BOTANY

Nomenclature

Kingdom - Division - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species - Sub species

Mneomic:  King David Came Over For Good Spaghetti Sauce

BOTANY

Classifications of Plants

Natural

Artificial

Classification of Plants

Natural - Classification based on the genetic relationships

Artificial - Classification based on habitat, flower color, growth pattern

Botany

Buds

What are they and where are they located?

Buds are the undeveloped shoots with embryonic leaves or flower parts

Terminal buds - at apex of stem

Lateral buds - born on sides of the stem

Adventitious - arise at other parts like along the internode, the edge of a leaf blade, or at roots

Some buds are food, like a cabbage.

Botany

Define Monocot and Dicot

All plants have a vascular system

Monoctot - Xylem and Phloem are paired in bundles

Dicot -Xylem and Phloem are continuous and form a ring inside the stem. Phloem is an outer ring, xylem is the inner)

Botany

Define staminate and pistillate?

What is dioecious and monecious?

Plants that bear only male flowers are staminate

Plants that bear only female flowers are pistillate

These plants are considered dioecious

If a plant has both parts on one plant it is monecious

Botany

Flower 

What does complete, incomplete, perfect and imperfect mean when describing flowers

If a flower contains pistil, petals, stamens and sepals it is COMPLETE

If a flower is missing any one of those it is INCOMPLETE

If a flower contains functional male and female parts it is PERFECT

If a flower lacks either part it is IMPERFECT

Note:  a petunia is COMPLETE and PERFECT

          a dogwood is incomplete

          a holly is imperfect

Botany

Flower types

If a plant that produces a single flower per stem, the flower is called solitary.

If a plant produces clusters, the flower is called inflorescence.  The arrangements can be various (raceme or spike)

Botany

Fruit

What are the types?

Fruit types are:

Simple - fuits formed from one ovary (like cherry, pear, tomato) including dry (peanut, legume)

Aggregate - single flower with many ovaries  (strawberry, raspberry)

Multiple - single flowers clustered (pinapple)

Botany

Leaf cross section parts and functions

Cutin - waxy, protects hydration

Epidermis - protects leaf tissue and determines leaf texture

Mesophyll - photosynthesis area

Palisade layer

Spongy parenchymas

Stoma/stomata - with guard cells regulates passage of air and water

[image]

Botany

Leaf identification

Shape of blade and type of margin

Simple leaf - blade in a single continuous unit

Compound leaf = several separate leaflets arising from the same petiole

Types of compound = palmate, pinnate

Botany

Leaves

Specialized

Distinct leaves are usually referred to as foliage

Scale leaves - cataphylls - like on rhizomes to protect the buds

Spines/tendrils - help support the plant like peas

Cotyledon - modified leaf on embryonic plant

storage - like on bulbs for food

Bracts - like a showy support (like dogwoods, poinsettias)

Botany

Leaves

Venation (Veins)

Vascular bundle in stem contains xylem and phloem

Extends up the petiole and spreads out to blade

Two types:

Parrallel - like grasses (monocot where veins run base to apex and banana where they run laterally from mid-rib)

Net-veined, intricate network in dicots

Botany

Major parts of the stem and its function

major parts: xylem, phloem, cambium

Xylem and Phloem are vascular, transport food, water and minerals

Xylem from the root to shoot.

Phloem from the roots to leaves and terminal buds.

Cambium is the site of cell division for both of the above

Botany

Name the parts of a flower

Female: 

   Pistil (contains stigma, style, ovary)

Male:

   Stamen (pollen sac, anthers, filaments)

Botany

Name the parts of the seed and what purpose it has

Radicle - develops into the root and root hairs

Hypocotyl - stem of a germinating plant found below the cotyledon leaves and above the radicle (root)

Cotyledon - The embryonic part of the seed that will develop the first leaves (monocots develop one leaf, dicots develop two)

Botany

Nomenclature

Botanist who provided the classification system and identified Genus species format

Carle Linne, Swedish botanist

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus

Botany

Parts of Plants

What are the two groups?

What do they include?

Two groups are

Vegetative

Based on leaves, buds, roots, stems, shoots (used in asexual propagation)

Sexual

Based on flowers, fruits, seeds, flower buds (used in sexual propagation)

Dicots

Botany

Parts of the Stem

Node

Internode

[image]

Botany

Roots

Name the types of roots

Primary

   Originates at lower end of embryonic seedling

Tap root

   Formed when the primary root continues to elongate

Lateral

   Also called secondary it is a side or branch root

Fibrous

   Primary root stops elongating and numerous laterals develop (think clump of grass)

Botany

Roots

Where do they originate

Name the parts

Roots originate from the lower portion of a plant or from a cutting.

Root cap - has three major interior parts:  Meristem (tip), zone of elongation, maturation zone

Root hairs.

Botany

What are the types of stems

Above ground

 includes node/runner, branch/spur and stolon

Below ground

 includes tuber, rhizome, corm, bulb, tuberous begonia

Botany

What is leaf arrangement?

