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Master Gardener (Penn State Extension)
WVRS Set of flashcards created from syllabus 2017-18 PSU program to assist in study
390
Gardening
Not Applicable
12/02/2017

Additional Gardening Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Woody Ornamentals

Chapter 16

the four categories of woody ornamentals are...

Definition

trees

shrubs

vines

groundcover

Term

Woody Ornamentals

What should you consider when choosing a tree or shrub for a landscape?

Definition

1. size and shape of tree or shrub when it is mature

2. susceptibility to diseases

3. fruits that are large, messy, smelly

Term

Woody Ornamentals

PA USDA Hardness Zones range from...

Definition
5a to 7b
Term

Woody Ornamentals

What type of tree should be planted on south side of house to shade in summer and provide warmth and light in winter?

Definition
Deciduous
Term

Woody Ornamentals

Define a Coniferous tree.

Definition
A conifer is a cone bearing plant
Term

Woody Ornamentals

What is a semi-dwarf tree?

Definition
Tree in which rootstock used in the grafting process will enable tree to reach between 10 and 16 feet.
Term

Woody Ornamentals

Most trees have a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi.

T or F

Definition

True

page 506 in manual

Term

Woody Ornamentals

Beech, Oak and Pine trees will not reach maturity with the absence of certain fungi. These trees are __________.

Definition

mycorrhizal obligated.

Page 506 in manual

Term

Woody Ornamentals

When planting a bare root tree how should the hole be prepared?

Definition

1.There should be firm soil at the bottom pf the planting hole.

Term

Woody Ornamentals

1. What does B & B stand for when talking about trees?

2. When preparing a hole for a B&B tree how wide should the hole be?

3. How deep should the tree be planted and what should the base be like?

Definition

1. Balled-and Burlapped Trees

2. The hole should be 1 to 2 feet wider then the root ball.

3. Planted as deep as the distance from the root flare to the bottom of the root ball. Bottom of hole should be firm to prevent the tree from sinking.

Term

Woody Ornamentals

If a container shrub has a root mass that has grown in a tight compact circle around the soil ball what should you do prior to planting it in the ground?

Definition
Cut the outer roots with a sharp knife to break up any circling roots.
Term

Woody Ornamentals

When you prune a newly planted tree you should _________.

Definition

Remove:

1. suckers

2. damaged branches

Term

Woody Ornamentals

Artillery fungi growth on mulch can be reduced by doing 3 things:

Definition

1. avoid high wood based mulch

2. mix wood mulch with compost

NOTE: see most artillery fungi on wood mulch that contains no bark

Term

Woody Ornamentals

1. What is the recommended depth of organic mulch around trees or scrubs?

2. When you mulch around a tree you should keep the mulch how far away from the tree trunk?

Definition

1. 2 to 3 inches

2. 6 inches

Term

Woody Ornamentals

When should an early blooming clematis vine be pruned?

Definition
Prune immediately after the clematis flowers.
Term

Woody Ornamentals

Name 3 are the positive aspects of planting groundcover.

Definition

1. Erosion control

2. unifies landscape design element

3. conserves soil moisture

Groundcover DOES NOT give the homeowner a maintenance free garden bed.

Term

Garden is 24 ft by 6 ft. Have 4 inch pots that need to be spaced 12 inches apart. How many pots are needed for this garden?

Step 1: length x width = ft 2: 24 x 6 = 144

Step 2: convert spacing from inches to feet: 12 inches = 1 foot

Step 3: spacing in feet x itself: 1 foot x 1 = 1

Step 4: divide garden are in square feet by square spacing:

144 / 1 = 144 pots of plants are needed for this garden

NOTE: SIZE OF POTS NOT IMPORTANT SPACING OF PLANTS IS WHAT MATTERS!

Definition
Term

Basic Botany

Plants with leaves and stems that die back to the ground each winter and then produce new shoots from the crown in the spring are called ______.

Definition

Herbaceous perennials

page 18

Term

Basic Botany

Perennials that the top does not die back after experience a frost. Trees and shrubs are this type of perennial.

Definition

woody perennial

page 18

Term

Basic Botany

What do angiosperms produce?

Definition

Angiosperm produce seeds inside a protective fruit.

All vegetables and flowering ornamental plants are angiosperm.

page 18

Term

Basic Botany

What are gymnosperms?

Definition

Gymnosperm have seeds that are not enclosed within the fruit but are protected by a cone.

page 18

Term

Basic Botany

A plant that produces vegetative and root growth in the first season and flowers and seeds the second in the second season prior to dying is a _________.

Definition

Biennial

page 18

Term

Basic Botany

 

Plant Classification from

LEAST Inclusive to MOST inclusive?

 

Definition

SPECIES

GENUS

FAMILY

ORDER

CLASS

DIVISION

Szallay Girls Favor Or Cherish Dogs

page 19

Term

Basic Botany

Cornus florida 'Cherokee Chief'

Definition

Cornus - GENUS (1st letter of genus is capitalized)

florida - SPECIES (specific epithet is lower case)

Both word are either underlined or in italics

'Cherokee Chief' - CULTIVARS (written in modern language, NOT italicized, set in single quotation marks, 1st letter in each word capitalized)

Note: Cultivars do not occur in nature and must be maintained in cultivation.

Term

Basic Botany

What are the functions of roots?

Definition

1. anchor plants in the soil

2. provides physical support for the stem

2. store food

page 21

Term

Basic Botany

What is the part of the root that absorbs water and minerals?

Definition

Root Hair

page 21

Term

Basic Botany

What are the 4 vegetative parts of a plant?

Definition

1. leaves

2. roots

3. shoots

4. stems

page 21

Term

Basic Botany

Where is the PHLOEM located in a mature oak tree?

Definition

The PHLOEM is located immediately under the bark of the tree.

note: can be also immediately under the external cover of the stem and is a component of the bark in mature stems.

page 23

Term

Basic Botany

What is the tissue that moves materials from roots to shoots?

Definition

XYLEM (pronounced zelem)

Term

Basic Botany

What tissue is the site of cell division and active growth in the stem?

Definition

CANBIUM

page 13

Term

Basic Botany

Plants that produce a single shoot from a seed like corn and grass is called _______.

Definition

MONOCOTS

page 23

Term

Basic Botany

Name 4 aboveground, modified stems.

Definition

1. crown

2. spur

3. stolon

4. runners

page 23

Term

Basic Botany

A compressed fruiting branch is called a __________.

Definition

SPUR

A spur is short and stubby with side stems that arise from the main stem. A SPUR is common on fruit trees where they may bear fruit.

page 25

Term

Basic Botany

What is a stem called that has a large PITH region. It usually lives 1 to 2 years.

A rose, grape. blackberry, raspberry are examples.

Definition

cane

page 24

Term

Basic Botany

What is an enlarged portion of a fleshy, underground stem bearing buds is called a _________.

Definition

tuber

example: eyes of a potato are nodes that produce buds

page 26

Term

Basic Botany

What is the stalk that supports the leaf blade away from the stem?

Definition

PETIOLE

page 27

Term

Basic Botany

What are the small openings on the underside of leaves?

Definition

STOMATA

note: The opening and closing of a stoma is determined by the weather.

page 28

Term

Basic Botany

What type of venation do monocots exhibit?

Definition

parallel

Monocot: a plant having one seed leaf or cotyledon, parallel-veined leaves, and flower parts in multiples of three.

page 28

Term

Basic Botany

Maple leaves have what type of venation?

Venation refers to the pattern in which the veins are distributed in the blade or leaf.

Definition

Palamate

page 29

leaf shape figures FIGURE 2-18

page 30

leaf apices and bases FIGURE 2-19

leaf margins FIGURE 2-20

Term

Basic Botany

Most holly trees are DIOECIOUS. What does the term dioecious mean?

Definition

Male and female flowers are borne on separate plants.

page 32

Term

Basic Botany

Which structure is found in the MALE DIOECIOUS plant?

Definition

Stamen

page 32

Term

Basic Botany

What structure is found in a FEMALE DIOECIOUS plant?

Definition

Pistillate

page 32

Term

Basic Botany

When a honeybee pollinates a PERFECT FLOWER, it transfers the pollen from the:

Definition

anther to the stigma

page 32

Term

Basic Botany

Name three parts of the PISTIL (or female portion) of a flower:

Definition

1. stigma

2. style

3. ovary

page 32

see FIGURE 2-23

Term

Basic Botany

What is the name of the plant process by which plants use energy from light to produce energy?

Definition

photosynthesis

page 39

Term

Basic Botany

The part of a seed that develops into the root of the new plant is called________.

Definition

radicle

The basal end of the embryo that extends downward into the soil to from the root system; the first part of a seedling to emerge.

page 39

Term

Basic Botany

What is the process by which the plant converts sugar into CO2 (carbon dioxide), water and energy?

