Term
| What are the Fat Soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamins are water soluble? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which fat soluble vitamin is synthseized by the ruminal and intestinal bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which fat soluble vitamin is synthesized by UV radiation of the skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two fat soluble vitamins may be found in high quality fresh forage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two viatmins are synthesized by ruminal flora? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what water soluble vitamin is made in the body tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major precursor to Vit A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is the major source of vit A:
a. skin
b. fresh forage
c. ruminal bacteria
d. grain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: B-carotene is easily oxidized before cutting plants; therefore it is found in lower concentrations in fresh forage than stored forage |
|
Definition
| False (B-carotene is much lower in stored forage and is oxidized after cutting plants) |
|
|
Term
Which of the following factors will NOT reduce vit A function?
a. nitrates
b. heating
c. storage
d. ruminal bacteria
e. air and sunlight
f. oxidation of oils and fats
g. inadequate protein/phosporous/zinc |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under what conditions will vit A need to be supplemented? |
|
Definition
-low forage diets
-diets w/ lots of corn silage/grains and smaller amnts of forages
-poor quality forages
-immunocompromised animals
-increased exposure to infectious pathogens
-stressful periods |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a function of Vit A?
a. vision
b. arachadonic acid metabolism
c. growth and development
d. spermatogenesis
e. maintenance of skeletal and epithelial tissue
f. antioxidant
g. immunity |
|
Definition
| b. (this is a function of vit E) |
|
|
Term
| how does vit A function in vision? |
|
Definition
| vit A-> rhodopsin production (vision pigment)-> low light vision |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin enhances killing ability of neutrophils and stimulates cell-mediated immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are signs of what vitamin deficiency?
- increased risk of infxn
- diarrhea, decreased appetite, emaciation
- keratitis, inflammation of eye, night blindness, permanent blindness
- shortened gestation
- retained placentas
- birth to dead, weak, blind, or incoordinated calves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: signs of vitamin A toxicity are common; therefore, vit A levels must be closely regulated and fresh forage should be limited |
|
Definition
| False. vit A toxicity is rare |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D is a precursor for what molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vitamin is high bioavailability in the skin and diet/plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what precursor in the skin is bioconverted to vit D3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what precursor in plants is converted by UV radiation to vit D2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a function of vit D?
a. maintains Ca:P homeostasis
b. stimulates active transport of Ca and P across the gut
c. promotes humoral immunity
d. normal mineralization of organic bone matrix
e. spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
| e. (this is a function of vit A) |
|
|
Term
All of the following are signs of a deficiency of what vitamin?
-decreased blood phosphorous and calcium levels
-Rickets in young animals
-osteoporosis in older animals
-decreased milk production
-impaired reproductive performance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two conditions are caused by vit D deficiency? (one is in young animals and one is in older animals) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vitamin deficiency plays a role in hypocalcemia/ milk fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does vit D deficiency impair reproductive performance? |
|
Definition
| causes a return to estrus |
|
|
Term
| List the signs of vitamin D toxicity. |
|
Definition
-Reduced milk production
-Decreased appetite
-Polyuria-> anuria and dry feces
-calcification of kidneys, aorta, abomasum, bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| repeated injections of what fat soluble vitamin may be toxic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the generic name for tocopherols and tocotrienols? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most biologically active form of vit E? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common form of vit E found in feedstuffs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vitamin is found highest in fresh forages, some in whole soybeans and cottonseeds, and low content in grains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: vitamin E is similar to vitamin A in that the levels decrease in forage: after a plant is cut, with prolonged exposure to oxygen and sunlight,and prolonged storage. Also, (unique to vit E) feeding protected unsaturated fats may reduce resorption. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under what conditions may vit E need to be supplemented? |
