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Medical term. Chapter 9
Blood, Lymph, and immune systems
108
Anatomy
Graduate
10/03/2009

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Term
Antibody
Definition
Protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to presence of a foreign substance called an antigen
Term
Antigen
Definition
Substance recognized as harmful to the host and stimulates formation of antibodie in an immunocompetent individual
Term
Bile pigments
Definition
Substances derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin, produced by the liver, and excreted in the form of bile. Interference with the excretion of bile may lead to jaundice.
Term
Ccytokines
Definition
Chemical substances produced by certain cells that initiate, inhibit, increase, or decrease activity in other cells.  Cytokines are important chemical communicators in the immune response, regulating many activities associated with immunity and inflammation.
Term
Extracellular fluid
Definition
All body fluids found outside cells, including interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid.  Extracellular fluid provides a stable external environment for body cells.
Term
Host
Definition
Organism that maintains or harbors another organism.
Term
Immunocompetent
Definition
Ability to develop an immune response, or the ability to recognize antigens and respond to them.
Term
Natural killer cells
Definition
Specialized lymphocytes that kill abnormal cells by releasing chemicals that destroy the cell membrane causing its intercellular fluids to leak out.  Natural killer (NK) cells destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells.
Term
Neutrophil
Definition
Granulocyte that stains with a neutral dye.  This is the most numerous circulating leukocyte.  Motile and highly phagocytic - first cells to appear at a site of injury or infection.
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
Contain granules that stain with a red acidic dye called eosin.  Increasee in number during allergic reactions and animal parasite infestations.
Term
Basophils
Definition

Contain granules that stain with a purple alkaline (basic) dye.  Release histamines and heparin when tissue is damaged.

 

Histamines - initiate the inflammatory process by increaseing blood flow, bringing added nutrients, immune substances, and immune cells that help in damage containment and tissue repair.

Heparin - anticoagulant and acts to prevent blood from clotting at the injury site.

Term
Agranulocytes
Definition

Arise in the bone marrow from stem cells.  Their nuclei do not form lobes and are there by mononuclear leaukocytes.

 

Monocytes - mildly phagocytic in blood vessels - when they exit vascular channels, they transform into macrophaves, avid phagocytes capable of ingesting pathogens, dead cells, and other debris found at sites of inflammation.  Play a chief role in many activities associated with specific immunity.

 

Lymphocytes - include B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells.  B cells and T cells provide a specialized type of defence called the specific immune response, aimed at specific antigens.    Natural Killer cells provide a generalized defence and respond whenever a potentially dangerous or abnormal cell is encountered, killing by releaseing potent chemicals that rupture the cell membrane of abnormal cells.  NK cells are highly effetive against cancer cells and cells harboring pathogens.

Term
Platelets
Definition

-smallest formed elements found in blood.  Sometimes called thrombocytes, not cells, but fragments of cells.  Platelets initiate blood clotting (hemostasis). 

 

Clotting process: Damaged blood vessel constricts and platelets become sticky, aggregating at the injury and providing a barrier to contain blood loss.  Clotting factors in platelets and injured tissue release thromboplastin, a susbstance that initiates clot formation. In the final step of coagulation, fibrongen ( a soluble blood protein) becomes insoluable and forms fibrin strands that act as a net, entrapping blood cells.  this jellylike mass of blood cells and fibrin is called a thrombus or blood clot.

Term
Plasma
Definition
Liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended.  Composed of 92% water and contains such products as plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, and fibrogen), gases, nutrients, salts, hormones and waste materials.  Plasma makes possible the chemical communication between body cells by transporting body body products throughout the body.
Term
Blood Groups
Definition

Blood Type A - A antigen (RBC), Anti-B   41% pop.

Blood Type B - B angigen(RBC), Anti-A    10%pop

Blood type AB  AB antigen  no antibodies 4% pop

Blood type 0 - neither A nor B  Anti-A and anti-B 45% population

Term
Lymph system
Definition

consists of a fluid called lymph in which lymphocytes and momocytes are suspended, a network of transporting vessels called lymph vessels, and a multiplicity of other structures, including nodes, spleen, thymous and tonsils. 

