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Metabolism and Nurtition
Vitamins, Minerals, Krebs Cycle, TCA cycle, etc
101
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/22/2011

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Cards

Term
Nutrient
Definition
Chemical substances in food the body uses for growth, maintenance, and repair
Term
Major nutrients are?
Definition
Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins
Term

Water is a major nutrient

 

(True or False)

Definition
True
Term
Cellulose is a polysacchride easily digested by humans this statement is correct or incorrect?
Definition
Incorrect
Term
The most abundant dietary lipids are?
Definition
Triglycerides
Term
Name two complex carbohydrates
Definition
Crackers and Grains
Term
Cholesterol is used for energy like neutral fats this is correct or incorrect?
Definition
Incorrect
Term
Eggs, milk and meat are all proteins that are called ________ proteins.
Definition
Complete
Term
Proteins will be used for ATP synthesis if insufficient calories are ingested
Definition
True
Term
Cellular respiration is a catabolic process
Definition
True
Term
Most vitamins are organic compunds and function as Coenzymes. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?
Definition
A, D, E, K
Term
Name the pick up molecule in the Krebs Cycle.
Definition
Namide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
Term
The electron transport chain uses oxygen. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Definition
Removes electrons from organic compunds and passes them through the E.T.C.
Term
We know that when pyruvic acid picks up 2 H+ this yields lactic acid. Where does the body store this lactic acid till it is oxygenated back to pyruvic acid for the Krebs cycles?
Definition
The Liver
Term
What does the prefix 'gastro' mean?
Definition
Stomach
Term
The body's rate of energy output is called the ______ rate.
Definition
Metabolic
Term
BMR is a measure taken when our bodies are Active or Inactive?
Definition
Inactive
Term
What does convection mean?
Definition
The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid between areas of different temperature.
Term
What is the normal body temperature?
Definition
98.6 F
Term
Hypothalmus
Definition
Thermo regulator
Term
Fan
Definition
Forced convection
Term
Touching
Definition
Conduction
Term
Infra Red
Definition
Radiation
Term
Vasoconstriction
Definition
Heat by-passes skin
Term
Heat stroke
Definition
Hyperthermia
Term
Why is fever good for us?
Definition
It allows the healing process to catalize and fights the infection
Term
The formation of glucose from glycogen is called:
Definition
Glycogenolysis
Term
Under ordinary conditions the greatest loss of body heat occurs through
Definition
Radiation
Term
Synthesis of glucagons is not a function of the liver
Definition
True
Term
You have a patient under your charge. He just had his pancreas excised (removed). What would you expect to find?
Definition
- Acetoacetic acid concentration in the blood levels
- Blood glucose increase (hyperglucosemia)
- Increase in urine volume
Term
Pruvic acid is a product of glycolysis but it doesn't enter the Krebs cycle as such. It enters as _______.
Definition
Acetyle CoA
Term
Transamination is a chemical process by which:
Definition
An amine group is transferred from an amino acid to a keto acid
Term
A deficiency in iodine could result in
Definition
Hypothyroidism
Term
A condition known as beriberi can result from a deficiency in thiamine which is also called
Definition
Vitamin B(1)
Term
Most of the ATP produced in the body is from where?
Definition
Electron Transport Chain (E.T.C)
Term
Deficiency of this vitamin causes Pellagra, sore red tongue, rough skin, diarrhea, dementia and death.
Definition
Niacin (Nicotinamide)
Term
Vitamin D
Definition
Rickets
Term
Vitamin A
Definition
Night Blindness
Term
Vitamin E
Definition
Hemolysis of RBC's (destruction of red blood cells)
Term
Vitamin K
Definition
Prolonged clotting time
Term
Vitamin B6
Definition
Depressed deep tendon reflexes
Term
Vitamin B5
Definition
Neuropathy (nerve damage) of alcoholics
Term
Sodium
Definition
Hypertension (high blood pressure) and convulsions
Term
Except for lactose and some glycogen the carbohydrates we ingest (eat) are from animals. True of False
Definition
False
Term
The role of LDL is to transport _____ to the peripheral tissues.
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
In gluconeogenesis amino acids and _____ are converted to glucose.
Definition
Glycerol or Lactic Acid
Term
Only the _____ forms urea in the body.
Definition
Liver
Term
You have a pt. that has a learning impairment, loss of taste and smell goiter like mass. What 2 trace minerals would you give them?
Definition
Zink & Iodine
Term
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Definition
A genetic error of protein metabolism characterized by elevated blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine.
Term