|
Definition
-when feeding stored feeds
-low forage diets
-feeding rumen-protected unsaturated fats
-during periods of immunosuppression |
|
|
Term
| List 5 functions of vit E |
|
Definition
- cellular antioxidant
- maintenance of cellular membranes
- arachodonic acid metabolism
- immunity
- reproductive function |
|
|
Term
| how does vit E function in immunity |
|
Definition
| improved neutrophil and macrophage function; reduced mastitis |
|
|
Term
| White Muscle Disease, Retained Placenta, increased mastitis, and oxidized flavors in milk are all signs of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is vit E one of the least toxic vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin is known as a group of quinone compounds exhibiting antihemorrhagic effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are two sources of vit K? and what other vitamins also comes from these sources? |
|
Definition
green plants; bacterial flora of rumen
green plants: A, D, E, K
bacterial flora of rumen: B, K |
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of vit K? |
|
Definition
| synthesis of proteins including blood clotting factors-> prevent hemorrhage by activating thrombin-> clot formation |
|
|
Term
| what 4 clotting factors are vit K dependent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Moldy Sweet Clover (Dicourmarol Toxicosis) is implicated in what vitamin deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does moldy sweet clover lead to vit K deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Dicoumarol (fungal metabolite in clover)-> antagonist of vit K-> inhibits synthesis of clotting factors 2, 7, 9, 10 |
|
|
Term
| stiffness, +/- lameness, hematoma of tissues, and uncontrolled bleeding are clinical signs of what vitamin deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: true deficiencies of water soluble vitamins are rare in animals with a functional rumen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 3 B vitamins have been associated with production and health benefits to dairy cows? |
|
Definition
| niacin, biotin, folic acid |
|
|
Term
| There are 8 B vitamins, what are they? |
|
Definition
-Biotin
-Folic acid
-Inositol
-Niacin
-Pantothenic acid
-Riboflavin (B2)
-Thiamine (B1)
-Vit B12 |
|
|
Term
| which B vitamin is a cofactor for enzymes involved in carboxylation rxns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which B vitamin is normally synthesized by ruminal bacteria and NOT extensively metabolized in rumen if its fed in the diet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: supplementation w/ 20mg/day of Biotin may improve hoof health/ reduce lameness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are young calves or adult cows more susceptible to folic acid deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 key functions of folic acid? |
|
Definition
-incorporated into coenzymes in many biochemical pathways
-necessary for synthesis of nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a function of Inositol?
a.important in the metabolism & transport of lipids
b. cofactor for enzymes involved in carboxylation reactions
c. a constituent of phospholipids
d. mitochondrial respiration & metabolism of carbs/lipids/amino acids
e. a and c
f. b and a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the sources of inositol? |
|
Definition
-myo-inositol is found in feedstuffs as a compound of phytic acid-> degraded in rumen
-bacterial synthesis in rumen |
|
|
Term
| when is an inositol defeciency more likely to be seen? |
|
Definition
| calves fed poor quality (unfortified) milk replacers |
|
|
Term
| During what condition/syndrome should inositol be supplemented? |
|
Definition
during periods of hepatic lipidosis/fatty liver syndrome (feed intake low)
may help minimize triglyceride accum. in liver |
|
|
Term
All of the following pertain to Niacin EXCEPT:
a. coenzyme for NAD(H) and NADP(H)
b. role in mitochondrial respiration and metabolism of carbohydrates/lipids/ amino acids
c. Anti-lipolytic, prevent/treat fatty liver and ketosis
d. essential in fatty acid oxidation, amino acid catabolism, and acetylcholine sythnesis |
|
Definition
| d. (this describes Pantothenic acid) |
|
|
Term
| what B vitamin plays a role in mitochondrail respiration and metabolism of carbs/lipids/amino acids and acts as a coenzyme for NAD and NADH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sources of niacin are available |
|
Definition
rumen synthesis
dietary supplementation |
|
|
Term
Niacin is required in the diet of ________ _______.