The manner in which leaves are arranged along the stem.

Examples:

Rosulate - basal leaves from a rosette at the base of the stem

Opposit - leaves appear across from each other with 2 leaves at each noce

Alternate or spiral - leaves appear at alternate steps with one leaf at each node

Whorled - more than two leaves arranged in a circle

Botany

Cornus florida 'Cherokee Chief'... the first two words designate what?

Botany

Life cycles of plants

Plants are classified by the number of growing seasons required to complete their life cycle from seed-to germination - to seed production.

Annual - 1 growing season

Perennial - lives for many years (herbaceous or woody)

Biennial - flowers produce seed from the second year

Botany

Name the parts of a leaf

Describe the function of the leaf

Functins of the leaf: to absorb sunlight to manufacture plant sugars - photsynthesis

Parts of the leaf:

Broadleaf = Stem -petiole - blade - midrib[image]

Conifer= Sheath - needles[image]

Botany

Plant Growth

Light intesity influences

Botany

Plant Growth

What wavelength or color of light is better for starting seedlings?

Botany

Plants that have leaves and stems that die back to the ground each winter but produce new shoots from the crown of the plant in spring are called

Botany

Plants which form flowers only when the day length exceeds 12 hours are

Botany

The principle tissue involved in moving water and minerals from the roots to the shoots?

Botany

Types of stems

Botany

Vegetative parts of the plant include:

Botany

What are leaf margins?

The edges of the leaves, useful in plant identification.

Just three examples of many:

Entire - smooth

Crenate - rounded teeth

Parted - incisions almost to mid-rib

Botany

What tissue is the site of cell division?

Botany

What type of venation do monocots exhibit?

Botany

Where is the phloem located inside a mature oak tree?

Botany

Woody Stems

Name the parts

Shoot = young stem with leaves

Twig = stem one year old or less and without leaves

Branch = stem over one year old and has lateral stems

Trunk = main stem

Shrubs = woody perrenials

Vines = plants with long trailing tendrils supported by something else

Cane = tall, perennial grass

Botany
Plant Growth

The process of gradually reducing tor increasing the amount of light that a plant is exposed to is called

Entomology

Metamorphosis

Describe life stages

Insects may do damage to plants at each stage of their life cycle

Egg-Young-Adult=incomplete cycle

Egg-Larvae-Adult=incomplete cycle

Egg-Nymph-Adult=incomplete cycle

Egg-Larvae-Pupa-Adult=complete cycle

Entomology

Name Top 10 Insect Orders of interest to gardeners

Coleoptera

beetles, scarabs

chewing mouth parts

compete metamorphosis

Entomology

What are insect orders and what are some examples.

Incude type of mouth parts and type of metamorphosis

There are many insect orders, but there are 10 major ones that are of interest to gardeners as they can be pests or beneficials:

Coleoptera - beetles/scarabs - sucking - complete

Dermaptera - earwigs - chewing - incomplete

Diptera - flies/mosquitos - sucking/sponging - complete

Hemioptera - stinkbugs/box elder - piercing - incomplete

Homoptera - cicadas/mealybugs/aphids - sucking - incomplete

Hymenoptera - bees/wasps/ants - piercing/sucking - complete

Lepidoptera - butterflies/moths - piercing/sucking - complete

Neuroptera - Lacewings - aquatic - complete

Orthoptera - grasshoppers/crickets -

Thysanoptera - thrips

Entomology

Describe the classification of insects

Kingdom=Animal

Pylum=Arthropoda

Class=Insecta

Order=10 major ones of interest to gardeners

Entomology

Name 10 orders of interest to gardeners

Dermaptera

Earwigs

Chewing mouthparts

Incomplete metamorphosis

Entomology

Name 10 orders of interest to gardeners

Diptera

flies, mosquitos,

sponging, sucking mouthparts

complete metamorphosis

Entomology

Name 10 orders of interest to gardeners

Hemiptera

stinkbugs, box elder

piercing mouth parts

complete metamorphosis

Entomology

Name 10 orders of interest to gardeners

Homoptera

Mealy bugs, cicadas, aphids

incomplete metamorphosis

carry pathogens

Entomology

Name 10 orders of interest to gardeners

Hymenoptera

Bees, wasps, ants

Sucking mouth parts

Complete metamorphosis

Entomology

Name 10 orders of interest to gardeners

Lepidoptera

Butterflies, moths

sucking mouth parts

Complete metamorphosis

Entomology

Name 10 orders of interest to gardeners

Neuroptera

Lacewings

Aquatic

Complete metamorphosis

Above ground:

node/runner = strawberry

branch/spur = fruit tree

stolon = spider plant Chlorophytum comosum

Below Ground:

tuber - dahlias

rhizome - iris

bulb - daffodil

corm - gladiolas

tuberous begonia - begonia, cyclamen

Plant Disease

Define phototoxicity

Plant Disease

Environmental Stress

Plant Disease

How do you recognize symptoms?

