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Medical Terminology
Chapter 13 - The Endocrine System
158
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
07/06/2009

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Term
adren/o
Definition
adrenal glands
Term
steroid hormones
Definition
help control metab, inflam, immune func, NaCl H2O balance, sex char
Term
anabolic steriods
Definition
chemically related to male sex horm testosterone; illegal to build muscles
Term
anabolic steriod side effects
Definition
liver damage, altered body chem, testicular shrinkage, breast devel, mood swings, violence. in teens - bone loss, short height
Term
The 13 majore glands
Definition
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid (4), adrenal (2), pancreas, thymus, pineal gland, gonads (2)
Term
endocrinopathy
Definition
any disease of endocrine system
Term
hypercrinism
Definition
condition caused by excessive secretions of any gland
Term
hypocrinism
Definition
under secretion of a gland
Term
location of pituitary gland
Definition
base of brain, below hypothalamus, has anter and poster sections
Term
Func of pituitary
Definition
acts in response to hypothal. it secrets horm which control other glands
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
secrets neurohormones which communicates w/ other parts of body
Term
neurohormone
Definition
unlike other hormones b/c it is secreted by or acts on a part of nervous system
Term
adrenocorticotropic hormone (adrenotropin)
Definition
stim growth & secretions of adrenal cortex
Term
-tropin
Definition
stimulate
Term
follicle-stim hormone (follitropin) FSH
Definition
female-stim secretion of estrogen adn ova growth. males-prod of sperm
Term
growth hormone (somatotropin)
Definition
regulates bone, muscle, tissue growth
Term
somat/o
Definition
body
Term
lactogenic hormone (prolactin)
Definition
stimu and maintains milk secretion
Term
gen
Definition
production
Term
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone, lutenizing hormone (luteontropin)
Definition
stim ovulation in femail. test secret in male
Term
melan/o
Definition
black
Term
melanocyte-stimulation hormone (melanotropin)
Definition
increases skin pigment
Term
thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)
Definition
stim growth and secret of thyroid gland
Term
antidiuretic hormone
Definition
maintains H2O balance by stim H2O reabsorption.
Term
oxytocin
Definition
stim uterin contract during labor
Term
oxy-
Definition
swift
Term
-tocin
Definition
labor
Term
pitocin
Definition
synthetic oxytocin; given to speed labor; after labor oxytocin stim milk flow
Term
acromegaly
Definition
enlargement of extremities caused by excessive growth horm AFTER puberty
Term
acr/o
Definition
extremities
Term
-megaly
Definition
abnormal enlargement
Term
gigantism/giantism
Definition
abnormal overgrowth of body caused by excessive growth hormone BEFORE puberty
Term
hyperpituitarism
Definition
patho results in excess secret of anterior pituitary
Term
hypopituitarism
Definition
reduced secret due to partial, complete loss of func in anter pit
Term
pituitarism
Definition
any disorder of pitutary func
Term
pituitary adenoma
Definition
benign tumor causes excess secret of adrenocorticotropic horm, causes excess cortisol usually causes cushing's syndrome
Term
prolactin-producing adenoma (prolactinoma)
Definition
benign tumor of pit that causes excess prolactin; in female causes infert & change in menstration. in males causes impotence
Term
diabetes insipidus
Definition
not enough antidiuretic or kidney inability to respond to anitdiur. causes too much fluid to be excreted causing polydipsia and polyuria
Term
polydipsia
Definition
excessive thirst
Term
polyuria
Definition
excessive urination
Term
human growth hormone thearpy/recombinant GH
Definition
sythetic version of horm; stimulates growth when body doesn't prod enough
Term
thyroid gland
Definition
lies on either side of larynx below thyroid cartilage
Term
functions of thyroid
Definition
reg metabolism, influences growth and nervous sys func
Term
thyroxine and triiodothyronine
Definition