Definition

respiration

page 40

Term

Basic Botany

Plants which form flowers only when the day length exceeds 12 hours is called _________?

Definition

long-day

page 42

Term

Basic Botany

What color of light is best to start seedlings?

Definition
blue
Term

Basic Botany

Plants produce maximum growth when exposed to day temperatures that are how many degrees higher than the night temperatures?

Definition

10 - 15 degrees higher

page 43

Term

Basic Botany

Water is responsible for:

Definition

1. maintaining turgor ( cellular water pressure that is responsible for keeping cells firm and maintaining the plant's shape) pressure

2. transporting nutrients throughout the plant

3. dissolving minerals from the soil

4. provides pressure to move root through the soil

5. acts as a solvent for minerals moving into the plant and carbohydrates moving to their site of use or storage

pages 43-44

Term

Teaching & Communication

Chapter 1

Barriers to learning for adults

Definition
Diminished hearing and/or vision
Term

Teaching & Communication

How is teaching children different from teaching adults?

Definition
Children have less life experiences on which to ground new knowledge.
Term

Teaching & Communication

In general students retain:

Definition

20% of what they hear

30% of what they see AND hear

70% of what they say OR write

90% of what they do

page 3

Term

Teaching & Communication

Name 3 reasons the presenter should repeat a question that an audience member has asked?

Definition

1. To ensure that the whole audience hears the question

2. To ensure the presenter understands the question

3. To give the presenter time to prepare the answer

Term

Teaching & Communication

The deepest learning experience comes from ________.

Definition
HANDS ON DEMONSTRATIONS and interactions
Term

Teaching & Communication

An important first step in preparing to write something for publication is ________.

Definition

an outline

page 4

Term

Teaching & Communication

A mistake for any presenter may be is to__________.

Definition

expect technology to be available.

page 9

Term

Teaching & Communication

When practicing a presentation the presenter should do 2 things:

Definition

1. practice key phrases

2. keep track of the time

Term

Teaching & Communication

When teaching adults how much time should be given before changing topics or teaching methods?

Definition
15 minutes
Term

Teaching & Communication

Best reference sites on the internet for research end with what URL?

Definition
.edu
Term
When preparing a tri fold display for and exhibit do the following two things:
Definition

1. Entire display should be ONE topic

2. Story of the one topic should go from panel to panel

Term

Teaching & Communication

When using other people's creative or intellectual work in a presentation ACCORDING TO PSU:

Definition
The presenter should get written permission.
Term

Teaching & Communication

Penn State is a Land-Grant institution

Morrill Act 1862 -

provide education for all (just not the wealthy) especially in areas of business, farming & trade.

Definition

Hatch Act 1887 -

Act assisted Land Grant Colleges to develop experiment stations to support researched based teaching.

Smith Lever Act 1914-

Charged Land Grant Colleges to create Cooperative Extension

Practical info available to the general public on the subjects of Agriculture and Home Economics

Term

Teaching & Communication

PSU has 9 Departments in College of Ag. PSU faculty have Extension responsibilities to prepare Extension Educators

There are 4 Research and Extension Centers:

1.Agricultural Research Center & Ext. Center

2.Fruit Research & Ext. C. 3.Southeast Agricultural Research & Ext. C. 4. Grape - Lake Erie Regional Grape Research & Ext. C.

Definition

County Extension Offices:

1. Each of 67 counties as an extension presence

2. Ext Office may include educators, nutrition advisors, family living support, 4-H, Forestry, Water Quality advisors and MG.

Term

Teaching & Communication

Erie County has a paid MG Coordinator.

PD by us through fund raisers/out of our budget. Role of this coordinator is to : 1. provide info 2. listen to the needs of the MG group 3. organize and communicate info

Mary Beth McCarthy

Definition

Speech/Article:

Beginning - Tell audience what they're going to hear (objectives)

Middle - Give info; facts, figures, guided practice, personal antidotes

End- Tell audience what they heard, restate objectives, summarize key points, answer ?s

Term

Teaching & Communication

One on One Communication:

1.listen carefully 2. Ask a lot of ?s

3. Don't underestimate OR overestimate a person's knowledge 4. Never be afraid to say "I don't know" 5. Give answers in understandable terms

Definition

5 minute Presentation

1. Create a title, intro, body 3 to 5 facts tops, summary

2. leave time for ?s

repeat question

Term

Plant Diseases

Chapter 8

What are the factors in the susceptibility of plant diseases?

Definition

1. Pathogen abundance and aggressiveness of the "thing" that's causing the disease

2. Host plant vigor and genetic susceptibility

3. Environmental conditions (weather, soil, density of plant, location of the disease on the plant)

page 184

Term

Plant Diseases

What are biotic diseases?

examples....name 3

Definition

Living pathogens that reproduce and spread from plant to plant and grows

examples: rusts, nematodes (round worms), viruses

page 185

Term

Plant Diseases

What are entry points for bacteria

(Bacteria are single cells surrounded by a cell wall. Bacteria lacks a true nucleus)

Definition

1. Mechanical injuries and wounds made by insect feeding

2. Enter through natural openings (the stomata, hydathodes, lenticel, nectaries)

page 186

Term

Plant Diseases

How are viral diseases transferred from plant to plant? Name 6

Definition

1. vegetation propagation

2. mites, nematodes, thrips, whiteflies, leafhopper, aphids

3. hand & tools

4. seeds

5. pollen

6. certain root infecting fungi

page 188

Term

Plant Diseases

What are the symptoms of anthracnose?

Definition

Dead areas on leaves, usually along leaf margins and veins.

page 188

Term

Plant Diseases

Elongated areas of dead bark caused by FUNGUS, often resulting in the girdling of a branch or tree in a single season is most likely a ___________.

Definition

diffused canker ( diffused cankers have little or no callus growth and it often kills the tree)

page 190

Term

Plant Diseases

What is damping off?

Name 3 conditions that favor damping off?

Definition

Damping off is the rotting seeds in the soil and the destructions of newly emerged seedlings by fungi.

1. Low soil temps

2. High soil temps

3. Excessive soil moisture AND overcrowded seedbeds

page 191

Term

Plant Diseases

What is an abiotic disorder?

What are 3 causal agents?

Definition

Abiotic order is caused by NONLIVING entities that do not grow, reproduce or spread from plant to plant.

3 Causal Agents:

1. Air pollution

2. Extremes in soil moisture level

3. Pesticide Toxicity

page 193

Term

Plant Diseases

What nutrients are required in relatively LARGE amounts for plant growth?

Definition

Nitrogen (N)

Phosphorus (P)

Potassium (K)

Calcium (Ca)

Magnesium (Mg)

Sulfer (S)

page 195

Term

Plant Diseases

Mobile elements move from older to younger tissue WITHIN a plant, immobile elements DO NOT.

Mobile elements include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium.

A nitrogen deficiency (a mobile element) results in chlorosis (yellowing of a leaf caused by lack of chlorophyll) of older leaves.

Definition

Immobile elements include calcium, iron and magnesium.

A deficiency of immobile elements results in chlorosis in new growth.

page 195

Term

Plant Diseases

What are the facultative parasites (those that do not have to be parasites in order to live) most likely to attack stressed plants?

Definition

FUNGI - is the living organisms most often involved in attacking stressed plants.

The plant is not vigorous or conditions are not optimal for the plant to react to the attack. In the landscape diseases related to environmental stress are most common in those encountered.

page 197

Term

Plant Diseases

What is closed season ?

Definition

A period in the greenhouse or field when no host plants are present.

page 199

Term

Plant Diseases

What is "dry fallow"?

Definition

Dry fallow involves soil tillage to prevent weed growth and keep the upper layers of the soil dry.

page 199

Term

Plant Diseases

What is closed season and dry fallow effective against?

Definition

Obligate parasites (a fungus or living organism that obtains nutrients only from living plant tissue e.g. rust, powdery mildew, and downy mildew)

and

nematodes (microscopic, parasitic round warm found living in soil, water, or plant tissue; many nematodes can be disease pathogens or vectors, while others are beneficial parasites of insect pests. page 199

Term

Plant Diseases

Examples of plant rotations to reduce the threat of pathogens being passed from crop to crop...

Definition

Tomatoes followed by

corn or

beans or

lettuce

page 199

Term

Plant Diseases

Sanitation is a cultural method of disease control and includes:

Definition

1. Roging (removing the infected plants entirely)

2. Burning plant debris

page 199

Term

A disease does not readily infect resistant plants unless factors are favorable

page 200

Definition
Term

Plant Diseases

Cultural practices that decrease the risk of disease includes:

Definition

1. Weed control and plant spacing to increase air circulation

2. Crop rotation

3. Irrigation method to decrease duration of leaf wetness

page 200

Term

Plant Diseases

What is phytotoxicity?

Definition

Application of chemicals to plants to control diseases and harmful insects that unintendedly damage the treated plants.

page 202

Term

Plant Diseases

What is a symptom?