Functions: Maintain fluid balance of the body by draining extracellular fluid from tissue spaces and returning it to the blood

2. Transporting lips away from the digestive organs for use by body tissues

3. Filtering and removing unwanted or infectious products in lymph nodes.

Term
Humoral immunity
Definition
component of the specific immune system that protects primarily against extracellular antigens, such as bacteria and viruses that have not yet entered a cell.  Humoral immunity is mediated by B cells, which originate and mature in the bone marrow.  During maturation, each B cell develops receptors for a specific antigen and then enters the circulatory system.  Upon an encounter with its specific antigen, the B cell produces a clone of cells called plasma cells.  Plasma cells produce highly specific proteins called antibodies.  Antibodies travel throughout the body in plasma, tissue fluid, and lymph.  When an antibody encounters its speccific antigen, it attaches to it and forms an antigen-antibody commplex.  Once the antigen-antibody complex is formed, the antigen is inactivated, neutralized, or tagged for destruction.  After all antigens have been destroyed, memory B cells migrate to lymph tissue and reamin available for immediate recall if that same antigen is encountered again.
Term
Cellular immunity
Definition

Ccomponent of the specific immune system that protects primarily against intracellular antigens such as viruses and cancer cells.  Cellular immunity is mediated by T cells that originate in bone marrow, but migrate and mature in the thymus.  The four Types of T cells =

1. Cytotoxic T Cell - the cell that actually destroys the invading antigen - determines the antigen's specific weakness and uses this weakness as a point of attack to destroy it.

2. Helper T cell - essential to the proper functioning of both humoral and cellular immunity.  Uses cytokines to activate, direct, and regulate the activity of most other components of the immune system, especially B cells.  If the number of helper T cells is deficient, the immune system essentially shuts down and the patient becomes a victim of even the most harmless organisms.

3. Suppressor T cells monitor the progression of infection.  when infection resolves, the supressor T cell "shuts down" the immune response.

4. Memory T cells - find their way to the lymph systemand remain there long after the encounter with the antigen, ready for combat if the antigen reappears.

Term
aden/o
Definition

gland

i.e. adenoid (resembling a gland)

Term
agllutin/o
Definition

clumping, gluing

i.e. agllutination.  Process of clumping (ation = process of)

Term
bas/o
Definition

base (alkaline)

i.e. basophil: attraction to base (-phil = attraction for)

Term
blast/o
Definition

embryonic cell

i.e. erythroblastosis: abnormal increase of embryonic red cells.  Erythroblastosis fetalis is a potentially fatal disease of newborns occuring when a blood incompatibility exists between mother and fetus.

Term
Chrom/o
Definition

color

i.e. hypochrmic: under coloration.

Hypocrhomic cells are erythrocytes that contain inadequate hemoglobin.  These cells are commonly associated with iron-deficiency anemia.

Term
Eosin/o
Definition

dawn (rose-colored)

i.e. eosinophil: attraction for rose colored dye.  the granules of an eosinophil appear rose colored when stained with eosin, a dye unsed in hematology.

Term
Erythr/o
Definition

red

i.e. erythrocyte.

Term
granul/o
Definition

granule

i.e.  graunulocyte.  Cell containing granulocytes in the cytoplasm.

Term

hem/o

Hemat/o

Definition

blood

i.e. hemophobia: fear of blood.  (will faint when sees blood)

i.e. hematoma - mass of extravasated, usually clotted blood caused by a break or leak in a blood vessel.  It may be found in any organ, tissue, or space within the body.

Term
immun/o
Definition

immune, immunity, safe.

immunology includes the study of autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, and immune deficiencies.

Term

kary/o

nucle/o

Definition

nucleus

i.e. karyolysis.  destruction of the nucleas, resulting in cell death.

Term
leuk/o
Definition

white.

leukemia: casuses a profoundly elevated white blood cell count and a very low red blood cell count.

