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Memory Attention
memory and attention notes
208
Anatomy
Graduate
10/01/2014

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Term
—Describe the components and stages of information processing
Definition
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—Describe measurement of information processing
Definition
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—Critique information processing methods in a sample research article
Definition
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Term
—Compare and contrast dorsal and ventral stream visual processing as one form of stimulus identification
Definition
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Term
—Compare and contrast explicit/declarative and implicit/nondeclarative forms of memory.
Definition
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—Discuss the role of the individual components (STSS, WM/STM, LTM) of memory & how they influence information processing
Definition
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—Discuss attention and its role in motor skill performance
Definition
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—Describe the dual-task paradigm and how it is used for examining attention during motor skill performance.
Definition
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—Describe how trainers/therapists may influence information processing, attention and memory in our patients/clients
Definition
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Term
define information processing
Definition
registering and perceiving sensory inputs and planning a motor response to it
Term
define reaction time
Definition
period of time between sensory input and initiation of movement
Term
define simple reaction time
Definition
reaction time when you know ahead of time what the cue will be and what the response should be
Term
what is the average simple reaction time in a normal person
Definition
180 ms
Term
define choice reaction time
Definition
reaction time when stimulus could be one of several options resulting in a different response to each different stimulus
Term
define discrimination reaction time
Definition
reaction time when you should respond only when you see a certain stimulus while ignoring other stimuli
Term
what type of reaction time is the Go-No Go response
Definition
discrimination reaction time
Term
what type of reaction time determines a person's ability to inhibit reactions
Definition
discrimination reaction time
Term
what type of reaction time is this: if you see red, press your index finger; if you see blue, press your middle finger; if you see green, press your ring finger
Definition
choice reaction time
Term
what type of reaction time is this: if you see red, press the button. If you see blue, don't press anything.
Definition
discrimination reaction time
Term
what type of reaction time is this: press the button as soon as you see the light
Definition
simple reaction time
Term
define foreperiod
Definition
time between a warning given to a subject and the stimulus
Term
what should you consider with your foreperiod in a research study and why?
Definition
vary the foreperiod so that the subject isn't able to anticipate when the stimulus will occur
Term
what can happen if you have a constant foreperiod
Definition
the subject can anticipate when the stimulus will occur and make their reaction time appear faster than it is
Term
what tool is used to detect motor preparation before movement actually begins
Definition
EMG
Term
what are the 3 stages of Information Processing
Definition
1. Stimulus Identification; 2. Response Selection; 3. Response Programming
Term
what should you consider with the 3 stages of information processing when measuring a person's reaction time
Definition
manipulate your study as needed to determine which of the 3 stages the person is having trouble with
Term
what are some ways to influence the stimulus ID component of reaction time?
Definition
you can manipulate the stimulus or parts of the environment to change Attention, Sensory Load, and Recognition
Term
how does attention affect stimulus ID
Definition
you have to be paying attention to be able to identify the stimulus
Term
how does sensory load affect stimulus ID
Definition
if there is a lot going on, it is harder to perceive3 the stimulus. For example, if you are trying to hear an auditory stimulus, it can be hard if there is a lot of background noise.
Term
how does recognition affect stimulus ID?
Definition
Need to be able to recognize what the stimulus is trying to tell us
Term
what is a synonym for attention when trying to identify the stimulus?
Definition
clarity
Term
what is a synonym for sensory load when trying to identify the stimulus
Definition
intensity
Term
what is a synonym for recognition when trying to identify a stimulus
Definition
familiarity
Term
what is the 2nd stage of information processing?
Definition
response selection
Term
how is memory involved in response selection?
Definition
it helps to have a motor plan in your memory so that you know what you are going to do
Term
what 2 things determine the length of the response selection phase of information processing?
