids, amino acids, or other non-carbohydrate sources (such as lactic acid).
Definition
Gluconeogenesis
Term
___ is the process of formation of glycogen.
Definition
Glycogenesis
Term
____ is stored in skeletal muscle cells and liver cells (hepatocytes) under stimulation of insulin.
Definition
Glycogen
Term
Although lipids and proteins can be broken down to provide substrates for the _____, _____ is preferred because it requires the least ____ and ____
Definition
TCA cycle
carbohydrate
processing and preparation.
Term
The TCA cycle
Definition
a.begins with the formation of a molecule CITRIC ACID
b.Forms CO2
c.Removes electrons (H+ ) by NAD and FAD and transfers electrons to the ETS (electron transport system)
d.Uses substrate level of phosphorylation by forming GTP to provide a molecule phosphate to ADP
Term
The main function of the TCA or Krebs cycle is ?
Definition
is to remove hydrogen atom (electron) from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.
Term
In the ETS
Definition
a.Coenzymes receive hydrogen atoms from NADH+ H+ and FADH2
b.Oxidative phosphorylation takes places.
c.Chemiosmosis occurs
d.DO NOT produce ATP but creates a condition for ATP formation (via gradient concentration of H+)
Term
Substrate level of phosphorylation is a mechanism to make
Definition
ATP by transferring DIRECTLY a phosphate group from the substrate to ADP.
Term
Oxidation phosphorylation is the MOST IMPORTANT mechanism for the generation of ___ by removing ___ from the substrate (oxidation) and transferring electrons to the ____ in order to create a _______. The movement of H+ will activate ATP synthase to add a group of _____ to ____.
In other word, In oxidation phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is provided by the MOVEMENT OF H+ through channels in the respiratory enzymes
Definition
ATP
electrons
ETS
chemiosmosis of H+.
phosphate
ADP
Term
STEPS in oxidative phosphorylation include:
Definition
a.Removal of hydrogen atoms from a substrate molecules by coenzymes
b.Ionization of hydrogen ions (producing H+)
c.Electrons are passed along the ETS, losing energy in a series of small steps.
d.Forming water by passing electron to one-half of a molecule of oxygen.
Term
In glycolysis (ANAEROBIC), each molecule of glucose that is metabolized releases net
Definition
2 molecules of ATP
Term
In the process of cellular respiration ( both aerobic and anaerobic), each molecule of glucose that is metabolized yields energy to form
Definition
36 molecules of ATP.
Term
In order for glycolysis to occur
Definition
a.Glucose must be available
b.ATP is needed initially (consuming ATP)
c.NAD must be available
d.No oxygen is required.
Term
____ act as an intermediary that accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another molecule
Definition
COENZYMES
Term
____ contains a protein and a pigment.
Definition
CYTOCHROME
Term
During LIPOLYSIS...
Definition
Triglycerides are broken down into GLYCEROL and FATTY ACIDS
Term
Insulin inhibits ____
Definition
lipolysis
Term
Epinephrine and norepinephrine, thyroid hormones, and cortisol (exercise)
Definition
enhance lipolysis
Term
Fatty acids will use ________to provide _____.
Definition
BETA-OXIDATION to provide ATP
Term
Glycerol will be converted to ___ . Then ____ the catabolic pathways to ____ in order to form ____. ____ will enter to TCA (Krebs) cycles
Definition
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphatenters
pyruvic acid
Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA
Term
Mechanism of BETA-OXIDATION includes:
Definition
a.It occurs in the mitochondria matrix
b.Breaking down fatty acids into two-carbon fragments (C2) (acetyl CoA) that can be metabolized by the TCA cycle
c.It requires coenzyme A, coenzyme NAD, and coenzyme FAD
d.It yields LARGE amount of ATP
Term
Essential fatty acids are
Definition
linoleic acid, linolenic acid
Term
Catabolism of amino acids requires
Definition
vitamin B6
Term
29. VLDL (very low-density lipoproteins):
Definition
a.Contain more triglycerides
b.manufactured in the liver
c.Are transported from the liver to peripheral tissues
Term
HDL (high – density lipoproteins):
Definition
a.Contains more cholesterols and phospholipids
b.Carries cholesterol from the peripheral tissue to the liver
Term
CHYLOMICRONS
Definition
a.Are the lipoproteins that are formed in the intestine to carry lipids into circulation (via lacteal) and transport lipids to adipose tissue for storage
b.Contain more triglycerides
Term
Catabolism of protein is not a practical sources of quick energy because:
Definition
a.The energy yield from protein is less than from lipids
b.Proteins are more difficult to break apart
c.Protein catabolism produces a toxic by-products
d.Homeostasis is affected at the cellular and organismal levels.
Term
___ the amino group of an amino acid is transferred to a keto acid
Definition
In TRANSAMINATION
Term
_______ , the amino group of an amino acid is removed to form AMMONIA (NH3) or AMMONIUM (NH4+)
Definition
In DEAMINATION
Term
Urea is formed in the liver by converting
Definition
toxic ammonia to non-toxic urea.
Term
In adults, there are __ amino acids. Human are unable to synthesize____ So these essential amino acids must be present in the diet.
Definition
20
8 essential amino acids
Term
A high uric acid level above 7.4 mg-dL can lead to
Definition
GOUT disease
Term
from DNA is impossible.
Definition
Catabolism of Nucleotides
Term
The nucleic acid that can be metabolized to supply energy is
Definition
RNA (with nitrogenous base pyrimidine only)
Term
Catabolism of Nucleotides PYRIMYDINE from RNA will provide
Definition
sugar (C5) for glycolysis (forming ATP)
Term
Catabolism of Nucleotides PURINE from RNA is impossible but PURINE
Definition
can be deaminated and excreted as uric acid. (not forming ATP)
Term
During starvation
Definition
a.Gluconeogenesis (formation of new glucose) increases
b.Proteins can be used as primary source
c.Carbohydrate catabolism is not significant (decreases)
d.Increase the level of circulating ketone bodies --> ketoacidosis
Term
During the absorptive state
Definition
a.The liver cells and skeletal muscle cells form glycogen
b.Glycogenesis
Term
During post-absorptive state
Definition
a.The liver cells form glucose by glygogenolysis, glucose will be catabolized for energy
b.The skeletal muscle cells form glucose 6-phosphate which can enter glycolysis for energy
c.Ketone bodies may be formed due to lipolysis
d.Gluconeogenesis (new glucose will be produced in the liver)
Term
A balance diet should
Definition
a.Contain adequate amount of vitamins and minerals
b.Adequate substrates for the production of energy
c.Adequate amount of ESSENTIAL amino acids
d.Adequate amount of ESSENTIAL fatty acids
Term
Cholesterol is important in the human body because:
Definition
a.It is a lipid component of all cell membranes
b.It is key components of bile
c.It serves as the precursor of several steroid hormones and vitamins
Term
A growing child, a pregnant woman, a person recovering from illness is in a state of
Definition
positive nitrogen balance.
Term
Factors that affect the BMR (basal metabolic rate) include:
Definition
age, sex, physical conditions, body weight, and genetics
Term
Vitamin A maintains ____ and is required for the
Definition
epithelia
synthesis visual pigments of the eyes.
Term
The vitamin that is a constituent of the coenzymes FAD is
Definition
RIBOFLAVIN
Term
The vitamin that is a constituent of the coenzymes NAD is
Definition
NIACIN
Term
The vitamin that is a constituent of the CoA is
Definition
PANTOTHENIC ACID
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