a. lactating cows
b. pre-partum cows
c. preweaned calves
d. neonatal calves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what B vitamin is a constituent of coenzyme A which is essential in several reaction including fatty acid oxidation, amino acid catabolism, and acetylcholine synthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main source of Pantothenic acid |
|
Definition
| synthesis by rumen microbes |
|
|
Term
Which vitamin deficiency may have have the following (diverse and nonspecific) signs (these were demonstrated in non-ruminant species):
-GIT, nervous, and immune system disorders
-reduced growth rate
-decreased appetite
-skin lesions
-hair-coat changes
-death |
|
Definition
| Pantothenic acid (B vitamin) |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for vit B2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for vit B1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main source of riboflavin? |
|
Definition
| microbial synthesis in rumen |
|
|
Term
| Why is diet not a good source of Riboflavin? |
|
Definition
| 100% destruction of dietary riboflavin in the rumen |
|
|
Term
| Which vitamin has important roles within the Krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following does not pertain to Thiamine?
a. role in brain and nerve function, including metab. of neurotransmitters
b. generally non-toxic
c. cofactor for methyl-malonyl coenzyme A mutase which converts proprionate to succinate
d. deficiency results in Polioencephalomalacia |
|
Definition
| c. (this describes vit B12) |
|
|
Term
| Which vitamin deficiency is responsible for causing polioencephalomalacia (PEM)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
polioencephalomalacia; cerebrocortical necrosis
-occurs with altered thiamine metabolism or low ruminal thiamine concentrations |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a good source of Thiamine?
a. fresh forage
b. soybean meal
c. grains or grain by-products
d. brewers yeast
e. synthesis by rumen microbes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a cause of PEM?
a. bacterial thiaminases destroy thiamine in rumen
b. ingestion of preformed plant thiaminases
c. thiamine analog production/ingestion
d. decreased intake of preformed thiamine by preruminants
e. impaired production or absorption of ruminal thiamine
f. a, c, d
g. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: risk factors for PEM include high grain feeding, sudden changes in diet, stress, and excess dietary sulfur (sulfur toxicity) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the clinical signs of polioencephalomalacia (PEM) |
|
Definition
Early: transient diarrhea, anorexia, hyperesthesia, staggering, tremors
As progresses: circling, cortical blindness, head pressing, opisthotonos, dorsomedial strabismus, repetitive chewing, head tilt, recumbency, tonic-clonic convulsions, death |
|
|
Term
| Describe the treatment options for PEM |
|
Definition
-Parenteral injection of thiamine (some nervous system deficits may last weeks to months)
-Anti-inflammatories to reduce cerebral edema (ie- Dexamethasone)
-?Antibiotics? (if cant R/O meningitis)
-?Anticonvulsants |
|
|
Term
Which of the following does not describe vitamin B12?
a. cofactor for methyl-malonyl coenzyme A mutase (converts proprionate to succinate for gluconeogenesis)
b. cofactor for tetrahydrofolate methyl transferase (methionine synthesis)
c. sythesis is greater when fed high forage-based diets
d. a-tocopherol is the most biologically active form |
|
Definition
| d. (this describes vit E) |
|
|
Term
| Which vitamin is also known as cobalamin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does all of the vit B12 required by the cow come from? and what should be provided in the diet so this can occur? |
|
Definition
rumen microbes
provide cobalt in diet (high forage diets are best) |
|
|
Term
| Under what 2 circumstances might a vit B12 deficiency occur? |
|
Definition
-calves fed diets w/out animal protein
-primary dietary cobalt deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for vitamin C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following describe the function of vitamin C?
a. roles in brain and nerve function
b. cellular antioxidant
c. regulating steroid synthesis
d. maintains calcium & phosphorus ratio
e. improves neutrophil function
f. a, c, d
g. b, c, e
h. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: All vitamins are considered as essential nutrients |
|
Definition
| False. vitamin C is not an essential nutrient |
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 macrominerals? |
|
Definition
Calcium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Chlorine
Potassium
Magnesium
Sulfur |
|
|
Term
| What are the 8 microminerals |
|
Definition
Cobalt
Copper
Iodine
Iron
Manganese
Molybdenum
Selenium
Zinc |
|
|
Term
Which of the following describes macrominerals?
a. fed in milligrams/day
b. enzymes/ enzyme cofactor components
c. hormone components(endocrine system)
d. vital roles in acid-base status, osmotic pressure, membrane electrical potential, and nerve transmission |
|
Definition
d.
