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Male Reproduction
Systems, Function and Development
57
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/01/2014

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Term
Where are the testes located in most mammals?
Definition
- outside the abdominal cavity,
- inguinal (groin) region
- within the scrotum
Term
Why would testes be found either inside or outside the body cavity?
Definition
Depends on temperature needs; inside if needed to be warmer; outside if needed to be cooler
- for production of viable sperm
Term
What is the scrotum?
Definition
Cutaneous sac outside body cavity
- holds testes in mammals
- helps regulate temp
Term
True or False: Scrotal circumference has little or no importance for beef cattle
Definition
False, it is important
- predicts fertility
Term
In mammalian males, testes must pass through which opening to be found outside the body cavity? What is called in avian species?
Definition
The inguinal canal; does not occur in avian species
Term
What helps pull the testes out of the body cavity?
Definition
A connective tissue called gubernaculum
Term
When do testes get pulled to the outside of the body cavity in male?
Definition
Process occurs before birth or shortly after
Term
What are the two functions of the gubernaculum?
Definition
1) pull testes through inguinal wall
2) attach testes to the inside of the scrotum
Term
What is the outcome of the testes having NOT "dropped" to the outside of the body cavity?
Definition
There are economical effects, as the animal becomes sterile (sperm are too warm)
- plus, testes can still produce testosterone and compounds responsible for beef taint, uh-oh
Term
True or False: Animals with undescended testes have no value in breeding
Definition
True dat
Term
What is the function of the cremaster muscle?
Definition
Passes through inguinal ring; attaches to scrotum
- adjusts position of testes relative to the body
Term
How does the cremaster muscle perform, different, based on temperature?
Definition
Warmer: relaxes; allows testes to hang down and cool; ensures sperm viability
Cooler: pulls testes up against body wall; keeps them warm
Term
The production of spermatozoa (short form: sperm) is called:
Definition
Spermatogensis
Term
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Definition
In seminiferous tubules
Term
What are the roles of the testes?
Definition
1) Spermatogenesis
2) Testosterone production
Term
In which cells does testosterone production take place? Where are these located?
Definition
Institial cells, located b/w seminiferous tubules
Term
What are the functions of testosterone (also called androgens) on the body?
Definition
- male secondary sex characteristics
- libido (LIH-bih-do lmfao)
- anabolic effect (enhanced muscle+bone development
Term
Regarding testosterone-based implants, which of the following traits are good or bad (both)?
a) increased carcass weight and marbling
b) increased speed of bone development (converting cartilage into bone)
c) increased gains and feed conversion
d) decreased in fat deposition
Definition
a) good
b) bad
c) good
d) good and bad (b/c lower subcutaneous fat is good, but lower marbling is bad)
Term
What is the function of the spermatic cord?
Definition
- Suspends each testis in the scrotum
- links testes with the rest of the body
- (includes blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and vas deferens
Term
True or false: Sperm must mature before fertilizing an egg
Definition
True
Term
What are the seminiferous tubules attached to at both ends?
Definition
Rete testis
Term
What is the function of the tunica albuginea, and of what is it composed?
Definition
Protects and supports soft contents of the testis
- fibrous capsule of connective tissue (surround seminiferous tubules)
Term
What is the function of the rete testis, and of what is it composed?
Definition
Collects immature sperm from seminiferous tubules
-
Term
True or False: Sperm travel though a number of efferent ducts to the epidydimis
Definition
True
Term
Describe the epidydimis
Definition
- composed of a long, convoluted tube
- connects efferent ducts of the testis with the vas deferens
- 3 sections: head, body, and tail
- located in sperm
Term
Where in the epidydmis do sperm mature?
Definition
The head and body
Term
Spermatozoa are mature once they reach the ____, and are stored in the ______prior to ejaculation.
Definition
Tail of the epidydimis;
tail of the epidydimis
Term
Spermatozoa must be transported from the _____ to the _____ for ejaculation.
Definition
Scrotum/tail of epidydimis;
urethra
Term
The vas deferens joins which two structures?
