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Medical Terminology
Chapter 10 - The Nervous System
137
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
06/30/2009

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Term
Parts of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
Definition
Brain and spinal cord
Term
Parts of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Definition
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Term
Plexus
Definition
network of intersecting nerves
Term
Glial
Definition
pertaining to glue
Term
This layer contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Definition
subarachnoid space
Term
Brain parts
Definition
cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, brainstem
Term
Corpus Callosum
Definition
connection point between the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum
Term
esthesi-/esthet
Definition
feeling
Term
Cephalalgia
Definition
headache
Term
Migraine headaches
Definition
sudden headaches which include throbbing, sharp pain, nausea, light sens, more sever on one side
Term
Cluster headaches
Definition
headaches with concentrated pain on one side, very painful; occur more than once a day for weeks-months
Term
Encephalocele/craniocele
Definition
congenital hernia of brain through gap in skull
Term
Meningocele
Definition
congenital hernia of the meninges through defect in skull or spinal column
Term
encephal/o
Definition
brain
Term
cephal
Definition
head
Term
hydrocephalus
Definition
increased amounts of CSF in ventricles
Term
Meningitis
Definition
inflam of meninges of brain/spinal cord
Term
Alzheimer's disease
Definition
group of disorders asso. w/ degenerative brain changes; causes memory loss, impaired cognition, personality change
Term
Encephalitis
Definition
inflam of brain; caused by viral infec or as sequel to other diseases
Term
Reye's syndrome (RS)
Definition
often fatal; affects mainly brain and liver;usually occurs when recovering from viral infec; persistent vomiting, listlessness, disorientation
Term
Parkinson's disease
Definition
chronic degener CNS disease loss of muscle control due to low levels of dopamine; tremors, rigidity, slow/shuffling gait
Term
Tetanus
Definition
lockjaw; acute pot fatal; affects CNS; acquired deep wound
Term
Amnesia
Definition
partial or total inability to recall past; caused by brain injury, illness, psych disturbance
Term
concuss
Definition
shaken together
Term
-ion
Definition
condition or state of
Term
Concussion
Definition
violent jarring of the brain; may cause temp loss of awareness/function
Term
Cerebral contusion
Definition
bruising of brain. result of injury or brain swelling
Term
contus
Definition
bruise
Term
Cranial hematoma
Definition
collection of blood trapped in the tissues of brain
Term
Syncope
Definition
fainting, due to decreased blood flow to brain
Term
Lethargy
Definition
low levels of consciousness
Term
Stupor
Definition
impaired awareness, mind and senses are dulled to stimuli
Term
Coma
Definition
deep state of unconscious; no spontaneous eye movt, no response to pain, no speaking
Term
Persistent vegetative state
Definition
type of coma, pt goes through cycles of waking and sleeping, pt is unconscious even though it seems otherwise
Term
Delirium
Definition
potentially reversible acute state asso. w/ high fever, intoxication, or shock
Term
Dementia
Definition
slow decline in mental abilities-thinking, judgment, personality change
Term
AIDS dementia complex
Definition
degen neurological disease most common in CNS complication of HIV
Term
crani
Definition
cranium
Term
Brain tumor
Definition
abnormal growth in the brain; either benign or malignant
Term
Intracranial pressure
Definition
amount of pressure w/i skull. elevation can be caused by tumor or improper CSF drainage
Term
Cerebrovascular accident
Definition
stroke; damage to brain b/c a vessel has ruptured or is blocked
Term
Ischemic strokes
Definition
common type of stroke in elderly caused by blocked blood flow to brain b/c of narrowing of carotid artery or cerebral thrombosis
Term
-phasia
Definition
speech
Term
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Definition
temp interruption of blood to brain, passes within and hour, warning sign
Term
Aphasia
Definition
loss of ability to speak, write, or comprehend either of the two; often caused by stroke
Term
Hemorrhagic stroke
Definition
a bleed; stroke that occurs when a vessel leaks or ruptures; sometimes due to aneurysm; often fatal
Term
Insomnia
Definition
prolonged inability to sleep; usually symptom of depression, pain, too much caffeine, etc.