(the rest describe microminerals) |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true for microminerals?
a. fed in grams/day
b. present in body in low concentration
c. important sturctural components of bone, tissues, body fluids
d. roles in acid-base status, osmotic pressure, memebrane electric potential, and nerve transmission |
|
Definition
b.
(the rest describe macrominerals) |
|
|
Term
| T/F: lab analysis of feeds for macro- and micromineral element content, using wet chemistry analysis techniques, is important for accurate diet formulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the functions of Extracellular Calcium |
|
Definition
-formation of skeletal tissues
-transmission of nervous tissue impulses
-excitation of skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction
-blood clotting
-component of milk |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of intracellular calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two hormones are responsible for calcium homeostasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following describes PTH?
a. positive effect on blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity/ bone resorption, renal conservation of calcium, and kidneys to produce vit 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
b. negative effect on blood calcium levels by stimulating increased excretion through kidneys and calcium deposition in bone |
|
Definition
a.
(b. describes calcitonin) |
|
|
Term
| when does an animal have the greatest requirements for calcium? |
|
Definition
-growth
-pregnancy: late gestation-> rapid fetal development
-peripartum period: initiate colostrum production and lactogenesis |
|
|
Term
| Rickets, Delayed growth, Milk Fever, stillborn calves, retained placentas, osteoporosis, and osteomalacia are all possible consequences of what mineral deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following describe calcium toxicity EXCEPT:
a. reduce trace mineral absorption
b. decreased palatability of diet
c. urinary calculi
d. osteopetrosis, vertebral ankylosis, metastatic Ca deposition in skeletal/cardiac muscle |
|
Definition
| c. (this describes phosphorus toxicity) |
|
|
Term
| What vitamins and minerals play a role in Rickets? |
|
Definition
| Vit D, Calcium, Phosphorus (deficiencies) |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of phosphorus? |
|
Definition
-skeletal tissue formation
-metabolism of ATP
-acid-base buffer system
-component of cell walls and cell contents (phospholipids, phosphoproteins, nucleic acids)
-cellulose digestion in rumen |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a sign of Phosphorus deficiency?
a. unthriftiness, inappetance, poor growth
b. poor milk production
c. decreased conception rates
d. Rickets and Osteomalacia
e. acute hypophosphatemia
f. dull, dry hair coat, decreased skin pliability
g. postparturient hemoglobinuria
h. Pica |
|
Definition
| f. (this describes potassium deficiency) |
|
|
Term
| Failure of bones to mineralie (spontaneous fractures, weak/bendable bones) and abnormal cartilage formation and joint remodeling (painful, swollen joints) describe young animals with what condition? |
|
Definition
| Rickets (vit D, Ca, P deficiency) |
|
|
Term
| Why does Pica occur with mineral deficiencies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following does not fit with phosphorus toxicity?
a. excess bone resorption
b. urinary calculi
c. udder edema
d. osmotic diarrhea
e. a and d
f. c and d
g. b and c |
|
Definition
f. c and d
(c: sodium toxicity, d: sulfur toxicity) |
|
|
Term
| Why is phosphorus an environmental concern? |
|
Definition
| *Overfeeding leads to excretion of excess phosphorus in urine-> algae blooms |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a function of sodium?