Definition
simple vs. choices AND compatibility
Term
what is Hick's Law
Definition
there is a logarithmic relationship between the number of choices to choose from and the length of reaction time
Term
what is the formula for Hick's law
Definition
Choice Reaction Time = a + b[log2(N)]
Term
what is N in hick's law
Definition
number of choices
Term
what is Log2(N)
Definition
the mount of information needed to resolve the uncertainty about the N stimulus-response alternatives
Term
how does the amount of information to be processed change each time the number of alternatives is doubled
Definition
the amount of information increases by 1 bit each time the number of alternative responses is doubled
Term
what is N in a simple reaction paradigm?
Definition
0
Term
what is Hick's Law for a simple reaction paradigm
Definition
CRT = a + 0
Term
what is on the y axis of the Hick's Law graph
Definition
CRT
Term
what is on the x axis of the Hick's Law graph
Definition
Log2(N)
Term
define stimulus response compatibility
Definition
consistency between stimulus and response; intuitive design of the stimulus response set up: when the left light turns on, you press the left button. When the right light turns on, you press the right button.
Term
in what type of situation is it safe and necessary for stimulus-response to be compatible?
Definition
inside a cockpit so you don’t have to think so much about what each choice will be
Term
what is the third stage of information processing?
Definition
response programming
Term
what happens in response programming
Definition
the program of action is retrieved form m memory and prepared for activation; relevant portions of the motor system are readied for the program
Term
what does it take to get a consistent, programmed response to a stimulus?
Definition
practice
Term
what factors affect the duration of response programming?
Definition
movement complexity, movement duration, response-response compatibility
Term
what is response-response compatibility
Definition
the ease with which 2 responses can be performed following a stimulus
Term
will it take longer to do the response programming phase if your response is more complex?
Definition
yes
Term
are younger or older adults more sensitive to changes in movement complexity?
Definition
older adults are more sensitive to changes in movement complexity
Term
is the RR compatibility for unilateral or bilateral movements
Definition
unilateral movements have greater RR compatibility than bilateral movements
Term
why do bilateral responses have a longer reaction time?
Definition
they are more difficult to program
Term
what type of reaction time design should you use if you want to measure stimulus ID and why?
Definition
simple reaction time paradigm: reduce issues that could occur with response selection and appropriate motor response
Term
what type of reaction time design should you use if you want to measure response selection and why?
Definition
choice reaction time: choice reaction time is directly related to the # of choices (and to compatibility)
Term
what type of reaction time design should you use if you want to measure the duration of the response programming stage?
Definition
single reaction time: you want to see the simple reaction time for a certain task
Term
what things can you change to see how reaction time is influenced by the stimulus ID stage?
Definition
clarity of the stimulus and intensity of the stimulus
Term
what things can you change to see how reaction time is influenced by the response selection stage?
Definition
number of choices, compatibility of choices
Term
what things can you change to determine the influence of the response programming stage?
Definition
duration and complexity of tasks
Term
how does the duration of the response affect reaction time
Definition
the longer the movement time, the longer the reaction time before initiating the movement
Term
why do longer duration, more complex movements have longer reaction time?
Definition
it takes longer for you to program the movement
Term
what is the basis of the theory that open skill athletes may have better inhibitory control than closed skill athletes?
Definition
open skill athletes have more open environments that may require faster reaction times
Term
what is declarative memory
Definition
things you know, things you can describe
Term
what is procedural learning
Definition
motor responses that you learn through practice
Term
how is BMI related to inhibitory control
Definition
BMI is negatively associated with inhibitory control
Term
if you are making a study to assess inhibitory control, what might you want to do to prevent confounding from BMI?
Definition
be sure everyone has about the same BMI
Term
if your first stimulus is to move and your second signal is to stop moving, what can happen if the stop signal is presented too late?
Definition
you might already be moving before you can stop following the stop signal
Term
how can the stages of processing be applied to older adult fallers
Definition
we can help an older adult learn how to recognize situations that put them at risk for falling so that they can more readily identify the stimulus
Term
how is visual information processing a winter-take-all perceptual strategy?
Definition
only part of an image can be selected as the focus of attention; the rest becomes part of the background
Term
define perception
Definition
a creative construction based on assumptions the brain makes in interpreting visual data
Term
what happens when we see a visual illusion that has a background/foreground image?