Compare to healthy plants in same area

If all are infecdted it may be in soil

Roots may be weak

You may have to cut open a par tof the plant

Plant Disease

If the movement of water up the plant through the xylem or the movement of food produced by the leaves and moving down to the roots is disturbed what can happen, and what are causes?

Plant Disease

The green plant manufactures its food using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. If disease reduces the amount of light reaching a leaf, or if part of the leaf falls off it will fail to perform photosynthesis.  What are some diseases that reduce photosynthesis?

leaf spots,

powdery mildew, anthracnoses, air pollition damage, pesiticde toxicity, twig blights

Plant Disease

What are some ways to manage plant disease?

Regulatory methods - inspections and quarantine

cultural methods - closed season, dry fallow, crop rotation, sanitation,manipulating the environment (increasing humidity, light), improving plant vigor with fertilizers

Resistant Varieties

Biological Controls-introduce another organism known to inhibit the disease

Physical Controls - heat or refrigeration of soils

Chemical Controls

Plant Disease

What are two types of disease?

Living (Biotic):  fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses, mycoplasms, spiroplasms, vascular plants that parasitize other plants

Abiotic (nononcectious: insufficient or excessive moisture, poor soil aeration, excessive salts or over fertilization, nutrient deficiencies, excessive temperatures of light conditions, air pollution

Plant Diseases

What are some indications of plant disease

smaller leaves

fewer leaves

smaller roots

shorter internodes

smaller annual ring width

Plant disease

Factors that influence disease

Pathogen

Host plant

Environment

Timing

All factors interact with each other

Soils and Fertilizers

The soil potting substrate (medium) provides

Soils and Fertilizers

What affects soil structure and how can it be improved?

Soils and Fertilizers

What is a complete fertilizer?

A complete fertilizer contains each of the three major plant nutrients:  Nitrogen, Phosphorus, potassium

10-10-10 or 16-8-8 are complete fertilizers.  0-25-25 or 20-0-10 represent incomplete fertilizers

Soils and Fertilizers

What is fertilizer analysis?

How much of an element is in a formulation based on percentage by weight.  This will not add up to 100% because the nutrients are compounds

Soils and Fertilizers

What is soil pH?

It is the measure of hydrogen (acid-forming) ion activity in the soil

Reading expresses the acidity or alkalinity of the soil

lower number are more acidic

Measured on a logarithmic scale (10 times more)

Neutral pH is 6.5-7-7.5

Major impact on plant is the availability of nutrients to the plant.

Soils and Fertilizers

How is fertilizer analysis expressed?

NPK

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Potassium

N - P2O5 - K2O

Soils and Fertilizers

Name the micronutrients

Iron

Boron

Zinc

Copper

Manganese

Molybdenum

Chlorine

Cobalt

Soils and Fertilizers

Plant Nutrients

Name the macronutrients

Nirogen

Phosphorus

Potassium

Magnesium

Calcium

Sulfur

Soils and Fertilizers

What are physical properties of soil?

Color

Texture

Structure

Internal Drainage

Depth

Susceptibilty to erosion

Soils and Fertilizers

What are plant nutrients and why are they important?

Plants need 17 nutrients for growth

Water, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, SUlfur plus the micronutrients.  Some are mobile and can be moved within the plant to satisfy deficiencies and some are fixed.

Soils and Fertilizers

What are soil layers called and which contains the most organic material?

Most soils have three distinct, principal layers, or horizons. Each of those may have sub-layers  or subhorizons.

At the top is leaf litter, then a mineral horizon, and a subsurface.  The sum of all these layers is called the soil profile

Soils and Fertilizers

What are soil surface classifications in PA?

Generally 5 in PA:

Silty loam

Loam

Silty Clay loam

Sandy loam

Clay loam

Other textural designations include sands and clays

Soils and Fertilizers

What are the components of soil?

Mineral materials

Organic materials

water

Air

Soils and Fertilizers

What dominates Pennsylvania's landscapes?

Soils and Fertilizers

What is soil formed from?

Soils and Fertilizers

What types of soils are in Pennsylvania?

Pennsylvania is dominated by mineral soils although organic soils are in bogs , marshes and swamps.

Sandstone, shale and limestone sedimentary rock is biggest influence

Soils and Fertilizers

describe mineral and organic soils

Mineral soils contain less than 20% organic material

Surface soils contain 1-5%

Organic soils have 30% or more organic material

Peat and Much are organic soil types

Turfgrass management

Benefit of Kentucky Bluegrass

nice green with proper fertizing

makes a dense sod due to rhizome growtTolerant - cold, wear and moderate to drought

Turfgrass management

Turfgrass species used in Pennsylvania:

Cool season - Kentucky bluegrass, rough bluegrass, tall fescue, fine fescue, perennial ryegrass, bentgrasses

warm season - zoysia