Definition

An indication from a plant that a disease is occurring

(ex: my cucumber is wilting but I don't know why)

Term

Plant Diseases

What is a sign?

Definition

A visible part of the pathogen causing the disease

(ex: can see the plant disease)

Term

Plant Diseases

What are internal symptoms?

Definition
You have to cut open the plant or branch to see it.
Term

Plant Diseases

What are external symptoms?

Definition

One that you can see right away when you pick up the plant

(ex: a black spot on a plant)

Term

Plant Diseases

What is a primary symptom?

Definition
Caused directly by the pathogen or disease-causing agent.
Term

Plant Diseases

What is a secondary symptom?

Definition
Develops at some distance from where disease is active.
Term

Plant Diseases

What is a localized symptom?

Definition

It covers a small area of the plant.

(Ex: a leaf spot)

Term

Plant Diseases

What is a systemic symptom?

Definition

A larger part of the plant is involved

(ex: wilting)

Term

Plant Diseases

Define blight

Definition

Rapid killing of tissue, usually leaves.

Tissue turns brown or black.

Term

Plant Diseases

Define callus?

Definition

Heavy growth of tissue over some type of a wound.

(ex: When you remove a branch from a tree, the wood grows over to close up the wound.)

Term

Plant Diseases

Define canker?

Definition

Dead area or roughened area of woody tissue such as trunks or branches. Cankers can be sunken or discolored. The plant can try repeatedly to callous over a fungus canker, resulting a raised area.

A slightly sunken canker on smooth wood can show a slight color difference or a cracking where the canker meets live wood. You may be able to find signs of the fungus that caused the canker.

Term

Plant Diseases

Define chlorosis

Definition
yellowing
Term

Plant Diseases

Define damping off

Definition
death of seedlings or of cuttings
Term

Plant Diseases

Define decline

Definition
A slowing of growth and gradual death of the plant.
Term

Plant Diseases

Define dieback

Definition
Often part of decline. Branches dying, usually a few at a time.
Term

Plant Diseases

Define gall

Definition
A large overgrowth of tissue
Term

Plant Diseases

Define marginal leaf burn

Definition
The edge or tip of a leaf is killed
Term

Plant Diseases

Define mildew

Definition

Really a sign rather than a symptom.

A fungus growing on the surface of the plant.

Term

Plant Diseases

Define mosaic or mottling

Definition
Uneven coloration of the leaf or fruit. Most are caused by virus
Term

Plant Diseases

Define necrosis

Definition

Death of tissue

Term

Plant Diseases

Define ringspot

Definition
Line patterns or etches on leaves. Often caused by viruses.
Term

Plant Diseases

Define rosette

Definition
The internodes of a plant that don't elongate properly. Leaves are close together, often close to the ground.
Term

Plant Diseases

Define russetting

Definition
Bronzing or browning, usually on fruit. May be rough-textured.
Term

Plant Diseases

Define rust

Definition

A fungus. Many cause a rusty-brown coloration.

(Really a sign rather than a symptom)

Term

Plant Diseases

Define water soaking

Definition
A term describing a spot that appears to be wet or greasy.
Term

Plant Diseases

Define witches broom

Definition
The proliferation of branches that occurs when buds are killed and new ones develop to replace them.
Term

Plant Diagnosis

8 Steps to Diagnosis:

1. Identify the plant...What is normal for the plant?

2. Define the problem

3. Collect as much information as possible...Ask Questions!

4. Look for Signs and Symptoms Look For Patterns...top or bottom, one species or several species, whole plant or one side of plant, don't forget to check the stems and underside of leaves

Definition

5. Identify key pest and diseases of the plant

6. Use keys and references to determine the problem...Contact the Plant Disease and Insect Lab at PSU (Specimen Information Form)

7. Evaluate the Damage...Can it be tolerated or is it endangering the health of the plant?

8. Decide on a Solution...Can the problem be solved with cultural change? Are beneficial insects present?

Term

If you need to use pesticide:

1. Use the least toxic pesticide that will do the job

2. Target only the area affected

3. Spray only at the proper time for the pest

4. Follow label directions

Definition
Term

Plant Diagnosis

Sure- Fire Rules of Diagnosis

1. nothing is sure fire

2. perspective is valuable

3. most problems are not pest-related

4. know your plants

5. keep an open mind

6. avoid the easy answer

7. TAKE YOUR TIME

Definition
Term

Basic of Entomology

Chapter 7

Hierarchical Classifications...starting at the most inclusive

Kingdom

Division

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

(Kind David Came Over For Good Spaghetti Sauce)

Definition
Term

Basics of Entomology

What PHYLUM do insects, spiders, crayfish, centipedes, millipedes belong to?

(segmented bodies, paired appendages, jointed legs & exoskeletons)

Definition

Arthropoda

Term

Basics of Entomology

What CLASS does butterflies, bees, crickets, mosquitos & house flies

(Three distinct body regions

& three pairs of legs)

Definition

INSECTA

Term

Basics of Entomology

What CLASS do spiders, mites and ticks belong to?

(jointed legs)

page 150

Definition

ARACHNIDA

Term

Basics of Entomology

What is the PHYLUM of snails and slugs?

(NO segments or jointed, paired legs)

Definition

MOLLUSCA

Term

Basics of Entomology

What ORDER do bees, ants, wasps and sawflies belong to?

page 152

Definition

HYMENOPTERA

Term

Basics of Entomology

Define characteristic of ALL INSECTA .

Name 4

Definition

1. 3 body parts

2. 3 pairs of JOINTED legs

3. 1 pair of antennae

4. 0, 1, or 2 pairs of wings

Term

Basics of Entomology

All insects have three body regions.

Name them...

Definition

Head

Abdomen

Thorax

page 153

Term

Basics of Entomology

Insects possessing HAUSTELLATE mouthparts ingest food in a _________

form.

page 155

Definition

liquid

Term

Basics of Entomology

Insects possessing MANDIBULATE mouth parts ingest food in a _______ form.

page 155

Definition

bite off and chew

Term

Basics of Entomology

Insects breath through _________.

page 157

Definition

spiracles

Insect respiratory system resembles a tapering system of ducts that open externally through spiracles. Air passively enters the insect through spiracles on the thorax and abdomen.

Term

Basics of Entomology

*Insects that undergo simple or INCOMPLETE metamorphosis do not have a __(1)_____ stage and develop __(2)____ externally.

*Name the three stages of INCOMPLETE metamorphosis.

Definition

(1) pupal stage

(2) wings

3 stages: eggs, nymphs, adult

Term

Basics of Entomology

Name 2 insects that go through incomplete metamorphosis (hemimetabolous)

page 159

Definition

dragonflies

mayflies

damselfies

stoneflies

Term

Basics of Entomology

Name the 4 stages of complete metamorphosis.

page 160

Definition

egg

larva

pupa

adult

Term

Basics of Entomology

In what stage of complete metamorphosis does the insect develop antenna and wings?

Name 4 insects that undergo complete metamorphosis.

page 160

Definition

PUPA

Japanese Beetles, Butterflies, Moths, Wasps, Bees, Ants, Sawflies

Term

Basics of Entomology

Growing Degree Days (GDD) is a calculation used to predict when insects' life stages will appear and the duration of time the stages will remain active. It is based on actual minimum and maximum daily _______.

page 161

Definition

AIR TEMPERATURE

Term

Basics of Entomology

The keystone of any effective insect management plan is _________________.

page 162

Definition

accurate insect identification

Term

Basics of Entomology

How do cabbage worms, gypsy months and Japanese beetles damage plants?

page 170

Definition

by chewing the tissue/leaf

Term

Basics of Entomology

What are galls? (Oak is the host to 60 % of all gall making insect)

Approximately how many insects produce galls on plants?

page 171

Definition

*Galls are areas of distorted growth that usually form on plant leaves or twigs

*more than 2000 insects (gall formed as the result of insect injury, the plant cells produce abnormal growth as the response to a particular insect's egg-laying or feeding activity...many times the plant's growth forms an enclosure around the insect, which then feeds inside the gall.

Term

Basics of Entomology

Most insect injuries to plants are the result of ___________.

page 170

Definition

feeding

Term

Basics of Entomology

The ultimate goal of IPM is to_____________.

page 174

Definition

reduce pesticide use

Term

Basics of Entomology

Name three reasons why weed control is an important part of IPM.

page 176

Definition

1. provide cover for insect pests

2. compete for light, moisture, and nutrients, thus stressing desired plants.