Term
somn
Definition
sleep
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
sleep disorder consistently falling asleep during daytime
Term
narc/o
Definition
stupor
Term
-lepsy
Definition
seizure
Term
Cataplexy
Definition
occurs w/ narcolepsy; pt falls to ground consciously b/c of emotional stimuli
Term
Somnambulism/Noctambulism
Definition
sleepwalking; walking or doing other things without walking
Term
ambul
Definition
walk
Term
Somnolence
Definition
unnatural sleepiness approaching coma; can usually be aroused by verbal stimuli
Term
Myelitis
Definition
inflam of spinal cord; also inflam of bone marrow
Term
Myelosis
Definition
tumor of spinal cord; also proliferation of bone marrow tissue
Term
Poliomyelitis/Polio
Definition
viral infect that can cause inflam of brain and spinal cord resulting in paralysis
Term
Radiculitis
Definition
pinched nerve; inflam of a root of a spinal nerve
Term
radicul
Definition
root, or nerve root
Term
Cervical radiculopathy
Definition
nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve root in the neck region
Term
Lumbar radiculopathy
Definition
nerve pain in low back caused by muscle spasm or nerve root irritation from compressed vert disks (herniated disk)
Term
Multiple sclerosis
Definition
autoimmune; scattered patches of nerves in brain in spinal cord loose their myelin sheath
Term
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Definition
Lou Gehrig's disease; motor neurons degenerate until pt is paralyzed. eye movt, intellect, bladder func and senses are spared
Term
Bell's palsy
Definition
temp one-sided facial paralysis (7th cranial nerve); can cause drooling sound sensitivity, tearing, inability to close eye, pain
Term
Guillain-Barre syndrome/infectious polyneuritis
Definition
inflam of myelin of perif nerves rapid weakness - temp paralysis; autoimmune occus after viral infect or immunization
Term
Sciatica
Definition
inflam of sciatic nerve causes pain burning and tingling
Term
Tic douloureux/trigeminal neuralgia
Definition
inflam of 5th cranial, sudden pain on one side of face (lips, cheeks, gums)
Term
Cerebral palsy
Definition
condition char poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, etc due to damage to cerebrum
Term
Epilepsy
Definition
group of neuro disorders char by recurrent seizures
Term
Seizure/convulsion
Definition
electrical disturbances in brain caused by extreme high fever, brain injury or lesion
Term
Grand mal epilepsy
Definition
most severe form of epilepsy; generalized seizures-loss of conscious, sudden violent contract of muscles
Term
Petit mal epilepsy
Definition
absence epilepsy; mild form; partial seizures-brief loss of conscious
Term
epileptic aura
Definition
a manifestation (smell/light) right before a seizure occurs
Term
caus
Definition
burning
Term
Causalgia
Definition
severe, persistent pain following sensory nerve injurt
Term
Complex regional pain syndrome or
Reflex symathetic dystrophy syndrome
Definition
type of causalgia caused by injury to sens nerve or to a body part. doesn't help normally
Term
-esthesia
Definition
sensation or feeling
Term
Hyperesthesia
Definition
excessive sensitivity to stimuli
Term
Paresthesia
Definition
abnormal sensation (burning, prickling) in extremities caused by a multitide of factors
Term
Transient paresthesia
Definition
temp tingling caused by accidental pressure on a nerve
Term
Peripheral neuropathy or
peripheral neuritis
Definition
pain in hands and feet due to peripheral nerve damage; caused by chemo, or disease
Term
Magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography
Definition
used to create images and aid in exam of brain and spinal cord
Term
Carotid ultrasonography
Definition
ultrasound of carotid artery performed to check for ischemic stroke
Term
Electroencephalograpy
Definition
process of recording electrical activity of the brain
Term
Echoencephalography
Definition
ultrasound of brain to detect a shift if midline structures
Term
Myelography
Definition
rad study of the spinal cord after a contrast medium has been injected into lumbar puncture
Term
Lumbar puncture/spinal tap
Definition
taking sample of CSF from subarachnoid space of lumbar region to determine disease, injury or infection
Term
Level of consciousness
Definition
determined by observing a pt reaction to stimuli
Term
Transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulation (TENS)
Definition
application of elec impulses to nerve endings to control pain
Term
transcutaneous
Definition
performed through unbroken skin