Definition
we have a tendency to pick one image to focus on. We can make ourselves see the other, but after awhile we revert back to the one that is more comfortable.
Term
what is preattentive process
Definition
initial viewing of something
Term
what does it take to look at individual features of an image and judge them?
Definition
attention
Term
how do we perceive objects?
Definition
we repeatedly scan areas of the object, the image is projected onto the retina
Term
how do we perceive motion?
Definition
motion is experienced as a sequence of visual sensations, each due to a different position on the retina: this is why it looks like the reindeer are flying when the lights move from one position to another
Term
what is the point of pupillary reflexes?
Definition
getting the right amount of light to see things
Term
what is an automatic response?
Definition
something that draws our attention to visual things in the environment, like when you see something move and you turn to look at it
Term
what is the focus of the dorsal stream?
Definition
preparation for movement
Term
what is the purpose of the ventral stream
Definition
visual identification of objects
Term
define stereopsis
Definition
pulling information from both eyes to create a 3d representation of the environment
Term
in what Brodmann's area can we identify whether an object is still or moving?
Definition
17
Term
in what Brodmann's areas can we determine things like whether to catch a ball with 1 or 2 hands?
Definition
17-19
Term
in what brodmann's areas can we determine how to prepare for movement?
Definition
17-19: occipital cortex
Term
after information about moving visual objects is processed in the occipital cortex, where does it go?
Definition
parietal cortex
Term
what happens to information sent to the parietal cortex from the occipital cortex that tells us about moving objects?
Definition
it us used to prepare us for movement
Term
what is the stream that carries information about moving objects from the occipital cortex to the parietal cortex?
Definition
dorsal stream
Term
what is the pathway of the ventral stream?
Definition
occipital cortex to temporal cortex
Term
what are blobs and interblobs?
Definition
cells in the occipital cortex that respond to different visual characteristics
Term
once information about visual characteristics moves from occipital cortex to temporal cortex, what can we do with it?
Definition
name it
Term
what are the names of some impairments of the ventral stream?
Definition
prosopagnosia
Term
what is prosopagnosia
Definition
face blindness
Term
where do cells from the middle temporal area project for control of pursuit eye movements?
Definition
pontine nuclei and cerebellar flocculus
Term
what happens if you have bilateral damage to the middle temporal lobe?
Definition
you can have loss of movement perception = movement agnosia
Term
what does it mean if you have movement agnosia
Definition
you can't distinguish between stationary and moving objects
Term
in what part of the brain do we recognize faces and the complex forms?
Definition
inferior temporal cortex
Term
can a person with prosopagnosia identify the parts of a face?
Definition
yes
Term
can a person with prosopagnosia identify emotions expressed on the face?
Definition
yes
Term
can a person with prosopagnosia identify a person from the sight of their face?
Definition
no
Term
what are the parallel pathways for visual processing?
Definition
dorsal stream, ventral stream
Term
what stream tells us "where it is"
Definition
dorsal
Term
what stream tells us "what it is"
Definition
ventral
Term
what is the pathway of the dorsal stream?
Definition
from occipital lobe then along dorsal surface of cortex into posterior parietal lobe and then forward into motor cortex
Term
what stream is tested when a patient is asked to identify whether 2 drawings are the same shape, color size?
Definition
ventral
Term
what stream is tested when a patient is asked whether a puzzle piece would fit into an open space?
Definition
ventral
Term
what stream is tested when a subject is asked which of 2 objects is more like another?
Definition
ventral
Term
what stream is tested when a patient is asked which of 2 dogts is closer to a central dog?
Definition
dorsal
Term
which stream is being tested when a patient is asked whether 2 dots were on the same or different curved lines?
Definition
dorsal
Term
which stream is being tested when a patient is asked if a dot on a pentagon is in the same location after rotation?
Definition
dorsal
Term
which stream is tested when a patient is asked whether 2 buildings in top view are the same as buildings in side view?