Term
lymphaden/o
Definition

lymph gland (node)

lymphadenopathy is characterized by changes in the size, consistency, or number of lymph nodes.

Term
lymph/o
Definition

lymph

 

Term
lymphangio
Definition

lymph vessel:

i.e. lympangioma - tumor composed of lymph vessels

Term
morph/o
Definition

form, shape, structure

i.e. morphonlogy: study of form, shape, and structure.

Term
myel/o
Definition

bone marrow, spinal cord

i.e. myelogenic: relating to the origin in bone marrow.  Granulocytes are formed in the bone marrow and are thus considered myelogenic.

Term
neutr/o
Definition

neutral, neither

neutrophilic: pertaining to an attraction for neutral dyes.  A neutrophil is a leukocyte whose granules stain easily with neutral dyes.

Term
phag/o
Definition

swallowing, eating.

i.e. phagocyte: cell that eats foreign material.  The neutrophil is phagocytic and protects the body by consuming foreing substances that may cause disease or injury.

Term
plas/o
Definition

formation, growth

i.e. aplasti: pertaining to a failure to form.  Aplastic anemia is a failure of the bone marrow to produce adquate blood cells.

Term
poikil/o
Definition

varied, irregular. 

i.e. poikilocyte: cell that is irregular or varied in shape.

Term
reticul/o
Definition

net, mesh

i.e. reticulocyte: cell that contains a net or meshwork.

A reticulocyte is an immature erythrocyte that contains strands of nuclear material. this material appears as a tiny net when observed microscopically.

Term
ser/o
Definition

serum. 

i.e. serology: stydy of serum

Serology includes the study of antigens and antibodies in serum as well as sources other than serum, including plasma, saliva, and urine.

Term
sider/o
Definition

iron

i.e. sideropenia: deficiency of iron.

Sideropenia usually results from inadequate iron uptake or from hemorrhage.

Term
splen/o
Definition

spleen

i.e. splenorrhagia: bursting forth of the spleen.  Splenorrhagia is a hemorrhage from a ruptured spleen.

Term
thromb/o
Definition

blood clot

i.e. thrombosis: abnormal condition of a blood clot ( in the blood vessels).

Term
thym/o
Definition

thymus gland

i.e. thymopathy

Term
xen/o
Definition

foreign, strange

i.e. xenograft: foreign transplantation, also called heterograft

A xenograft is a cross-species transplant, such as a pig heart valve to a human recipient.  A xenograft is used as a temporary measure when there is insufficient tissue available from the patient or other human donors.

Term
-blast
Definition

embryonic cell

erythroblast: embryonic red cell

Term
-emia
Definition

blood condition.

i.e. anemia - any condition characterized by a reduction in the number of red blood cells or a deficiency in their hemoglobin

Term
-globin
Definition

protein

i.e. hemoglobin = blood protein.

Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein found in RBCs that transports oxygen and gives blood its red color.

Term
-graft
Definition

transplantaion

i.e. autograft: a surgical transplantation of tissue from one location of the body to another in the same individual

Term
-osis
Definition

abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)

i.e. leukocytosis: abnormal increase in white blood cells

Term
-penia
Definition

decrease, deficiency

i.e. erythropenia: abnormal decrease in red blood cells.

Term
-phil
Definition

attraction for

i.e. neutrophil: attraction for a neutral dye.  Neutrophils are the most numerous type of leukocyte.  They provide phagocytic protection for the body.

Term
-phoresis
Definition

carrying, transmission

i.e. electrophoresis: carrying an electric charge

electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate proteins based on their electrical charge, size, and shape.  It is commonly employed technique used to in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) testing.

Term
-phylaxis
Definition

protection

i.e. anaphylaxis: against protection.  Anaphylaxis is an exaggerated, life-threatening hypersensitvitiy reaction to a previously encountered antigen.  It is treated as a medical emergency.