a. important for microbial protein synthesis
b. modulates ECF volume and acid-base equilibrium
c. heart function and nerve impulse conduction and transmission
d. role in Na-K ATPase pump |
|
Definition
| a. (this is a function of sulfur) |
|
|
Term
| what role does sodium play in the Na-K ATPase pump? |
|
Definition
-enables transport of glucose, amino acids, and phosphate into cells
-transports H, Ca, HCO3, K, Cl ions out of cells |
|
|
Term
| How is sodium homeostasis maintained? |
|
Definition
-Active absorp. in reticulorumen, abomasum, omasum, and duodenum
-Passive absorp. in SI and LI
-kidneys regulate blood & tissue levels by reabsorption/excretion |
|
|
Term
| Pica (licking, chewing objects, eating soil); decreased feed intake, decreased milk production, unthrifty, weight loss, rough hair coat;and (extreme deficiency: incoordination, weakness, dehydration, caridac arrhythmia, death) are all signs of what deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the signs of sodium toxicity. |
|
Definition
Udder edema (high intake in late gestation dry cow)
nervous system impairment, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, knuckling, blindness, muscle spasms, paresis, convulsions |
|
|
Term
| how might sodium toxicity be prevented |
|
Definition
| provide adequate fresh drinking water at all times |
|
|
Term
| What minerals are involven with nerve impulse conduction and transmission? |
|
Definition
| Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium |
|
|
Term
| Which mineral is interrelated with both sodium and potassium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a function of chlorine?
a. nerve impulse conduction and transmission
b. regulates osmotic pressure
c. maintains a strong ion difference
d. cheif ion in gastric secretions for protein digestion |
|
Definition
| a. (this pertains to Na, K, Ca, Mg) |
|
|
Term
| What mechanisms are responsible for maintaining chlorine homeostasis? |
|
Definition
-Passive diffusion across SI
-Absorbed in rumen and GI tract
-Acid-base status controls levels |
|
|
Term
If there is excess chlorine in the body what happens to it?
what if there is a deficiency? |
|
Definition
Excess: excreted in urine and feces, some lost in sweat
Deficient: conserved by kidneys |
|
|
Term
All of the following are signs of what kind of deficiency?
-Anorexia, wieght loss, lethargy, decreased milk yeild
-mild PU/PD, pica
-Later stages: Scaliness around eyes, eye defects, reduced resp rates, blood and mucus in feces, constipation, severe metabolic alkalosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Magnesium is the primary extracellular cation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Potassium is the major intracellular electrolyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the highest mineral concentration in milk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the functions of potassium. |
|
Definition
Regulation of:
- osmotic pressure, acid-base status,
water balance, nerve impulse
transmission and muscle contraction
Regulates enzyme activity & enzyme cofactor in amino acid & protein synthesis, carb metabolism, and maintenance of normal cardiac and renal tissue |
|
|
Term
| What organ is responsible for regulating potassium homeostasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are signs of what mineral deficiency?
-decreased feed/water intake, decreased milk yeild
-weight loss, lethargy
-Pica
-Dull, dry hair coat, decreased skin pliability
-Severe: muscle weakness, recumbency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Iatrogenic Hypokalemia causing weakness & recumbency has been induced after repeated administration of ____________, which enhances renal K excretion. |
|
Definition
| antiinflammatories w/ mineralocorticoid activity |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a sign of potassium toxixity?
a. Dietary Cation-Anion Diff increase affecting acid-base status
b. risk factor for milk fever
c. osmotic diarrhea
d. decrease magnesium absorption
e. udder edema |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two mineral toxicities lead to udder edema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are functions of magnesium EXCEPT:
a. cofactor for enzyme rxns
b. nerve conduction
c. muscle function
d. bone mineral formation
e. acid-base status |
|
Definition
| e. (K, Phosphorus, Na, Cl) |
|
|
Term
| What is the source of magnesium in young calves and mature adults? |
|
Definition
young: absorbed from diet in SI
adult: absorbed fron diet in reticulorumen |
|
|
Term
Which of the following pertains to maintaining soluble magnesium concentrations in the rumen?