Definition
dorsal
Term
which stream tests spatial relationships and movement direction?
Definition
dorsal
Term
is it normal to have more strength in one stream compared to the other?
Definition
yes
Term
what is factor analysis used for
Definition
a way to describe interrelationships of lots of different things that you're measuring
Term
in factor analysis, what suggests a pattern in the data?
Definition
values greater than .4
Term
what is short term sensory store
Definition
information that you perceive and then forget about
Term
what memory do you use when you're just walking to class and looking around
Definition
short term sensory store
Term
what memory do you use when you are told something you need to remember
Definition
working memory
Term
learning in class is an example of what kind of memory
Definition
working memory
Term
how can you further develop short term memory/working memory
Definition
go back and review/practice it
Term
what is the initial type of memory for all environmental sensory inputs
Definition
short term sensory store
Term
how much information can short term sensory store hold?
Definition
limitless
Term
how long can the short term sensory store hold information?
Definition
less than a second
Term
is short term sensory store literal or abstract
Definition
literal
Term
how much information can short term memory hold?
Definition
7 items for 1-60 seconds
Term
how do we hold the 7 items of short term memory?
Definition
chunking them into multiple groups
Term
is short term memory literal or abstract
Definition
abstract: conscious awareness
Term
can someone with impaired long-term memory still have short term memory?
Definition
yes
Term
what is short term memory sometimes called?
Definition
working memory (they are a little different)
Term
does short term memory require attention
Definition
yes
Term
what do you need to do to make something into short term memory?
Definition
you have to use a strategy; you have to use attention
Term
how much information can long term memory hold
Definition
limitless
Term
how long can long term memory hold information
Definition
limitless
Term
is long term memory abstract or literal
Definition
very abstract
Term
what do you have to do to put something in long term memory?
Definition
practice and connect it to other things I already know
Term
what is another name for declarative memory
Definition
explicit memory
Term
what is a declarative memory
Definition
something that you know
Term
what are the 2 types of declarative memory
Definition
semantic, episodic
Term
what is episodic memory
Definition
memory for events you've experienced
Term
the YouTube of your life is what kind of memory?
Definition
episodic
Term
what type of awareness is needed for episodic memory
Definition
explicit, declarative
Term
what is semantic memory
Definition
fact-oriented memory
Term
your own personal history is what kind of memory?
Definition
episodic
Term
knowing who the first president of the US was is what kind of memory
Definition
semantic
Term
what parts of the brain are associated with episodic memory
Definition
hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, limbic system
Term
knowing how a fork differs from a spoon is what kind of memory
Definition
semantic
Term
why is the limbic system associated with episodic memory
Definition
emotions are often involved in episodic memories
Term
when you tell someone what you had for dinner last night, what kind of memory are you using
Definition
episodic\
Term
what part of the brain is associated with semantic memory
Definition
temporal lobe
Term
what are disorders that disrupt episodic memory
Definition
dementia, concussion, TBI, seizure, ischemia, encephalitis, medications, B12 deficiency, MS
Term
what are some disorders that disrupt semantic memory
Definition
dementia, encephalitis, concussion, TBI
Term
what is another name for nondeclarative memory
Definition
implicit
Term
what is another name for nondeclarative and implicit memory
Definition
procedural
Term
what is implicit memory
Definition
memory related to skills and habits
Term
how does a learner learn in implicit learning
Definition
by performing the task without awareness of what is being learned
Term
is attention needed for implicit learning
Definition
yes
Term
what is needed to acquire nondeclarative/implicit/procedural memory
Definition
multiple trials
Term
which type of memory is more flexible: implicit or explicit
Definition
explicit
Term
what does it mean that implicit memory is inflexible
Definition
implicit memory is bound to the learning situation. For example, diving is very specific and can't be transferred to other situations.
Term
define priming
Definition
the increased ability to identify or detect a stimulus as a result of its recent presentation
Term
how do we know that people with amnesia can exhibit intact priming effects?