3. contribute to pest build-up

Term

Basics of Entomology

Name 8 ways to manage insect pests through cultural practices.

page 174-175

Definition

soil preparation

rotating crops

interplanting

watering

timed planting

sanitation

controlling weeds

mulching

Term

Basics of Entomology

Name 4 ways to control insect pests through mechanical control

pages 176-177

Definition

hand picking

traps

barriers or exclusion (cheesecloth, net coverings)

monitoring insect population

Term

Basics of Entomology

Explain biological controls that can be used to manage insect pests

pages 178-180

Definition

classical biological control - introducing beneficial insects (vedalia beetle to

control cottony cushion scale)

augmentative biocontrol - purchasing and releasing additional predators or parasitoids (lady beetles)

conservation biocontrol - native population of predators and parasitoids is conserved in the garden

natural control - the activity of parasitoids and predators feeding on their preferred prey "the balance of nature"

Term

Basics of Entomology

What is the most important and effective practice in IPM (Integrated Pest Management) is _______and ________.

page 177

Definition

observing

and

monitoring

Term

Basics of Entomology

What is insecticidal soap?

page 181

Definition

commercial formulations of potassium salts of fatty acids

Insecticidal soaps are used on soft bodied insects and should be applied when the insect is in the immature life cycle, or crawler is active.

Term

Basics of Entomology

How do insects benefit humans?

Name 9

page 173

Definition

commercial products

food for wildlife

human food source

insect control

medical research

pollination

soil amendment

waste decomposition

weed control

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

Chapter 4

Mineral soils are those containing less than _____% (by weight) organic matter.

page 81

Definition

20%

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

Organic soils are those have _____% or more organic matter.

page 81

Definition

20%

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

In PA what three rocks serve as parent material and are the primary source of minerals in the soil. Name them.

page 81

Definition

sandstone

limestone

shale

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

Different sized mineral particles constitute soil texture. The different size particles, from smallest to largest are ______.

page 83

Definition

Clay

Silt

Sand

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

Name three things LABILE material does.

page 87

Definition

Fuels the soil fuel web

Decomposes readily by microbes

Decomposes rapidly in the presence of oxygen

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

What type of organic material is the slowest to decompose?

page 87

Definition
Stable
Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

An excess of nitrogen can result in the following three things:

page 89

Definition

Succulent growth

Dark green foliage

few blossoms and fruit

spindly and/or brittle growth

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

Symptoms of iron deficiency are indicated by:

page 90

Definition

Interveinal chlorosis primarily on young tissue

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

What is soil pH?

page 93

Definition

Measure of hydrogen ion forming activity

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

A pH of 7.8 indicates that:

page ___

Definition

Some elements are concentrated at toxic levels (aluminum and manganese)

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

A soil test shows your garden has a pH of 7.8. What would you add to adjust the pH to a level of 6.2 to 6.8?

Page 94

Definition

Aluminum sulfate or elemental sulfur

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

To raise a low pH, add appropriate amount of __________.

Definition

Agricultural limestone

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

N - P - K is shorthand for (N )-( P2- O5)- (K2O). Name the three fertilizer components that make up N - P - K.

Definition

Nitrogen

Phosphate

Potash

Grade Ratio

10-10-10 1-1-1

5-10-5 1-2-1

12-4-8 3-1-2

0-25-25 0-1-1

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

Give an example of an incomplete fertilizer.

Definition

0 - 25 -25

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

What does the acronym "WIN" stand for?

"WIN on a fertilizer label indicates that the nitrogen form is ________.

Definition

WIN - Water Insoluble Nitrogen

Slow release

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

A complete fertilizer includes ________

Definition

N - P - K

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

What is a disadvantage to a slow release fertilizer?

page 97

Definition

High Unit Cost ....more expensive than other types of fertilizers.

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

What is the typical nutrient ratio of composted manure?

page 99

Definition

1 -1 -1

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

Nitrogen burning is caused by __________.

page 102

Definition

salts drawing from moisture from roots

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

Name 3 significant contributions of potassium to plants:

Page 103

Definition

Cold Hardiness

Disease resistance

General durability

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

What is the best season of the year to complete a soil test?

Definition

Fall

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

What is the procedure for collecting a soil sample from a vegetable garden?

Definition

You should collect soil samples from 10 random areas.

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

In a standard PSU soil test, the sample will be analyzed for _______.

Definition

Soil pH

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Potassium

Magnesium

Calcium levels

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

Which soil amendment would work best to alleviate a compaction problem?

Definition

Organic Material

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

Which soil component is altered by heavy soil compaction?

Definition

Air and water pore space

Term

Soil Health & Fertilizer Management

What is green manure?

Definition

Cover crop grown over the winter

Term

Composting

According to the National Composting Council, how much compostable material does the average US household produce annually?

page 112

Definition
650 pounds
Term

Composting

In heavy soil, added compost will:

Definition
Loosen bonds between clay particles to allow for easier movement of water and roots.
Term

Composting

In sandy soils, added compost will:

page 112

Definition

bind sand particles together, thereby improving water holding and aeration.

Term

Compost is:

Definition
Term

Composting

Name 4 insects that are decomposers.

Definition

Millipedes, sowbugs, slugs, snails, various worms, insect larvae

Term

Composting

Microbes need carbon (C) for energy and nitrogen (N) for growth. What is the optimal C:N ratio for composting?

Definition

30:1

30 part carbon to 1 part nitrogen

Term

Composting

For home composter, organic matter for composting falls into two categories. What are they?

page 114

Definition

Greens and Browns

Term

Composting

Name 4 items that make the organic matter that make up "green" compost.

page 114

Definition

fresh grass

weeds

manure

kitchen residual

Term

Composting

Name 6 items that make up brown organic matter

Definition

fallen leaves, straw, wood chips, dead plant material, paper and cardboard

Term

Composting

Anaerobic microbes create compost by:

page 115

Definition

Fermentation

Term

Composting

Define ANAEROBIC composting

Definition

Composting occurring without oxygen.

Term

Composting

The desirable compost pile temperature for killing weed seeds and efficiently producing compost is _______ degrees Fahrenheit.

Definition

140 degrees Fahrenheit

Term

Composting

Microbes only break down moist materials. What is the best guideline for maintaining a desirable moisture level in a compost pile?

Definition

Water as necessary to maintain a compost pile that is as damp as a wrung-out sponge.

If several drops are produced when squeezed it is wet enough

Term

Composting

Is there minimum dimensions needed to achieve heat in a compost pile ? Yes or No

Minimum size of the compost pile is _____.

Definition

YES

minimum is 3ft x 3ft x 3ft

Term

Composting

Composter microbes work best in an environment that is __________ ________.

Definition

mildly acidic

Term

Composting

A reason for a rotten smelling compost pile is ________.

Definition

Anaerobic conditions in the pile.

The composting pile lacks enough air due to excess moisture or compaction

Term

Composting

An ammonia order in the composting pile can be corrected by adding _________.

Page 123

Definition

"browns" to the pile

Turn the composting pile and mix carbon (BROWNS) such as dry leaves, sawdust or shredded paper to the pile

Term

Composting

Vermicomposting results in a product that is best used as a/an _____.

page 124

Definition

fertilizer.

Vericomposting uses worms, generally nonnative red wigglers. The results: compost (worm casting) can be used as fertilizer to turn non- fatty kitchen scraps into black earthy smelling nutrient rich humus.

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

Chapter 6

What does IPM stand for?

Definition

Integrated Pest Management

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

Name 3 "pest" that IPM addresses:

page 127

Definition

Insects

Fungi

Various vertebrates (ex: predators that prey on livestock)

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

IPM is about _____ ______.

Definition

pest management

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

IPM PYAMID (page 128 Fig. 6-1)

SYNTETHETIC pecticides top the IPM pyramid. This location on the pyramid indicates that SYNTETHETIC pecitcides are:

Definition

chemical and MORE toxic,

riskier,

and higher cost

than cultural or mechanical IPM practices.

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

IPM PYAMID (page 128 Fig. 6-1)

BIORATIONAL pesticides are also a chemical and just below the SYNTHETIC pesticides. Name 6 examples of BIORATIONAL pesticides:

Definition

soaps, oils
baking soda, repellents,

microbials (relating to or characteristic of a microorganism, especially causing disease or fermentation),

insect growth regulators (IGR) (is a substance (chemical) that inhibits the life cycle of an insect. ex: insecticides used to control cockroaches or fleas)

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

IPM PYAMID (page 128 Fig. 6-1)

name 4 interventions on the Biological spectrum of the IPM pyramid:

Definition

1. predators

2. parasites

3. nematodes (ex: roundworm, threadworm)

4. plant pathogens (infectious organisms)

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

IPM PYAMID (page 128 Fig. 6-1)

name 7 interventions on the PHYSICAL & MECHANICAL spectrum of the IPM pyramid:

Definition

1. pruning

2. weeding

3. mulching

4. traps

5. barriers

6. flaming

7. prescribed mowing

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

IPM PYAMID (page 128 Fig. 6-1)

name 5 interventions on the Cultural spectrum of the IPM pyramid:

Definition

1. site & plant selection

2. crop rotation

3. tillage

4. sanitation

5. cultivation

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

When evaluating and reporting results

(IPM STEP 5)

is it important to realize that:

Definition

Some controls may damage the target plants

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

Pesticides are a tool to manage OR control pest populations to a LEVEL OF TOLERANCE

page 132

Definition
XXXX
Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

A pesticide is a substance intended to:

Definition

Attract

Repel

Kill

Control

or otherwise regulate the GROWTH or FUNCTION of an organism.

page 132

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

It is not required that homeowners be certified to use general-use pesticides, BUT:

Definition

under the law the homeowner is liable for misuse of the pesticides on their property.

page 132

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

90% (our presentation handout say 97%) of all pesticides comes from ________ exposure.