A widespread and very serious allergic reaction. Symptoms include dizziness, loss of consciousness, labored breathing, swelling of the tongue and breathing tubes, blueness of the skin, low blood pressure, heart failure, and death. Immediate emergency treatment is required for this type of shock, including administration of antivenom in the case of bee or wasp stings.

 

Term
-poiesis
Definition

formation, producation

i.e. hemopoiesis: formation of blood.  Hemostasis is the control or arrest of bleeding , commonly using chemical agents.

Term
a-
Definition

without, not

i.e. amorphic: without a definite form

Term
allo-
Definition

other, differing from the normal

i.e. allograft: transplantation differing from the normal; also called homograft.  An allograft is a transplant between two individuals who are not identical twins but are genetically compatible.

Term
aniso-
Definition

unequal, dissimilar

i.e. anisocytosis: abnormal increase in cells that are unequal.  Anisocytosis generally refers to red blood cells that vary in size from normal to abnormally large or abnormally small.

Term
iso-
Definition

same, equal

i.e. isochromic: pertaining to the same color

 

Term
mono-
Definition

one

mononucleosis: abnormal increase of mononuclear celss: in infectious mononucleosis, there is an increase in monocytes and lymphocytes

Term
poly-
Definition

many, much

i.e. pholymorphic: pertaining to many forms or shapes

Term
anemia
Definition

any condition iin whicch the oxygen caryying capacity of blood is deficient, & is a symptom of vaious diseases.  Results when there is a decrease in the number of circulating RBCs erythopenia) the amount of hemoglobin (hypochromasia) within them, or in the voulme of packed erythrocytes (hematocrit).  SOme of the causes of anemias include excessive blood loss, excessive blood-cell destruction, decrease blood formation, and faulty hemoglobin production. 

Signs and symptoms of anemias include difficulty breathing, weakness, rapid heartbeat, paleness (pallor) low blood pressure, and commonly a slight fever.

Term

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

AIDS

Definition

caused by the human immunodeficiency virus which slowly destroys the immune system allowing opportunisic infections. Symptoms of AIDS begin to appear gradually, and include swollen lymp glands (lymphadenopathy), malaise, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.  Kaposi sarcoma, a neoplastic disorder, and Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) are two diseases closely associated with AIDS.

HIV attacks the most important cell in the immune system, the helper T cell, which becomes a mini-factory for the replicationo f the HIV virus.  HIV destroys the helper T cell, whihc impacts the effective functioning of the humoral and cellular arms of the immune system, ultimately causing the patient's death.

Term
allergy
Definition

acquired abnormal immune response that requires initial exposure (sensitization) to an allergen (antigen). Subsequent exposures to the allergen produce increasing allergic reactions that cause a broad range of inflammatory changes. S/S: hives (urticaria), eczema, allergic rhinits, asthma, and in the extreme, anaphylactic shock, a life-threatening condition.

allergens are identified by allergy sensitivity tests (i.e. small scratch tests). If allergic, the scratch becomes red, swollen, and hardened (indurated)

Term
Common anemias
Definition

Aplastic (hypoplastic) - associated with bone marrow failure, diminished numbers of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets due to bone marrow suppression, serious form of anemia that may be fatal: commonly caused by exposure to cytotoxic agents, radiation, hepatitis, and certain medications.

 

Folic-acid deficiency anemia: RBCs are large (macrocytic) and deformed with a diminished production rate and life span: caused by insufficient folic acid intake due to poor diet, impaired absorption, prolonged drug therapy, or increased requirements (pregnancy or rapid growth as seen in children).

 

Hemolytic: associated with premature destruction of RBCs, usually accompanied by jaundice: caused by the excessive destruction of red blood cells or such disorders as erythroblastosis and sickle cell anemia.