Definition
subjects are able to learn a repeating sequence of key presses even when they have no declarative knowledge of it
Term
what parts of the brain are associated with implicit/procedural/nondeclarative memory?
Definition
basal ganglia, cerebellum, prefrontal cortex
Term
the way really skilled athletes do things the way it feels is an example of what type of memory
Definition
implicit
Term
what is the result of HM's hippocampal lobe resections?
Definition
declarative memory deficits
Term
can implicit memory improve despite explicit memory impairments?
Definition
yes
Term
what are disorders that disrupt procedural/implicit/nondeclarative memory
Definition
Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, depression, ocd, olivpontocerebellar degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy
Term
what is a more accurate term for working memory
Definition
working attention
Term
what is working memory
Definition
it is engagement to something you need to learn and paying attention to it to figure out what you need to do with it
Term
is working memory explicit or implicit
Definition
explicit
Term
what part of the brain is associated with working memory
Definition
prefrontal cortex structure
Term
what disorders disrupt working memory
Definition
normal aging, dementias, multiple sclerosis, TBI, ADHD, medications, OCD, schizophrenia, PD, Huntington's, progressive supranuclear palsy, cardiopulmonary bypass, B12 deficiency
Term
do you normally learn with just one type of memory for motor tasks: explicit or implicit?
Definition
no, you use both to master a motor task
Term
what type of memory utilizes coding/chunking?
Definition
short term memory/working memory
Term
what is attention
Definition
ability to focus on a task and select pertinent information for further processing
Term
does attention take effort and engagement?
Definition
yes
Term
what part of the brain is involved in working memory and attention?
Definition
prefrontal cortex structure
Term
how are other parts of the brain engaged to maintain attention on a task?
Definition
dopaminergic system from prefrontal cortex
Term
what is the graphical relationship of arousal and performance?
Definition
as arousal increases, performance increases until a certain point. When arousal becomes too high, performance decreases. Looks like an inverted U
Term
what is another name for sustained attention
Definition
vigilance
Term
what is selective attention
Definition
inhibiting attention to other things (ignoring other things)
Term
what is divided attention
Definition
thinking about 2 things at once
Term
what is alternating attention
Definition
shifting back and forth
Term
what is focused attention
Definition
concentrated attention on one thing
Term
what are the 2 types of processing
Definition
automatic, controlled
Term
is automatic processing fast or slow
Definition
fast
Term
is automatic processing attention demanding
Definition
no
Term
is automatic processing parallel or serial
Definition
parallel
Term
is automatic processing volitional?
Definition
no, it is often unavoidable
Term
is controlled processing fast or slow
Definition
slow
Term
is controlled processing attention demanding?
Definition
yes
Term
is controlled processing serial or parallel
Definition
serial
Term
is controlled processing volitional?
Definition
yes, very much so
Term
if someone bangs on a desk, will that lead to automatic or controlled processing
Definition
automatic
Term
is selective attention conscious or unconscious
Definition
can be either one
Term
what determines selective attention
Definition
past experience of the performer; skill being performed
Term
what is interference?
Definition
characteristic of inputs conflicts with the goal of the task
Term
what is the stroop effect
Definition
an example of interference: we naturally draw to one aspect of the stimulus, but the goal is to attend to another aspect
Term
what kind of attention is necessary to overcome interference
Definition
selective attention
Term
what is an example of congruency
Definition
blue is typed in blue
Term
what is an example of incongruency
Definition
blue is typed in red
Term
can we measure attention directly
Definition
no
Term
how can we measure attention
Definition
using a dual task measure
Term
how do we use dual task to measure attention
Definition
have the person do each task separately, then together.
Term
what are the outcome measures of a dual task paradigm
Definition
performance of the individual tasks compared to the combined task
Term
what is the theory of the dual task paradigm
Definition
more complex combinations of actions will require more attentional resources
Term
what is multi-task assessment
Definition
processing and performance of 2 or more tasks simultaneously
Term
what kind of attention is necessary for multi task assessment
Definition
modulation and alternating attention
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