2 primary horm influ metabol. secret of these is controled by thyroid stim hormone
Term
calcitonin/throcalcitonin
Definition
works w/ parathyroid horm to reg calcium levels; decreases blood levels by moving it into bones and teeth
Term
hashimoto's thyroiditis
Definition
autoimmune; immune sys attacks thyroid tiss; begins as inflam process causes goiters hypothyroidism; progressively distroys gland
Term
hypothyroidism/underactive thyroid
Definition
deficiency of thyroid secret. sympt fatigue, depression, sensitivity to cold, decreased metabolism
Term
cretinism
Definition
congenital form of hypothyro. if not treated after birth it hinders physical and mental develop
Term
myxederma
Definition
severe form of hypothyro; symp enlarged tongue, puffiness of hands and face
Term
hyperthyroidism
Definition
excessive thryoid secret; symp increased metabol, sweating, nervousness, weight loss
Term
thyrotoxicosis/thyroid storm
Definition
life-threatening, excess of thyroid horm secreted into blood
Term
grave's disease
Definition
autoimmune; form of hyperthyro char by goiters and exophthalmos
Term
exophthalmos
Definition
abnormal protrusion of eyes
Term
goiters/thyromegaly
Definition
abnormal enlargement of throid gland prod swelling in neck
Term
thyroid-stimulatin hormone assay
Definition
diagnostic test measures TSH in blood; detects abnormal thyroid activity due to excess pitu stim
Term
thyroid scan
Definition
measures thyroid func; form of nuclear med
Term
antithyroid drug
Definition
med given to slow ability of thyroids to produce thyroid horm
Term
chemical thyroidectomy/radioactive iodine therapy
Definition
radioactive iodine is given to destroy thyroid cells; kills part of thyroid; treats hyperthyro disorders ex Grave's disease
Term
lobectomy
Definition
surg removal of 1 lobe of thyroid gland; term also describes removal of lobe of lung, liver, or brain
Term
synthetic thyroid hormones
Definition
given to replace lost thyroid func
Term
parathyroid glands
Definition
4 of them, located in thyroid, size of grain of rice
Term
func of parathyroids
Definition
regulates calcium levels in body; calc levels are import to smooth func of nervous and muscle systems
Term
parathyroid hormone/parathormone
Definition
works w/ calcitonin to reg calcium. parathy horm increase cal in blood by taking it out of bones and teeth
Term
hypoparathyroidism
Definition
insufficient/absent secret of parathy gland. usually occurs w/ hypocalcemia and tetany
Term
hypocalcemia
Definition
char abnorm low levels of calcium in blood
Term
tetany
Definition
char by periodic painful muscle spasms and tremors
Term
hyperparathyroidism
Definition
overprod of parathy (PTH) causes hypercalcemia can lead to weak bones and kidney stones
Term
hypercalcemia
Definition
char by abnorm high concentration of calc in blood instead of in bones
Term
primary hyperparathyroidism
Definition
cause by diseased parathy glands
Term
secondary hyperparathyroidism
Definition
cause by problem elsewhere; ex kidney failure makes body resistant to parathy horm
Term
parathyroidectomy
Definition
removal of one or more of the parathy glands done to control hyperparathyroidism
Term
adrenal glands/adrenal
Definition
located on top of kidneys; surrounded by adrenal capsule; has adrenal cortex(outside) & adrenal medulla (inside)
Term
func of adrenals
Definition
control electrolyte levels; reg metabol, interacts w/ sympathetic nervous system (stress)
Term
electrolytes
Definition
mineral sub (Na, K) found in blood
Term
coritcosteroid
Definition
name given to any steroid horm (&syntheic equivalents) prod by cortex. 3 groups: mineral corticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids
Term
mineralcorticoids
Definition
aldosterone; reg mineral salts and water by increasing Na reabsorption by kidneys
Term
reabsorption
Definition
returning sub to bloodstream
Term
glucocorticoids
Definition
cortisol/hydrocortisone;reg metab of carbs, fats, proteins; influence bp, have anti-inflam effect
Term
gonadocorticoids
Definition
androgens; influe sex-related char; normally production is minimal
Term
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Definition