 

Hemorrhagic: associated with loss of blood volume, normal levels achieved with correction of the underlying disorder: commonly caused y acute blood loss (as in trauma), childbirth, or chronic blood loss (as in bleeding ulcers)

 

Iron-deficiency anemia: most common type of anemia worldwide - caused by a greater demand on stored iron than can be supplied, commonly as a result of inadequate dietary iron intake or malabsorption of iron

 

Pernicious anemia: chronic, progressive disorder found mostly in people older than age e50, treated with B12 injections: caused by low levels of vitamin B12 in peripheral red blood cells that may be the result of a lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach which then inhibits absorption of vitamin B12

 

Sickle cell anemia: most common genetic disorder in people of african descent, characterized by RBCs that become crescent and irregularly shaped when oxygen levels are low, thus preventing cells from entering capillaries and resulting in severe pain and internal bleeding: caused by a defect in the gene responsible for hemoglobin synthesis (A person must have both genes for the disease to manifest) those with only one gene for the trait are carriers of the disease.

Term
Autoimmunity
Definition

filure of the body to distinguish accurately between self and nonself.  Immune system attacks the antigens found on its own cells to such an extent that tissue injury results. 

 

Myasthenia gravis - an autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction.  Muscles of the limbs and eyes and those affecting speech and swallowing are usuallyinvolved.

 

Rheumatoid arthritis

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpur (ITP)

Vasculitis

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Term
Edema
Definition

abnormal accumulation of fluids in the intercellular spaces of the body.  Major cause of edema is a decrease in the blood protein level (hypoproteinemia) especially albumin, which controls the amount of plasma leaving the vascular channels.

Other causes: poor lymph drainage, high sodium intake, increase capillary permeability, and heart failure.

 

Ascites: fluid collects within the peritoneal or pleural cavity, caused by inteference in venous return in cardiac disease, obstruction of lymphatic flow, disturbances in electrolye balance, and liver disease.

Term
Hemophilia
Definition

herediatary disorder in which the blood-clotting mechanism is impaired.  Two types

Hemophilia A - deficiency in clotting factor VIII, and

Hemophilia B- deficiency in clotting factor IX

 

sex-linked, most commonly found in men, women are carriers.

S/s = nosebleeds, easy bruising and bleeding from the gums.

Severe s/s = produce areas of blood seepage (hematomas) hemarthrosis, & associated with pain, and possibly permanent deformity. 

Tx: IV administration of the deficient factor.

Term
Infectious mononucleosis
Definition
one of the acute infections caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) usually found in young adults and tends to appear in early spring and fall.  S/s: gum infection (gingivitis), headache, tiredness, loss of appetite , and general malaise. generally resolves on its own, however, in some cases, liver and spleen enlarge.
Term
Leukemia
Definition

an oncological disorder of the blood-formaing organs, characterized by an overgrowth (proliferation) of blood cells.  Malignant cells replace healthy bone marrow cells.

 

Term
Hodgkin Disease
Definition
also called Hodgkin lymphoma is a malignant disease of the lymph system, primarily the lymph nodes.  Begins with painless enlargement of lymph nodes, typically on one side of the neck, chest, or underarm.  Other symptoms include severe itching (pruritus), weight loss, progressive anemia, and fever. 
Term
Kaposi Sarcoma
Definition
malignancy of connective tissue, including bone, fat, muscle, and fibrous tissue.  Closesly associated with AIDS and is commonly fatal because the tumors readily metastasize to other organs.  Look for lesions that emerge as purplish brown macules and develop into plaques and nodules.  Initially appear over the lower extremities and tend to spread symmetrically over the upper body, particularly the face and oral mucosa.  - tx = palliative, relieving the pain and disocmfort that accompany the lesions.
Term

anisocytosis

(abnormal condition of without same/equal cell)