Definition

dermal (i.e. skin)

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

Acute toxicity is expressed as:

page 137

Definition

LD 50

LC50

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

LD50 figures are found on the product's Safety Data Sheet available when you buy the pesticide or on the internet. What does a LD50 value indicate?

page 137

Definition

The lower the LD50 value of the pesticide, the less product it takes to kill 50% of the test population ....The SMALLER the number (mg/kg), the GREATER the toxicity.

LC50 = lethal concentrate 50 values

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

A pesticide with an LD50 value that falls between a trace amount and 50 mg/kg requires what a Signal Words to be printed on the label?

page 138

Definition

Danger, Poison, Peligro (in RED text) with a graphic of a skull & crossbones

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

The pesticide that causes IRREVERSIBLE SKIN (DERMAL) or EYE DAMAGE has what signal word printed on it?

page 138

Definition

DANGER & Peligro

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

A pesticide determined to be moderately toxic is required to have what signal words on the label?

page 138

Definition

WARNING & Aviso

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

DANGER, POISON, & PELIGRO

IN RED TEXT AND A GRAPHIC OF A

SKULL & CROSSBONES

PAGE 138

Definition

Oral

Dermal
Inhalation

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

DANGER & Peligro

page 138

Definition

dermal

eyes

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

WARNING & Aviso

page 138

Definition

acute oral value from 50 to 500 mg/kg

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

CAUTION

page 138

Definition

acute oral values great than 500 mg

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

What is the proper procedure for disposing pesticides?

page 141

Definition

Follow the label directions

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

Pesticides break down slowly in aquifers (water - saturated zone)

and

in the water table because of the lack of:

page 144

Definition

Oxygen

Heat

Light

Term

Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM

Study RONDO Herbicide Label Worksheet

and

Pages 135-136 in text ~ THE PESTICIDE LABEL

Definition

SEE NEXT CARD

Term

*BRAND NAME

*TYPE OF FORMULATION

*INGREDIENT STATEMENT

*COMMON NAME & CHEMICAL NAME

*NET CONTENTS *NAME & ADDRESS OF MANUFACTURER *REGISTRATION NUMBER *ESTABLISHMENT NUMBER

*PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENT

*ENVIROMENTAL HAZARDS

Definition

*PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL HAZARDS

*STATEMENT OF PRACTICAL TREATMENT (or first aid)

*DIRECTION FOR USE

*APPLICATION TO HARVEST PERIOD *MISUSE STATEMENT *STORAGE & DISPOSAL DIRECTION

*SIGNAL WORD AND SYMBOL

Term

Weeds

Chapter 19

Perennial weeds that live for more than 2 years and grow year after year from the same root system incudes ______ AND _____. (NAME 5 PLANTS)

page 611

Definition

dandelion

pokeweed

canada thistle

bermuda grass

nutsedge

Term

Weeds

Name 4 biennials weeds.

page 611

Definition

garlic mustard

mullein

Queen Anne's Lace

bull thistle

Term

Weeds

Name three things weeds can do:

page 610-611

Definition

1. Indicate unsuitable growing conditions for desired plants

2. Affect yield and quality of agricultural products

3. Harbor pest

Term

Weeds

The quantity of dormant seeds in the soil change from year to year. What is this collection of seeds called?

page 612

Definition

seed bank

Term

Weeds

An exotic species whose introduction causes economic or environmental harm to human life is the federal gov't definition of ________.

page 613

Definition

Invasive species

Term

Weeds

Name the 13 plants that are on the PA noxious weed list.

page 612

Definition

Purple loosestrife kudzu

Johnson-grass sorghum

Canada, musk & bull thistles

jimsonweed maryuana

goatsrue multi floral rose

mile-a-minute vine

giant hogweed

Term

Weeds

Name an example of a biological method of seed/weed control.

page 614

Definition

The use of natural predators and pathogens

Term

Weeds

A hoe works best when weather conditions are ______, ______ and __________.

page 615

Definition

hot

dry

soil is hard

Term

Weeds

Name 1 thing that tilling does not do.

Name 3 things tilling does do.

page 616

Definition

does not do - it quickly starves perennial roots to death after initial contact

does do - 1. destroy young annual weeds.

2. was used extensively before herbicides were introduced

3. includes digging, cultivating, rototilling, plowing

Term

Weeds

Name 1 thing portable propane flamers do not do.

Name 3 thing portable propane flamers do.

page 617

Definition

Don't Do - eliminate perennial weeds

Do - 1. Cause plant cells to rupture

2. Cause weeds to wilt

3. the flame has a similar effect that vinegar and contact chemicals do

Term

Weeds

When using herbicides it is important to ___________.

page 617

Definition

have separate sprayers for each herbicide

Term

Weeds

Guideline for pre-emergent herbicides includes:

page 619

Definition

water after the application

Term

Weeds

Post-emergence broadleaf herbicides are best applied _______.

page 619

Definition

when daily temperatures are between 65 and 85 degrees.

Term

Weeds

 

In controlling perennial grasses such as quackgrass and nimbleweed it is best to ____________.

 

page 620

Definition

 

 

Spot treat with glyphosate

Term

Weeds

 

The product PREEN can contain 3 different herbicides. Name them:

 

page 621

Definition

 

 

1. Trifluralin

2. Glypgosate

3. 2,4-D

Term

Weeds

 

Name 3 things that BOTH glyphosate and triclopyr can do:

 

 

page 622

Definition

1. both can control perennial and woody weeds

2. both have systematic post-emergent activity

3. Both can be applied to "cut surfaces"

They CANNOT control grasses and sedge weeds

 

Term

Weeds

A neighbor asks your advice about the best way to eradicate weeds that are growing in driveway cracks. NAME THREE THINGS YOU TELL YOUR NEIGHBOR SHE CAN DO.

page 622

Definition

1. boiling water

2. hand weeding

3. 5% acetic acid (vinegar)

Term

Weeds

What is the purple-flowered, square stemmed weed that tolerates close mowing?

page 627

Definition

Deadnettle

Term

Weeds

What is the grass-like weed with yellowish-green foliage and a three-sided stem that grows in lawns and moist areas?

page 633

Definition

Yellow nutsedge

Term

Weeds

 

What is the ten foot tall plant with bamboo-like stems that grows near streams and spreads aggressively?

Definition

 

Japanese Knotweed

Term

Invasive Species

Chapter 20

Name the US president ho issued the Presidential Executive Order which define invasive species as "alien species who introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human life." page 642

Definition

President William Clinton

Term

Invasive Species

Name 6 things the terms

nonnative, invasive, alien species,

exotics,

refers to:

page 642

Definition

vertebrates

invertebrates

plants

viral, bacterial or fungal life forms

Term

Invasive Species

What % of species introduced into the US each year becomes invasive?

page 644

Definition

15%

Term

Invasive Species

Why is the Tree-of-Heaven and the Canada thistle difficult to eradicate?

page 648

Definition

Both plants have a widespread root system

Term

Invasive Species

A change in the pattern of erosion an sedimentation caused by invasives is called what?

page 649

Definition

geomorphic process

Example: Japanese stiltgrass and phragmites can fill in wetlands due to their low decomposition rate.

Term

Invasive Species

Tree-of-Heaven, garlic mustard, and Japanese knotweed releases allelopathic compounds which modify the surrounding soil. What do allelopathic compounds do?

page 650

Definition

Allelphathic compounds enhance the survivability and reproductive success of the plant.

Term

Invasive Species

The inoculation of a pathogen into the stems of the tree-of-heaven to kill targeted tree stand is part of which category of IVM control?

page 652

Definition

Chemical

(uses herbicides alone or in combination with mechanical control method)

Term

Invasive Species

A grass that matures early in the season and then dies out completely has a competitive advantage in fire prone areas. One such grass is ______.

page 654

Definition

Cheatgrass

Term

Invasive Species

Which invasive plant poses a threat to :

bloodroot, wild ginger, hepatica, spring beauty, dutchman's breeches, toothworts, trilliums?

pages 655-656

Definition

garlic mustard

Term

Invasive Species

Which invasive maple tree oozes a milky sap from the petriole of its leaves?

page 660

Definition

Norway maple

Term

Invasive Species

Which invasive tree is easily mistaken for a sumac,

ash,

pecan or

black walnut?

page 661

Definition

 

 

Tree-of-Heaven

Term

Invasive Species

 

What vine, a favorite for fall decorations due to its orange and red berries, is an invasive that was introduced to the U.S. in the 1800's?