Term
analgesic
Definition
med that relieves pain but doesn't affect consciousness
Term
Nonnarcotic analgesic
Definition
meds used for mild to moderate pain, ex. aspirin
Term
Narcotic analgesic
Definition
meds used for severe pain may be habit forming ex. morphine, demerol, codine
Term
sedative
Definition
meds that depress CNS produce calm, slowed response NOT sleep
Term
Hypnotic
Definition
meds to depress CNS and produces sleep
Term
Barbiturates
Definition
class of drugs that calm/depress CNS
Term
Amobarbital
Definition
is a barbiturate used as sedative and hypnotic
Term
Phenobarbital
Definition
is a barbiturate used as a sedative and anticonvulsant
Term
Anticonvulsant
Definition
prevents seizures and convulsions
Term
Anesthesia
Definition
absence of normal sensation & pain. induced by an anesthetic
Term
Anesthetic
Definition
meds used to induce anesthesia. topical, local, regional, general
Term
local anesthetsia
Definition
causes loss of sensation in limited area
Term
Regional anesthesia
Definition
temp interruption of nerve conduction by injecting near nerve
Term
Epidural anesthesia
Definition
regional anesth, local is injected into epidural space in lumbar or sacral
Term
Spinal anesthesia
Definition
anesth produced by injecting into the subarachnoid space
Term
General anesthesia
Definition
total loss of body sensation and consciousness admin by inhalation or IV
Term
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or electroshock therapy
Definition
treats mental disorders & depress. controlled convulsion produced by elec currents through the brain
Term
Lobectomy
Definition
surg removal of part of brain to treat cancer, seizures
Term
Thalamotomy
Definition
surg incision to thalamus; treats parkinson's/psychotic disorders/intractable pain
Term
Intractable
Definition
incurable or resistant to therapy
Term
Neuroplasty
Definition
surg repair of nerve or nerves
Term
Neurorrhaphy
Definition
surg suturing together the ends of severed nervs
Term
Neurotomy
Definition
surg incision or dissection of nerve
Term
Mental retardation
Definition
below average intell and limited func
Term
Autistic disorder/Autism
Definition
group of disorders in which children dont devel normal socially, poor comm, repetitive routines
Term
Asperger's disorder/syndrome
Definition
subgroup of Autism; very intell but doesn't func well socially
Term
Attention deficit disorder (ADD)
Definition
short attention span, impulsive behavior
Term
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Definition
consistent high levels of activity
Term
Dyslexia/developmental reading disorder
Definition
learning disability char by poor reading b/c the brain cannot process symbols
Term
Substance abuse
Definition
addictive use of tobacco, alcohol, meds, or illegal drus. causes impaired func
Term
Delirium tremens
Definition
acute organic brain syndrome due to alcohol withdrawal. sweating, tremors, anxiety, etc
Term
Types of psychotic disorders
Definition
schizophrenia, delusion, hallucination, catatonic behavior
Term
Psychotic disorder
Definition
char by the loss of contact with reality and deterioration or normal social func
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
psychotic disorder char by 2: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior
Term
Delusion
Definition
false personal belief that is maintained despite proof against it
Term
Hallucination
Definition
a perception that is not real
Term
Catatonic behavior
Definition
marked by stupor, lack of responsiveness, fixed posture
Term
Dissociative disorder
Definition
occurs when normal thought is separate from consciousness
Term
Dissociated identity disorder/multi personalities
Definition
mental illness; two personalities within one person
Term
Dissociative amnesia
Definition
pt is unable to recall info from a traumatic time
Term
Depression
Definition
mood disorder. char sadness, loss of interest, thoughts of suicide
Term
Seasonal affective disorder
Definition
seasonal depression asso. w/ decreased sunlight
Term
Manic episode
Definition
distinct period of persistently elevated expansive or irritable mood
Term
Major depressive episode
Definition
period of at least 2 wks where there is depression or loss of interest
Term
Bipolar disorders
Definition
char by manic or hypomanic episode alternating with depressive episodes
Term
Dysthymia/Dysthymic Disorder
Definition
chronic depression present 50% of the time for more than 2 years
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