Definition
Condition of marked variation in the size of erythrocytes when observed on a blood smear.  With anisocytosis, the blood smear show macrocytes (large RBCs) and microcytes (small RBCs) as well as normocytes
Term
ascites
Definition
accumulation of seous fluid in the peritoneal or pleural cavity
Term
bacteremia
Definition
presence of viable bacteria circulating in the bloodstream usually transient in nature
Term
graft rejection
Definition
destruction of a transplanted organ or tissue by the recipient's immune system
Term
graft-versus-host disease
Definition
condition that occurs following bone marrow transplant in which the immune cells in the transplanted marrow produe antibodies against the host's tissues.  GVHD can be acute or chronic.  The acute form appears within 2 months of the transplant; the chronic form usually appears within 3 months.  GVHD may also occur as a reaction to blood transfusion.
Term
hematoma
Definition
Localized accumulation of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space or tissue due to a break in or severing of a blood vessel.
Term
hemoglobinopathy
Definition
any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule (one of the most common hemoglobinopathies is sickle cell anemia)
Term
septicemia
Definition
serious, life threatening bloodstream infection that may arise from other infections throughout the body such as pneumonia, urinary tract infection, meningitis, or infections of the bone or GI tract; also called blood infection or blood poisoning.  Septicemia is characterized by chills, fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, confusion, hypotension, and ecchymoses.
Term
serology
Definition
Lab test to detect the presence of antibodiies, antigens, or immune substances
Term
titer
Definition
blood test that measures the amount of antibodies in blood; commonly used as an indicatory of immune status
Term
blood culture
Definition
test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream
Term
complete blood count (CBC)
Definition
Series of tests that includes hemoglobin; hematocrit; RBC, WBC, and platelet counts; differential WBC count; RBC indices; and RBC and WBC morphology
Term
Differential count
Definition
test that enumerates the distribution of WBCs in a stained blood smear by counting the different kinds of WBCs and reporting each a s a percentage of the total examined.  Because differential values change considerably in patholoyg, this test ins commonly used as a first step in diagnosing a disease.
Term
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Definition
Measurement of the distance RBCs settle to the bottom of a test tube under standardized condition; also called sed rate.  Elevated ESR is associated with inflammatory diseases, cancer, and pregnancy, but decreases in liver disease.  The more elevated the sed rate, the more severe the inflammation
Term
Hemoglobin (hgb) value
Definition
Measurement of the amount of hemoglobin found in a whole blood sample.  Hgb values decrease in anemia and increase in dehydration, polycythemia vera, and thrombocytopeina purpura.
Term
Hematocrit (Hct)
Definition
Measurement of the percentage of RBCs in a whole blood sample
Term
Monospot
Definition
Non specific rapid seological test for infectious mononucleosis; also called the heterophile antibody test
Term
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
Definition
Test that measures the length of time it takes blood to clot.  It screens for deficiencies of some clotting factors and monitors the effectiveness of anticoagulant (heparin) therapy; also called activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). PTT is valuable for preoperative screening of bleeding tendencies.
Term
Prothrombin time
Definition
Test that measures the time it takes for the plasma portionof blood to clot.  It is used to evaluate portions of the coagulation system; also called pro time.  PT is commonly used to manage patients receiving the anticoagulant warfarin (Coumadin).
Term
red blood cell (RBC) indices
Definition
Mathmatical calculation of the size, volume, and concentration of hemoglobin for an RBC
Term
Schilling test
Definition
Test used to assess the absorption of radioactive vitamin B12 by the digestive system.  Schilling test is the definitive test for diagnosing pernicious anemia because vitamin B12 is not absorbed in this disorder and passes from the body by way of stool.
Term
lymphadenography
Definition
Radiographic examination of lymph nodes after injection of a contrast medium
Term
lymphangiography
Definition
radiographic examination of lmph vessels or tissues after injection of contrast medium
Term
aspiration
Definition

Draing in or out by suction. 

 

Bone marrow aspiration: Procedure using a syringe with a thin aspirating needle inserted (usually in the pelvic bone and rarely the sternum) to withdraw a small sample of bone marrow fluid for microscopic evaluation.

Term
biopsy (bx)
Definition

Representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis

Bone marrow bx: removal of a small core sample of tissue from bone marrow for examination under a microscope and possibly for analysis using other tests.


Sentinal node bx: removal of the first lymph node (the sentinel node) that receives drainage from cancer-containing areas and the one most likely to contain malignant cells.