Absorptive State
Definition
Ingested nutrients are entering the bloodstream, and glucose is readily available for ATP production.
Term
Postabsorptive state
Definition
Absorption of nutrients from the GI tract is compolete, and energy needs must be met by fuels already in the body.
Term
Triglycerides can be broken down into?
Definition
Glycerol and Fatty acids
Term
Glycerol may be converted into?
Definition
Glucose (gluconeogenesis) or catabolized via glycolysis.
Term
Fasting
Definition
Going w/o food for many hours or a few days
Term
Starvation
Definition
Going weeks or months w/o food or inadequate food intake.
Term
Basal State
Definition
The measurement of metabolic rate in wich the body is in a quiet, resting, and fasting condition.
Term
Radiation
Definition
The transfer of heat in the form of infrared rays between a warmer object and a cooler one w/o physical contact (sun)
Term
Evaporation
Definition
The conversion of a liquid to a vapor
Term
Preoptic area
Definition
A group of neurons in the anterior part of the hypothalamus.
Term
Heat-Losing center
Definition
when stimulated by the preoptic area, set a series of responses that lower body temperatures
Term
heat-promoting center
Definition
Raises body temperature
Term
The energy costs for maintaining muscle tone, posture while sitting or standing, and involuntary fidgeting movements
Definition
nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
Term
Stimulates food intake
Definition
Neruopeptide Y
Term
Emotional Eating
Definition
Eating in response to emotional drives.
Term
Hypervitaminosis
Definition
Dietary intake of a vitamin that exceeds the ability of the body to utilize, store, ore excretee the vitamin.
Term
Hypovitaminosis
Definition
Vitamin deficiencies
Term
Pyrogen
Definition
A fever-producing substance.
Term
Obesity
Definition
Body weight 20% above a desirable standard due to excessive adipose tissue.
Term
An ibalance oftatal caloric intake or intake of specific nutrients, which can be inadequate or excessive
Definition
Malnutrition
Term
marasmus
Definition
A type of protein-calorie undernutrition that results from inadequate intake of both protein and calories.
Term
Heat cramps
Definition
Cramps that result from profuse sweating.
Term
A condition in which the core temperature is generally normal, or a little below, and the skin is cool and moist due to profuse perspiration.
Definition
Heat exhaustion
Term
What does the heart prefer?
Definition
Fatty Acids
Term
What major hormone is used in digestion?
Definition
Insulin
Term
Acidosis (ketoacidosis)
Definition
Abnormally low blood pH. Can result in disorientation, coma, and even death.
Term
When a diabetic becomes seriously insulin-deficient, one of the telltale signs is?
Definition
The sweet smell on the breath.
Term
Deamination
Definition
When an amino acid looses their amino group before they can enter the Krebs cycle.
Term
Beta Oxidation
Definition
Process of fatty acid catabolism
Term
Satiety
Definition
a feeling of fullness accompanied by lack of desire to eat
Term
Low-Density lipoproteins (LDLs)
Definition
Carries about 75% of the total cholesterol in blood and deliever it to cells througout the body for use in repair of cell membranes. "Bad cholesterol"
Term
apo B100
Definition
the docking protein that binds to LDL receptors on the plasma membrane of body cells
Term
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
Definition
Removes excess cholesterol from body cells and the blood and transport it to the liver for elimination. "Good Cholesterol"
Term
The prefix syn means?
Definition
synthesize
Term
The suffix 'ase' means?
Definition
An enzyme
Term
What is the final receptor of the ETC?
Definition
Oxygen
Term
Decarboxylation
Definition
To get rid of CO(2)
Term
What does the suffix genesis mean?
Definition
the beginning, building up
Term
What does the suffix lysis mean?
Definition
To break down.
Term
Reduction
Definition
The addition of electrons to a molecule
Term
Oxidation
Definition
The removal of electrons from an atom or molecule.
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
The oxidation of glucose to produce ATP
Term
Hepatocytes are found in the?
Definition
Liver
Term
The breakdown of 6-carbon molecule of glucose into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid
Definition
Glycolysis
Term
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
Definition
The production of ATP without oxygen
Term
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Definition
The production of ATP with oxygen (Krebs cycle and E.T.C)
Term
Why is cyanide deadly?
Definition
It binds to the cytochrome oxidase complex and blocks the last step in electron transport.
Term
How do we as humans get rid of CO2 and H20?
Definition
Breathing
Term
What does the body prefer? And Why?
Definition
The body prefers Hydrogen because we have H bonds
Term
What substance is used to break bonds?
Definition
Glucose
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