a. dietary levels lower in cool weather
b. high K levels in soil reduce Mg
c. Mg levels higher in legumes
d. Mg solubility dec. w/high pH
e. high moisture diets (increase Mg absorption)
f. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Magnesium solubility is increased as pH increases above 6.5 |
|
Definition
| False. solubility is decreased with higher pH |
|
|
Term
| How is Mg transport across the rumen affected by sodium, potassium, and diet? |
|
Definition
Na: increases Mg transport
K: decreases Mg transport
Diet: lush high-moisture pastures |
|
|
Term
| Magnesium deficiency results in what condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a function of sulfur?
a. in amino acids & disulfide bonds
b. microbial protein synthesis
c. nerve conduction and muscle function
d. chondrotin sulfate of cartilage
e. component of thiamin and biotin
f. produce negative Dietary Cation-Anion Difference (DCAD) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sulfur is an important component of what two vitamins? |
|
Definition
| vit B (thiamin and biotin) |
|
|
Term
| T/F: dietary sulfur interferes with the absorption of other elements (ie- copper and selenium) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What mineral and vitamin play important roles in the development of polioencephalomalacia? |
|
Definition
| vit B (thiamin) & sulfur (reduces thiamin levels) |
|
|
Term
What mineral toxicity may cause the following clinical signs:
-osmotic diarrhea, decreased feed intake and performance, reduced water intake (if high conc. in water)
-neuro changes: blindness, muscle twitches, recumbency, coma
-necropsy: enteritis, peritoneal effusion, petechial hemorrhages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what trace mineral is a component of vit B12 and is important for vit B12's production by rumen microbes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The following information describes what mineral deficiency?
-symptoms are related to vit B12 deficiency
-failure to grow, unthrifty, wt.loss
-fatty degeneration of liver, pale mm
-impaired neutrophil function-> increased risk of infxn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperchromemia, anemia, and loss of body weight are signs of what mineral toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What mineral is a component of cytochrome oxidase, lysyl oxidase, eruloplasmin, tyrosinase, and superoxide dismutase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
copper is a component of many enzymes. what is the role of cytochrome oxidase?
a. electron transport in aerobic resp.
b. crosslinks in collagen & elastin (for strong bone and CT)
c. absorption & transport of iron for hemoglobin synthesis
d. production of melanin pigment
e. protects cells from toxic effects of oxygen metabolites |
|
Definition
a. electron transport in aerobic resp.
(b. lysyl oxidase; c. ceruloplasmin;
d. tyrosinase; e. superoxide dismutase) |
|
|
Term
| what diagnostic test is used to assess copper levels? |
|
Definition
| liver biopsy (excess copper is stored in the liver) |
|
|
Term
| What 5 factors influence copper absorption? |
|
Definition
-pasture grazing: soil ingestion impairs Cu absorption
-high dietary zinc-> Metallothionein-> binds and sequesters Cu
- high |
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Term
| What 5 factors influence copper absorption? |
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Definition
-Pasture grazing: soil ingestion impairs Cu absorption
-high dietary zinc-> Metallothionein-> binds and sequesters Cu
-high dietary iron reduces Cu level in liver
-high dietary calcium decreases Cu absorption
-Breed differences: Jersey cattle accumulate more Cu in liver |
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Term
| What 5 factors influence copper absorption? |
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Definition
-Pasture grazing: soil ingestion impairs Cu absorption
-high dietary zinc-> Metallothionein-> binds and sequesters Cu
-high dietary iron reduces Cu level in liver
-high dietary calcium decreases Cu absorption
-Breed differences: Jersey cattle accumulate more Cu in liver |
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Term
| How do zinc, iron, and calcium influence copper? |
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Definition
| high zinc, iron, and calcium decrease Cu absorption |
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Term
| Loss of hair pigmentation, "spectacles" around the eyes, coarse hair, scours, anemia, lameness, heel cracks, cardiac failure, sudden death, poor growth rate, delayed puberty, low conception rates, reduced semen quality, and decreased neutrophil function are all signs of __________ deficiency. |
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Definition
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Term
| what mineral deficiency results in red turning yellow and black turning brown? |
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Definition
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Term
Of all the minerals, ______ is the most likely to by over-supplemented and result in toxicity.