If the sentinel node does not contain malignant cells, there may be no need to remove additional lymph noede.

Term
transfusion
Definition

infusion of blood or blood components into the bloodstream.

autologous transfusion: transfusion prepared from the recipient's own blood

homologous transfusion: transfusion prepared from another individual whose blood is ompatible with that of the recipient.

 

Term
transplantation
Definition

grafting of living tissue from its normal position to another site or from one person to another.

 

Autologous bone marrow transplant.  harvesting, freezing (cryopreserving), and reinfusing the patient's own bone marrow to treat bone marrow hypoplasia following cancer therapy.

 

Homologous bone marrow transplantation: tp of bone marrow from  one individual to another to treat aplastic anemia, leukemia, and immunodeficiency disorders.

Term
anticoagulants
Definition
prevent blood clot formatiion by inhibiting the synthesis or inactivating one or more clotting factors: these drugs prevent DVT and postoperative clot formation and decrease the risk of stroke.  Ex, heparin (heparin sodium), Warfarin (Coumadin)
Term
antifibrinolytics
Definition
neutralize fibrinolytic chemicals in the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and urinary tract to prevent the breakdown of blood clots.  Antifibrinolytics are commonly used to treat serious bleeding following certain surgeries and dental procedures especially in patients with medical problems such as hemophilia. (ex. aminocaproic acid - Amicar)
Term
antimicrobials
Definition
destroy bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, depending on the particular drug, generally by interfering with hte functions of their cell membrane or their reproductive cycle.  HIV patients are commonly treated prophylacitically with antimicrobials to prevent development of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP).  I.E. Trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole (bactrim, Septra)  pentamidine (NebuPent, Pentam-300)
Term
antivirals
Definition
prevent replication of viruses within host cells: antivirals are used in treatment of HIV infection and AIDS.  (i.e. nelfinavir - Viracept, lamivudine/zidovudine - Combivir)
Term
fat-soluable vitamins -
Definition
prevent and treat bleeding disorders resulting from a lack of prothrombin, which is commonly caused by vitamin K deficiency. (phytonadione - Vitamin KI Mephyton)
Term
Thrombolytics
Definition
dissolve blood clots by destroying their fibrin strands.  Thrombolytics are used to break apart, or lyse, thrombi, especially those that obstruct coronary, pulmonary and cerebral arteries. (i.e. alteplase - Activase, t-PA; streptokinase - Streptase)
Term
Abbreviations
Definition

AB, Ab, ab: antibody, abortion

A, B,AB, O: blood types in ABO blood group

AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome

ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia

AML: acute myelogenous leukemia

APC: antigen-presenting cell

APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time

baso: basophil (type of white blood cell)

CBC: complete blood count

CLL: chronic lymphocytic leukemia

CML: chronic lymptocytic leukemia

CML: chronic myelogenous leukemia

diff: differential count (white blood cells)

EBV: Epstein-Barr virus

eos: eosinophil (type of white blood cell)

ESR: ertythrocyte sedimentation rate

Hb, Hgb: hemoglobin

HCT, Hct: hematocrit

HDN: hemolytic disease of the newborn

HIV: human immunodeficiency virus

Igs: immunoglobulins

ITP: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

IV: intravenous

lymphos: lymphocytes

MCH: mean cell hemoglobin (average amount of hemoglobin per cell)

MCHC: mean cell hemoglobin

MCV: mean cell volume 9average volume or size of a single red blood cell)

ml, mL: milliliter

NK cell: natural killer cell

PA: posteroanterior; pernicious anemia; pulmonary artery

PCP: Pneumocystis pneumonia; primary care physician; phenocyclidine (hallucinogen)

poly, PMN, PMNL, polymorphonuclear leukocyte

PT protrhombin time, physical therapy

PTT: partial thromboplastin time

RA: right atrium; rheumatoid arthritis

RBC, rbc: red blood cell

sed: sedimentation

segs: segmented neutrophils

SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus

WBC, wbc: white blood cell

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