adrenaline; stim sympath nervous sys; increases heart rate & bp. norepi has a role as a neurotransmitter
Term
adrenalitis
Definition
inflam of adrenal glands
Term
addison's disease
Definition
adrenals don't prod enough cortisol or aldosteron. char chronic worsening fatigue, muscle weakness, loss of appetite, weight loss
Term
aldosteronism
Definition
abnormal electrolyte balance causes excess aldosterone secret
Term
primary aldosteronism/conn's syndrome
Definition
aldosteronism caused by disorder of adrenals
Term
seconary aldosteronism
Definition
not caused by adrenal disorder; results from problems elsewhere ex nephrotic syndrome
Term
pheochromocytoma
Definition
benign tumor of adrenal medulla causes gland to prod excess epi
Term
phe/o
Definition
dusky
Term
chrom/o
Definition
dark
Term
cushing's syndrom/hypercortisolism
Definition
prolonged exosure to high levels or cortisol; sympt moon shaped face; cause by overproduction in body or overuse of cortico meds to treat inflam disorders ex rheumatoid arthritis
Term
laparoscopic adrenalectomy
Definition
minimally invasive procedure that removes one or both adrenal glands
Term
cortisone/hydrocortisone
Definition
synthetic version of corticosteroids; it suppresses inflam and immune sys
Term
epinephrine
Definition
sythetic horm used as vasocontricter treats heart dysrhythmias and asthma attacks
Term
vasocontrictor
Definition
constricts blood vessels
Term
pancreas
Definition
feather shaped organ located behind stomach
Term
func of pancreas
Definition
primarily digestive
Term
pancreatic islets/islets of Langerhans
Definition
cells w/i panc that have endocrine func
Term
func of islets
Definition
control blood sugar and glucose metab
Term
glucagon
Definition
horm secreted by alpha cells in response to low blood sugar. increase sugar by stim liver to convert glyocen into glucose
Term
glycogen
Definition
the form in which the liver stores glucose
Term
insulin
Definition
secreted by beta cells in response to high blood sugar; it allows glucose to enter cells and when additional glucose is no longer needed it stim liver to convert glucose into glycogen
Term
hyperglycemia
Definition
abnormally high blood sugar; seen in pt with diabetes mellitus; sympt polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria
Term
polyphagia
Definition
excessive hunger
Term
hyperinsulinism
Definition
excessive secret of insulin; causes hypoglycemia
Term
hypoglycemia
Definition
abnormally low blood sugar
Term
glyc
Definition
sugar
Term
insulinoma
Definition
bening tumor of panc causes hypoglycemia
Term
pancreatalgia
Definition
pain in panc
Term
pancreatitis
Definition
inflam of panc
Term
diabetes mellitus
Definition
group of metabol disorders char hyperglycemia. caused by defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both
Term
type 1 diabetes
Definition
insulin dependent diabetes/juvenile diabetes; autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder; destruc of beta cells; sympt polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss, blurred vision, extreme fatigue, slow healing
Term
treatment for type 1
Definition
insulin replacement, diet and exercise therapy
Term
type 2 diabetes/non-insulin-dependent diabetes
Definition
insulin resistant; body secretes insulin but it isn't used effectively; may have no sympt for years; same sympt as type 1 plus recurring infect, irritablity, tingling in hands and feet
Term
treatment for type 2 diabetes
Definition
diet, exercise, meds
Term
oral hypoglycemics
Definition
lower blood sugar by causing body to release more insulin
Term
glucophage (metaformin hydrochloride)
Definition
work w/i cells to combat insulin resistance and to help insulin let blood sugar into cells
Term
gestational diabetes mellitus
Definition
form of diabe that occurs during preg; disappears after delivery; usually develop type 2 diabetes later in life
Term
diabetes mellitus diagnostic procedures
Definition
fasting blood sugar test, oral glucose tolerance test, home blood glucose monitoring, fructosamine test, hemoglobin A1c testing
Term
fasting blood sugar test
Definition