a. Molybdenum
b. Calcium
c. Copper
d. Iron |
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Definition
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Term
| How does stress play a role in copper toxicity? |
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Definition
| stress-> sudden liberation of Cu from liver to blood-> hemolytic crisis |
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Term
| What signs indicate that a hemolytic crisis due to copper toxicity may have occured? |
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Definition
| hemolysis, jaundice, Methmoglobinemia, Hemoglobinuria, widespread necrosis, death |
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Term
| what vitamin and mineral toxicity may lead to oxidized flavor to milk? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: acute copper toxicity results in dyspnea, gastroenteritis, head pressing, ataxia, and circling behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| Which mineral is necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine)? |
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Definition
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Term
| when is thyroid hormone production increased? |
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Definition
| lactation & cold weather (need more energy) |
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Term
| what happens to excess iodine? |
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Definition
| secreted in urine and milk |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds that interfere with iodine uptake by the thyroid gland or synthesis or scretion of thyroid hormones-> hypothyroidism |
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Term
| Cyanogenic goitrogens, progoitrins, and goitrins are 3 categories of goitrogins (molecules that interfere with iodine). where can these compounds be found/ where do they come from? |
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Definition
cyanogenic: soybeans, beet pulp, corn, sweet potato, white clover, millet
*can be overcome w/ iodine in diet
progoitrins and goitrins: cruciferous plants (kale, rape, cabbage, turnips, mustard)
*canNOT be overcome, remove from diet |
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Term
| Goiter, calves born hairless/weak/dead, reduced fertility (suppressed estrus, abortions, stillbirths, extended gestation, retained placenta, delayed puberty), and increased morbidity are consequences seen w/_______ deficiency. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
enlarged thyroid
or a hyperplastic response of thyroid gland to increased stimulation of thyroid growth by thyroid-stimulating hormone (produced by pituitary) |
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Term
| At what stage of gestation does fetal death occur as a result of iodine deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is NOT assoc. with iodine toxicity?
a. excessive nasal/ocular discharge, salivation, coughing
b. lipid peroxidation and free radical production
c. decreased milk production
d. dry, rough, scaly hair coats
e. Goiter
f. impaired immunity and reproductive performance |
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Definition
| b. (this is related to iron toxicity) |
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Term
| Describe the function of iron. |
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Definition
-component of heme
-cofactor for enzymes of the electron transport chain (cytochrome oxidase, ferredoxin, myeloperoxidase, catalase, ctyochrome P450 enzymes) |
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Term
| when is iron deficiency most common? |
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Definition
| in calves fed milk or milk replacer |
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Term
| Why might cows with an iron deficiency have a hypochromic, microcytic anemia? |
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Definition
| failure to produce hemoglobin |
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Term
| What are two consequences of iron deficiency related to inability to make heme? |
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Definition
anemia (failure to produce hemoglobin)
light colored veal due to low muscle myoglobin |
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Term
which of the following is NOT due to iron toxicity?
a.interferes w/copper & zinc absorption
b.lipid peroxidation & free radical production-> oxidative stress
c. increased risk of infxn; diarrhea, decreased feed intake
d. decreased conception rates |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following does NOT describe a function of manganese?
a. functions in mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins->cartilage and bone ground substance
b. in cellular mitochondria
c. important for microbial protein synthesis
d. accumulates in the inorganic matrix of bone, liver, and hair
e. manganese superoxide dismutase works w/ other anti-oxidants to minimize accum. of reactive forms of oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is true for manganese deficiency?