 

page 664

Definition

 

Oriental Bittersweet

Term

Invasive Species

 

There are 13 species on PA's regulatory list of noxious weeds. This listing specifically prohibits which 2 activities?

 

page 665

Definition

 

1. transport and sales

 

2. propagation

 

Term

Invasive Species

 

Name 2 weeds that appear on PA noxious weed list?

 

page 667, 669

Definition

 

1. multiflora rose

2. purple loosestrife

Term

Invasive Species

What noxious weed, intended for use as a forage crop, was found to produce a poisonous alkaloid making it deadly to certain livestock?

 

page 667

Definition

Goatsrue

 

Forage crop definition: specifically to be grazed by livestock or conserved as hay or silage

Term

Invasive Species

 

What noxious weed was promoted by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service to control erosion and to act as a living fence for livestock?

page 669

Definition

 

 

Multiflora rose

Term

Invasive Species

 

While walking through the woods, you notice cottony white masses on a conifer. These masses are caused by what?

 

page 671

Definition

 

 

Hemlock Wooly Adelgid

Term

Invasive Species

 

Name 3 facts about thebrown marmorated stink bug.

 

page 673

Definition

 

1. Was first sighted in the US in 1996

2. Is an agricultural pest (a nuisance pest disfigures fruit such as apple and peaches and feeds on ornamental and food plants)

3. Lays light green egg clusters under leaves

Term

Invasive Species

 

What Asian import is destructive in both its larval and adult stages, feeds on more that 300 different host plants, and drives more that $460 million in management costs?

page 675

Definition

 

 

Japanese Beetles

Term

Invasive Species

 

Name 3 facts about Boxwood blight:

 

page 676

Definition

1. immediately lethal to young boxwood plants

2. The blight is suppressed but not eliminated by fungicides

3. is an invasive fungus from Europe in 2010

Term

Lawn Care

Chapter 11

 

Define turfgrass

Definition

1. Fine textured grass

2. forms uniform and persistent population of plants

3. tolerates traffic and low mower height (usually 3 inches or lower)

 

Term

Lawn Care

Grasses in PA can be categorized into two groups. They are _____ and ______.

Definition

cool season grasses

warm season grasses

Term

Lawn Care

Name the only warm season grass that will grow in the southernmost portion of PA.

page 312

Definition

Zoysiagrass -

Makes it's maximum growth during hot weather and is dormant during late fall, winter and early spring.

Appeal of this turf grass is that it has optional growth during periods of highest temperature

Term

Lawn Care

Name 5 attributes Kentucky bluegrass has:

home lawns, institutional grounds, parks, athletic fields

Definition

1. Tolerant of cold, wear, and moderate heat

2. Superior recuperative potential

3. medium to fine leaf texture

4. produces extensive rhizomes

5. cool-season turf grass

Grows best in well-drained soils and open, sunny areas

COOL-SEASON GRASS

Term

Lawn Care

Name 5 attributes of Perennial Ryegrass:

home lawns, parks, grounds, golf courses, athletic fields

COOL-SEASON GRASS

Definition

1. Has bunch-type growth habits-DOES NOT form rhizomes..this makes recuperative potential less strong then Kentucky Bluegrass

2. sunny, well drained soil with high fertility

3.Germinates rapidly and establishes quickly

4. Withstands low temps BUT NOT ice

5. used extensively for overseeding thin or damaged turf

Term

Lawn Care

Name 2 attributes of Fine Fescues turf grass:

home lawns, grounds, parks Not typically used for sports turfs

Definition

1. Tolerates shade, droughty soils, low PH, low fertility

2. narrow leafed species

Most common turf-type fescues include: creeping red fescue, Chewing's fescue, hard fescue, sheep fescue (least used)

COOL SEASON GRASS

Term

All grass seed sold in PA is required to be labeled with the following:

1. commonly accepted name of the turfgrass species or species & variety

2. listed in order of predominance, when present in excess of 5% by weight of the contents of the container

3. Percentage by weight of pure seed of each species

4. Percentage by weight of weed seed

Definition

5. Germination percentage

6. Percentage by weight or inert material

refer to pages 318-319

Term

Lawn Care

The ideal time to seed a lawn is:

Definition

Late summer or early fall

Seed within a week or two in the following PA areas:

Northern Tier and High Altitude : 8/15 - 10/1

Southeastern PA: 9/1 - 10/10

Other areas in PA: 8/25-10/1

Term

Lawn Care

Dates to seed in spring if absolutely necessary:

Definition

Northern tier and high altitude: 5/20

Southeastern PA: 4/15

All other areas: 5/7

Term

Lawn Care

When laying sod observe the following practices:

Definition

1. Water to the depth of 4 to 6 inches

2. Stagger the strips so that the joints between the pieces do not coincide (like bricks)

3. Keep soil beneath the sod layer consistently moist for 2 to 3 weeks

DO NOT ROLL SOD

Term

Lawn Care

The most important management practice to improve turfgrass quality is:

Definition

fertilization

Term

A turf-type fertilizer should contain a minimum of ______% nitrogen.

Definition

10

Term

Lawn Care

A good rule of thumb to follow when irrigating turfgrass is to water:

Definition

just as plants begin to wilt

Term

Lawn Care

Over-fertilization, improper pH, and bad mowing practices can lead to :

Definition

thatch build-up

Term

Lawn Care

Soil compaction is best corrected by aerating:

Definition

when the grass is growing vigorously.

With cool-season grass in spring or fall because in the summer many grasses are semi-dormant condition..

Term

Lawn Care

Mechanical aeration:

Definition

removes plugs of soil

Term

Lawn Care

Name three facts about gray snow mold:

Definition

1. Brown sclerotia are embedded in the crowns and leaves of infected plants

2. Usually found along sidewalks or driveways where there is the greatest snow accumulation

3. Generally occurs in late winter or early spring

Term

Lawn Care

Summer annual grass weeds, such as crab grass, are usually controlled with:

Definition

Pre-emergence herbicides

Term

Lawn Care

The primary root feeders in turfgrass in PA are:

Definition

White Grubs

Term

Lawn Care

Insect pests of turfgrasses can be grouped in 2 categories.

They are:

Definition

1. root feeders

2. leaf and stem feeders

Term

Lawn Care

The most common leaf feeders in turfgrass in PA are:

Definition

Chinch bugs

Term

Lawn Care

When is Tall Fescue used and why?

Definition

Used because it is a persistent and durable plant with a coarse or medium leaf texture (bunch like and germinates quickly). Likes sunny areas, moderately shade tolerant, cool season grass

Used in utility areas, high medians, airstrips, fairgrounds

Term

Lawn Care

Where is Bentgrass used and why is it not a lawn grass?

Definition

Used on gold course greens and fairways.

Optimal growth in spring and fall.

Very susceptible to injury from a number of herbicides, making weed control difficult.

Also highly susceptible to diseases and insects.

Term

Lawn Care

Define what a mix of grasses?

Definition

A mix is a combination of two or more grasses of a different species.

Example: Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass.

Term

Lawn Care

Define what a blend of grasses is.

Definition

A blend of grasses is a combination of two or more cultivars of grasses within the same species.

Example: Arrowhead and Avid Kentucky Bluegrass.

Term

Lawn Care

IMPORTANT:

When establishing a COOL-SEASON TURFGRASS LAWN, use at least two or three cultivars of a species whether using a BLEND or a MIX.

Definition
Term

Lawn Care

NO MOW Grass attributes:

1. established in 1994

2. alternative to a traditional lawn

3. Best suited to north climates with an annual rainfall of 25 inches or more.

4. Grows well in both sun and shade.

5. Grows well in soils with low nutrient level.

Definition

6. Blend of fescues that grows to form a dense sod that minimizes weed growth.

7. Once established, it requires little watering or fertilizing and needs to be mowed only once or twice a year.

Term

Lawn Care

What are the common causes of lawn establishment failure?

Definition

1. poor quality of seed or sod

2. improper selection of turfgrass species or varieties.

3. unsuitable soil conditions & inadequate site preparation.

5. lack of moisture during the seedling establishment.

6. wrong time of year to favor seedling growth.

Term

Lawn Care

In addition to aesthetic appeal, turfgrass functions to:

Definition

provide better footing and cushioning.

Term

Herbaceous Plants

Chapter 17

Define a perennial:

Definition

A plant that has leaves, stems and flowers that die back to the ground each fall.

Term

Herbaceous Plants

What is the advantage of growing perennials in your flower gardens?

Definition

The plants persist year after year.

Term

Herbaceous Plants

Define the stages of a flowering annual:

Definition

Annuals grow, flower and produce seed in a single growing season.