measures glucose levels after pt has not eaten for 12 hours. screen/monitoring treatment of diab
Term
oral glucose tolerance test
Definition
done to confirm diab or hypoglycemia
Term
home blood glucose monitioring
Definition
measures current blood sugar levels; requires drop of blood, done by pt
Term
fructosamine test
Definition
measures average glucose levels over past 3 weeks; able to detect changes in HbA1c test
Term
hemoglobin A1c testing/HbA1c
Definition
blood test that measure average blood sugar over last 3-4 months; used to eval how well blood sugar levels have been controlled; also screening for diab
Term
diabetic emergencies
Definition
due to too much or too little blood sugar
Term
insulin shock
Definition
caused by very low blood sugar; treated by giving sugary substance that can be quickly absorbed into blood stream
Term
diabetic coma/diabetic ketoacidosis
Definition
caused by very high blood sugar; treated by insulin shot
Term
diabetic complications
Definition
result from damage to capillaires, other vessels due to long term exposure to high blood sugar
Term
heart disease
Definition
excess blood sugar makes walls of vessels sticky and ridgid; causes hypertension and atherosclerosis
Term
kidney disease
Definition
may lead to renal failure b/c damage to vessles reduced flow through kid
Term
neuropathy
Definition
damage to nerves; when occurs in hands and feet it is called peripheral neuropathy; causes pain numbness, tingling
Term
diabetic retinopathy
Definition
diab damages vessesl in retina, can lead to blindness
Term
pancreatectomy (total pancreatectomy)
Definition
removal of the panc; treats panc cancer; the spleen, gall bladder, common bile duct and portions of small intest and stomach are taken out with it b/c they are attached to panc
Term
thymus
Definition
located near midline in anterior portion of thoarcic cavity; post to sternum, superior to heart
Term
func of the thymus
Definition
play important role in immune system
Term
thymosin
Definition
stim maturity of lymphosytes in to T cells of immune sys
Term
thymitis
Definition
inflam of thymus
Term
thymoma
Definition
usually bening tumor dervied from tissue of thymus
Term
thymectomy
Definition
removal of thymus
Term
pineal gland
Definition
very small, shaped like a pine cone, located in central part of brain
Term
func of pineal
Definition
not clearly understood; influe sleep-wakefullness cycle
Term
melatonin
Definition
secret by pinal influe sleep and wakefulness portion of circadian cycle
Term
circadian cycle
Definition
refers to the biological func that occurs w/i a 24 hour period
Term
pinealopathy
Definition
any disorder of the pineal gland
Term
pinealectomy
Definition
removal of pineal body
Term
gonands
Definition
female-ovaries male-testes; produce gametes
Term
gametes
Definition
reproductive cells
Term
gonadotropic hormones/gonadotropin
Definition
any hormone that stim gonads
Term
func of gonads
Definition
secret horm, devel and maintain secondary sex char
Term
puberty
Definition
condition of 1st being able to reproduce; genitals mature, secondary sex char devel, 1st occurence of menstration; avg age 14(boys) 12(girls)
Term
precocious puberty
Definition
early onset of changes of puberty; before 9 in girls and before 10 in boys
Term
testosterone
Definition
secreted by testicles, stim devel of male secondary sex char
Term
estrogen
Definition
important in devel and maint of female secondary sex char, and reg of menstration
Term
progesterone
Definition
horm released during 2nd half of menstration by corpus luteum in ovary; completes prep for preg; if preg occurs placenta takes over progest prod; if it doesn't secret stops follow by period
Term
placenta
Definition
during preg it secret human chorionic gonadotropin to stim corpus luteum to contin prod of preg horm; also stim lactation after birth
Term
hypergonadism
Definition
excess secret of horm by sex glands
Term
hypogonadism
Definition
sex glands don't secret enough horm
Term
gynecomastia
Definition
excess mammary devel in males
Term
mast
Definition
breast
Term
gynec/o
Definition
female
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