a. weak hoof horn
b. impaired growth, skeletal abnormalities
c. depressed reproduction
d. ataxia and failure of inner ear development in newborn calves
e. b, c, d
f. a, b, d |
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Definition
e. b, c, d
(b. pertains to zinc deficiency) |
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Term
| T/F: manganese toxicity frequently causes decreased feed intake and decreased growth rate. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of molybdenum? |
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Definition
| component of enzymes in milk and many tissues |
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Term
| T/F: molybdenum deficiency is common |
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Definition
| false (rare with practical diets) |
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Term
| what micromineral toxicities are a concern because it reduces copper absorption? |
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Definition
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Term
| scouring, bleached hair coat, delayed puberty onset, decreased conception rates, anovulation, and anestrus are clinical signs that fit a mineral toxicity and a mineral deficiency. what are the two minerals? |
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Definition
copper deficiency
molybdenum toxicity |
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Term
Which of the following is NOT a function of selenium?
a. component fot thymosin
b. antioxidant (component of glutathione peroxidase activty)
c. component in enzyme that converts T3->T4
d. improves killing ability of neutrophils (reduced metritis/mastitis)
e. late gestation calf requirements and prevents peripartum disorders |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does selenium come from? |
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Definition
Plant material, soil
animal byproducts (NOT milk)
slow release selenium boluses |
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Term
| T/F: milk is a good source of selenium |
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Definition
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Term
| White Muscle Disease and Retained Fetal Membranes are conditions that both rise from what mineral deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
| White Muscle Disease is characterized by what clinical signs? |
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Definition
| leg weakness, stiffness, flexion of hck joints, muscle tremors, cardiac and skeletal muscles have pale chalky necrotic areas or striations, resp distress, die of cardiac failure |
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Term
Which of the following is NOT assoc. with selenium deficiency?
a. white muscle disease and retained fetal membranes
b. abortions, stillbirths, infertility
c. increased risk for infxous diseases
d. alkali disease and blind staggers
e. diarrhea, weight loss, ill thrift
f. suppressed cell mediated immune response |
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Definition
| d. (this is a result of selenium toxicity) |
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Term
| alkali disease and blind staggers are results of what mineral toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
which of the following is not a clinical sign of selenium toxicity (alkali dz and blind staggers)?
a. sloughing of hooves, lameness
b. hair loss
c. udder edema
d. emaciation
e. death |
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Definition
| c. (udder edema is assoc. w/ Na and K toxicity) |
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Term
| T/F: whole blood (EDTA) is a better indicator of current selenium status. |
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Definition
| False (whole blood-> long term status; serum-> short term status) |
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Term
| Which mineral is a component for thymosin, an enzyme that regulates cell mediated immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| what 5 minerals/metals/agents may interfere with zinc absorption? |
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Definition
copper
iron
cadmium
calcium
chelating agents |
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Term
| zinc toxicity has a negative effect on the absorption of what other mineral? |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect does selenium deficiency have on fertiltity/reproduction? |
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Definition
| decreased conception rates, irregular estrous cycles, silent/weak heats, early embryonic death, cystic ovaries, retained fetal membranes, metritis |
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Term
Which of the following is NOT a complication assoc. w/ zinc deficiency?
a. altered prostaglandin synthesis-> affectinf luteal function
b. impaired spermatozoan maturation and reduced growht of testes
c. weak hoof horn (foot rot, interdigital dermatitis)
d. perakaratosis of skin on legs, head, and neck
e. impaired wound healing
f. stiffness, thickening, shortening of bone
g. all of the above describe zinc deficiency |
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Definition
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Term
| what may be seen on necropsy in animals with zinc deficiency? |
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Definition
| thymic atrophy, lymphoid depletion of spleen and lymph nodes |
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Term
| zinc deficiency may be due to a genetic defect in what cattle breed? |
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Definition
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Term
| what mineral deficiencies result in abnormalities/pathologic changes to the hooves? |
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Definition
| zinc, selenium, copper (heel cracks) |
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Term
| what mineral and vitamin are involved in white muscle disease? |
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Definition
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