Term

Herbaceous Plants

What do biennial plants do:

Definition

A biennial plant grows foliage the first year, then blooms, seeds and dies the next (2nd) year.

Term

Herbaceous Plants

When laying out a garden that is not accessible from all sides, it is advisable to _________.

Definition

Provide a pathway of stepping stones or mulch through the garden.

Term

Name three things the gardener should consider when selecting plants for a PERENNIAL border.

Definition

1. Sun Exposure

2. USDA Hardiness Rating

3. Bloom Times

Term

Herbaceous Plants

Name 3 reasons composting is the gold standard for mulching perennial beds.

Definition

1. Conserves moisture in the soil

2. Contributes nutrients and microorganisms

3. suppresses weed growth without inhibiting the perennial.

Term

Herbaceous Plants

Debudding is the removal of:

Definition

side buds to produce large terminal buds.

Term

Herbaceous Plants

What is deadheading?

Definition

Deadheading is the removal of spent flowers to maintain vigorous growth.

Term

Herbaceous Plants

When is the best time too stake plants?

Definition

When the plant is about 1/3 of its anticipated mature size.

Term

Herbaceous Plants

When should a gardener divide perennial plants?

Definition

The perennial should be divided in the spring (unless it is a spring bulb). The perennial has reduced flower production due to overcrowding and it is beginning to die in the center.

Term

Herbaceous Plants

When storing summer flowering bulbs over winter the gardener should:

Definition

keep the bulbs in a cool (not below freezing), dry place.

Term

Herbaceous Plants

While working on a perennial border in late may you notice the leaves of the Russian sage have dark spots that are coalescing to create a blotchy appearance on the leaves. This damage is caused by _____.

Definition

Four-Lined Plant Bug

Term

Herbaceous Plants

The leaves on an impatiens are yellow and starting to drop. Other leaves on the plant have yellow spots on the upper surface. On their undersides, there is a fuzzy white growth. These are symptom of ______.

Definition

Downy Mildew

Term

Herbaceous Plants

Your peony leaves are covered with a white, dusty substance. Some of the leaves are twisted and distorted. What is the disease?

Definition

Powdery Mildew

Term

Indoor Plants

Chapter 9

When purchasing an indoor plant, be sure your plant has:

_________

Definition

new leaf buds

Term

Indoor Plants

Light INTENSITY influences 4 things.

Name them.

Definition

stem length

leaf color

manufacture of food

flowering

Term

Indoor Plants

Many tropical plants are damaged when temperatures drop BELOW _____.

Definition

50 degrees

Term

Indoor Plants

What is the most essential factor affects houseplant growth?

Definition

light

Term

Indoor Plants

Rank the following light exposures from most intense to least intense:

Definition

South

East and West (60% of southern exposure)

North (20% of southern exposure)

Term

Indoor Plants

Plants require darkness for proper development.

What is the minimum amount of darkness needed daily ?

Definition

6 hours

Term

Indoor Plants

The color of light necessary for photosynthesis are:

_____ and ______.

Definition

blue and red

Term

Indoor Plants

The process by which plant tissue adjust from a high light environment to a lower light environment is called _________.

Definition

acclimation

Term

Indoor Plants

What indoor plant develops white or yellow ringspots on its leaves as a result of cold water dripping on the follage?

Definition

African violet

Term

Indoor Plants

What is the ideal temperature range for growing most indoor plants?

Definition

70-80 degrees during the day

and 60-68 degrees at night

Term

Indoor Plants

In growing indoor plants the NIGHT temperature should be ____ - ____ below the daytime temperature.

Definition

10 - 20 degrees BELOW the daytime temperature

Term

Indoor Plants

The most common problem associated with high salt level is _____ ______.

Definition

root rot

Term

Indoor Plants

When fertilizing indoor plants, it is best to fertilize __________ between

____ and ____.

Definition

every 2 weeks

between March and September

Term

Indoor Plants

1. Leach before fertilizing

2. Remove any crusted salt on soil surface before leaching

3. Leach every 4 to 6 months

Definition
XXXXXX
Term

Indoor Plants

Name 3 advantages

and

1 disadvantage for using artificial medium for potted plants.

Definition

Advantages

1. sterility

2.Uniformity

3. Weight

Disadvantage

1. cost

Term

Indoor Plants

COIR is derived from _____?

Definition

coconut husk - a reddish brown fiber

Term

Indoor Plants

Pinching is the ___________.

Definition

removal of one inch or less of new stem and leaf growth.

Term

Indoor Plants

What is the cause of black sooty mold on a weeping from?

Definition
It is the accumulation of honeydew (excrements) which leaves the plant shiny or sticky and can be the medium for black sooty mold.
Term

Indoor Plants

Name 3 signs of mite infection

Definition

1. twisted or puckering leaves

2. stippling (yellow specks) of foliage

3.webbing

Term

Indoor Plants

 

Armored scales and soft scales share the following 3 traits .

Definition

1. piercing sucking mouth parts

2. produce a waxy shell over their bodies after finding a feeding spot

3. Both have mobile nymphs or crawlers

Term

Native Plants

Chapter 18

Garden Phlox is a native plant in PA. A native plant is defined as a plant that has evolved in a given space over a sufficient period of time that allows the plant to develop complex and essential relationships with the physical environment and other organisms in a given ecological community.

Definition
XXXXXX
Term

Native Plants

Name 3 benefits of gardening with native plants.

Definition

1. Protects wildlife habitat

2. Creates a sense of place

3. maintains and conserves plant biodiversity

Term

Native Plants

Review plants that grow in the following plant communities:

~Dry Meadow - Grasses, Legumes, Flowers of the daisy family

~Mixed coniferous forest - Pines, Ferns, sugar & red maples, yellow birch, white ash, red oaks, beech

Definition

~Mixed deciduous forest - Black Cherry, Eastern Red Bud, maples, oaks, sweet gum, mountain ash, flowering dogwood

~ Wetland - Winterberry Holly, some rhododendrons, highbush blueberry, Virginia bluebells, cardinal flowers, swamp milkweed, Joe Pie

Term

~Serpentine barrens - moss phlox, rock sandwort, fameflower, serpentine aster, whorled milkweed, dry land snakeroot

~Limestone barrens - cliff green

~Shale barrens

Definition
XXXXX
Term

Native Plants

The mixed deciduous woodland is made up of 5 layers

LOWEST to HIGHEST LEVEL:

root zone, ground layer, shrub layer, understory, canopy

Definition
XXXXX
Term

Native Plants

What is the disadvantage of using the commercial wildflower seed mixture?

Definition

Contain large % of annuals,

not necessarily native to a specific to a specific region,

seeds may not adapt to local conditions.

Term

Native Plants

What is the state flower of PA?

Definition
Mountain Laurel
Term

Native Plants

Name several plants that provide nectar for hummingbird.

Definition

cardinal flowers

beebalm

Term

Native Plants

Difference in plant hardiness due to regional adaptions are called:

Definition

Provenance

Term

Native Plants

Acquire native plants from:

~seeds from seed catalogue

~ reputable nurseries

NOT the wild

Definition
XXXXXX
Term

Native Plants

If left alone a meadow will undergo succession and become a

FOREST

Definition
XXXXXX
Term

pH is a measure of hydrogen (acid-forming) ion activity of soil or growth media

Acidity or alkalinity in terms of pH value on scale of 14.

7.0 neutral

below 7.0 is acid range of the scale

above 7.0 is the alkaline range

Definition

The measurement scale is not linear but logarithmic. That is, the soil with a pH of 8.5 is 10 times more alkaline than a soil with a pH of 7.5, and a soil with a pH of 4.5 is 10 times more acid than a soil with a pH of 5.5

page 93

Term

Small Fruit

Chapter 14

The ideal soil pH range for blueberry bushes is:

Definition

4.5 to 5.0

Term

Small Fruit

The best material for lowering soil pH in a blueberry planting in the fall is:

Definition

Iron Sulfate

You would NOT use Aluminum Sulfate because it is toxic to blueberries.

Term

Small Fruit

After planting blueberry bushes, mulch them with 4 inches of what?

Definition

rotted sawdust and/or hardwood bark mulch

Term

Small Fruit

Pruning blueberry bushes accomplishes 3 things. Name them.

Definition

1. control crop load

2. increase fruit quality

3. increase plant hardiness

Term

Small Fruit

Blueberry bushes are best prune in what month of the year?

Definition

March

Term

Small Fruit

The small white larvae occasionally found in the fruit of midseason and late-season blueberry cultivators are _______.

Definition

Spotted Wing Drosphilae

Term

Small Fruit

Brambles have perennial roots with shoots that are ______.

Definition

biennial

~first season is bramble is dormant

~second season bramble branches out, flowers, fruits and dies

Term

Small Fruit

Which type of bramble is grown in a "hill system"?

Definition

the black raspberry

The black raspberry initiates new canes from the crown of the plant rather than from root suckers ....each black raspberry plant grows independently.

Term

For maximum shelf life, raspberries should be harvested at what time of the day?

Definition

in the morning, after the dew has dried

Term

Small Fruit

The red-necked cane borer causes what type of damage to brambles?

Definition

1. a 1/4 to 3 inch swelling of the cane

2. the red-necked cane borer also splits the bark into the sapwood of the current year's growth

Term

Small Fruit

Name 3 symptoms of anthracnose which is a common diseases of brambles

Definition

1. Reduction of fruit size and quality

2. reddish-purple spots on young canes

2. dry, seedy fruit.

Term

Small Fruit

Name 3 things that will prevent viral diseases on raspberries:

Definition

1. purchase stock that has been obtained through meristem tip cuttings

2.removing wild brambles growing in the area

3. selecting cultivars resistant to specific viruses

Term

Small Fruit

Grape cuttings native to PA can be propagated by ______.

Definition

dormant cane cuttings.

There are 8 different grape species that are native to PA

Term

Small Fruit

Name two site issues that should be followed when planting grape vines.

Definition

1. In rows running north to south (for better sun exposure)

2. on a well drained on the top of a hill or slope for good drainage.

Term

Small Fruit

Horizontal extensions from the main trunk of a grape vine that are usually trained along a trellis wire a called ______.

Definition

cordons

Term

When space is limited, an effective training system for grape vines is ________.

Definition

Umbrella Kniffin system

4 or 5 canes from trunk bearing 50 to 60 buds

Term

Small Fruit

In the eastern US, ______ is one of the most serious diseases affecting grape vines, potentially infecting all green parts of the plant.

Definition

Black Rot

Term

Small Fruit

Name when day-neutral (sometimes called everbearers) strawberries produce fruit.

Definition

fruits throughout the growing season:

1. peaks in June

2. small crop mid-summer

3. large crop in late August through frost

Term

Small Fruit

What pest feeds on the seeds and fruit tissues at the tip of the strawberry, resulting in an injury known as "button berry".

Definition

Tarnished plant bug

Term

Small Fruit

What is the strawberry disease is caused by bacterium?

Definition

Angular leaf spot

Term

Pruning Ornamental Plants

Chapter 12

Lateral branches growing from the central leader or trunk are called________

Definition
Scoffolds
Term

Pruning Ornamental Plants

 

What can you use to sterilize pruning tools?

Definition

hydrogen peroxide solution

10% Clorox solution

70% alcohol solution

Term

Pruning Ornamental Plants

 

Topping or rounding over trees results in _____

Definition
water sprout growth
Term

Pruning Ornamental Plants

 

Growing points along the stem of a woody plant which is not directly connected to the plant's vascular system are called

____ _____

Definition
adventitious buds
Term

Pruning Ornamental Plants

 

The hormone found in the terminal bud of plants that suppresses lateral growth is _____

Definition
auxin
Term

Pruning Ornamental Plants

 

Removing a branch at its point of origin on the trunk or from a large branch is called ____ _____

Definition
thinning cut
Term

Pruning Ornamental Plants

 

When making a reduction cut, a branch is cut back to a lateral branch that is

Definition
is at least 1/2 to 1/3 the diameter of the branch being removed
Term

Pruning Ornamental Plants

 

After planting a new tree, when should corrective pruning begin?

Definition
during the dormant season of the second year
Term

Pruning Ornamental Plants

 

When developing a branch structure of a tree it is best to keep the lateral branches that have angles of

Definition
between 60 and 70 degrees
Term

Pruning Ornamental Plants

 

The best management practice for handling co-dominant branches is to

Definition
subordinate one of the co-dominant branches
Term

Pruning Ornamental Plants

 

When pruning deciduous  shrubs, removal of all stems to within 1 to 2 inches above ground level is called_______

Definition
complete rejuvenation
Term

Pruning Ornamental Plants

 

When removing branches over 1 1/2 inches in diameter use the______

Definition
three cut method
Term

Pruning Ornamental Plants

 

The best time to prune most evergreens, with the exception of pines is in what season?

Definition
early spring
Term

Pruning Ornamental Plants

 

Junipers are best pruned by ____

Definition

 

thinning branches to a lateral branch

Term

Pruning Ornamental Plants

 

Pines can be pruned by removing one-half to two-thirds of the candle-like terminal growth and side laterals in what 2 months?

Definition
June to early July
Term

Pruning Ornamental Plants

 

Prune wisteria by ______

Definition
pruning back stems to three or four buds each year.
Term

Pruning Ornamental Plants

 

The recommended shape for pruning formal hedges is _______

Definition
an inverted V
Term

Pruning Ornamental Plants

 

What is the primary tool for cutting woody stems that are less than 1 inch in diameter?

Definition
hand pruner
Term

Pruning Ornamental Plants

 

Which type of hydrangea blooms on old wood and is pruned after it flowers?

Definition
Oakleaf
Term

Pruning Ornamental Plants

 

You have a 20 foot lilac on your property that has been neglected for many years and no longer flowers.  What is the best method for pruning this plant?

Definition
Rejuvenate the plant by cutting it to the ground in early spring
Term

Plant Propagation

Chapter 3

 

Name the 3 plant parts that are used in asexual propagation.

Definition

stems

roots

leaves

 

Term

Plant Propagation

 

Hybrid plants are ____?

Definition
More productive than open-pollinated varieties.
Term

Plant Propagation

 

When storing seed, it is important to keep the seed in a _____ and _____ place.

Definition
cool and dry
Term

Plant Propagation

 

The process of breaking, scratching, or softening the seed coat so that water can enter and initiate germinations is called ________?

Definition
scarification
Term

Plant Propagation

 

Seed starting media should not be allowed to do what once germination begins?

Definition

 

dry out

Term

Plant Propagation

 

What is the process used to break dormancy that involves placing seeds in a container with moist perlite and refrigerating it for 10 to 12 weeks?

Definition

Stratification

(mimics winter dormancy)

Term

Plant Propagation

 

Medium size seeds are best sown _______.

Definition

 

in rows

Term

Plant Propagation

When should you transplant seedlings to cell packs or other containers and how should you hold the seedling when transplanting?

Definition

 

Hold by the leaves NOT the stem and transplant when the first true leaves appear.

Term

Plant Propagation

 

How should your harden plants (ie move from indoors to outdoors over a period of 2 weeks)

Definition

1. lower the air/soil temperature

2. decrease relative humidity

3. give less water

Term

Plant Propagation

 

What are stems taken in the fall or early winter when plants are dormant called?

Definition
hardwood
Term

Plant Propagation

 

When are root cuttings usually taken from 2 or 3 year-old plants?

Definition
during the dormant season (late winter/early spring) when they have a large carbohydrate supply
Term

Plant Propagation

 

What is the method of plant propagation that involves bending an attached stem of a parent plant to the ground nd covering part of it with soil to encourage rooting called?

Definition

 

simple layering

Term

Plant Propagation

 

What is the procedure called in which the entire basal plate of a true bulb is removed in order to encourage the formation of offsets?

Definition
scooping
Term

Plant Propagation

 

Crocus and gladiolus are propagated from what?

Definition

 

corms

Term

Plant Propagation

 

How are dahlias best propagated?

Definition

 

by cutting the crown of the tuberous root into pieces so that each contains a shoot bud

Term

Plant Propagation

 

Define scion and how is it involved in grafting.

Definition

The scion is the cultivar or top growth of a shoot or young tree (usually a seedling).

 

The scion is the shoot with dormant buds that is grafted onto a rootstock.

Term

Plant Propagation

 

What 4 conditions are necessary for a successful graft?

Definition

1. the scion and rootstock must be compatible

2. the cambial layers of the scion and rootstock must meet.

3. the graft union must remain moist until the wound has healed.

4. the scion and the rootstock must each be at a proper physiological stage

 

Term

Plant Propagation

 

When is ship or tongue grafting uses?

Definition
for plant material that is 1/4 to 1/2 inch in diameter
Term

Plant Propagation

 

Fern spores that are clustered in small dots or stripes on the undersurfaces of the frond are called ___?

Definition

 

sori

Term

Plant Propagation

 

Orchids and other plants that are difficult to propagate are commonly grown by commercial growers through ____?

Definition
tissue culture
Term
This set of study cards, totally 390, were created from tests given to Penn State Master Gardener Trainees during the Basic Training Session from October 2017 through March 2018.  The information was extracted from the book entitled Penn State Extension Master Gardener Manual copyrighted by The Pennsylvania State University 2016 and is available for purchase through extension.psu.edu or email kfl2@psu.edu; Tel 814-863-0471.
Definition

Penn State Extension Master Gardeners are volunteers that strive to promote sustainable horticultural practices and environmental stewardship in Pennsylvania communities

            WVRS ~ March 2018 ~ the end :)            

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