Definition
the tail of the epidydimis, and connects to the urethra
Term
This structure is a muscular tube that propels sperm via peristalsis from the epidydimis to the urethra during ejaculation
Definition
The vas deferens or ductus deferens (via smooth muscle contractions)
Term
The location where the vas deferens enlarges before joining the urethra is called:
Definition
the ampulla
Term
Describe the journey or sperm
Definition
1) produced in seminiferous tubules
2) rete testis
3) efferent ducts
4) epidydimis
5) vas deferens
6) urethra
Term
What are two accessory reproductive organs covered in class, and what do they do?
Definition
1) Seminal Vesicles
- enters urethra in same area as vas deferens
- contributes fluid to semen

2) Prostate gland
- surrounds urethra
- contributes fluid to semen
Term
What are the functions of the urethra?
Definition
1) carry urine mostly
2) pump semen (urine blocked during this)
Term
True or False: Semen is, for the most part, made of sperm
Definition
False, sperm contribute only a small amount to semen
Term
True or False: Seminal fluid is alkaline, and contains electrolytes, fructose, and prostaglandins
Definition
True; combats acidity in Female reprod. tract
- fructose to serve as energy source
- prostaglandins to stimulate female reprod. system to help move sperm up to the oviduct
Term
Of what is the penis composed?
Definition
Muscle, erectile tissue, and connective tissue
- urethra running down the centre
Term
What are the three parts of the penis?
Definition
Roots, Body, Glans
Term
Describe the roots of the penis
Definition
Attaches penis to brim of pelvis
- incl. 2 bands of connective tissue, covered by ischiocavernosus muscles (connected to ischium)
Term
True or False: Bull beef is known to have better quality than steer beef
Definition
False, steer beef is better
Term
Explain the involvement of the ischiocavernosus muscles during slaughter
Definition
- trimmed during dressing of the carcass
- called the pizzle eye when trimmed, and can be used to ID bull or steer
Term
True or False: The pizzle eye (or jump/erector muscle) is poorly developed if the carcass is a steer
Definition
True; Large and dark if bull
Term
True or False: In an erect penis, blood in-flow equals out-flow
Definition
False; inflow exceeds outflow
(true in non-erect penis)
Term
The _____ is made up of a network of fibrous connective tissue and blood-filled spaces/sinuses
Definition
Penis (tee hee)
Term
What happens during the erection of a penis?
Definition
- sinuses engorge with blood and try to enlarge
- extent is ltd b/c of CT (causes just enough hydrostatic pressure for erection)
Term
Which end of the penis is described as the free end that has rich supply of sensory nerve endings?
Definition
the glans
Term
True or False: horses and cows have the same size glans
Definition
False, that of a horse is much bigger, with more erectile tissue
Term
Explain the shape of penises in rams, bulls, and boars
Definition
- bent into S shape (Sigmoid Flexure)
- penis does not enlarge during erection
- penis straightens out (extends) during erection
- ischiocavernosus muscles act to compress outflow veins, reducing outflow (like a tourniquet)
- simultaneously, arterial blood volume expands vascular tissue
- arteries dilate increasing blood flow to penis (stim'd by nervous system)
Term
This helps to straighten the the sigmoid flexure during erection, and pull penis back into an S shape
Definition
The retractor muscle
Term
The bulbourethral Glands, or Cowpers glands, are the source of ______ in what animal?
Definition
Male pheromone (hormone passed from animal to animal) in boars
Term
The _____ (name of pheromone) released from a boar's _____ (name of gland) are used to do what?
Definition
Androstenone;
Bulbourethral gland;
attract sows to mate
Term
This gland secretes a fluid that lubricates the urethra before ejaculation
Definition
Cowper's Gland, aka Bulbourethral Gland
Term
When testes don't pass thru the inguinal canal, they are called _____
Definition
Cryptorchids (Ridgelings in pigs)
Term
True or False: To be considered a cryptorchid, both testicles must be withheld in the body cavity
Definition
False, may be just one
Term
A ridgeling is infertile, though may still produce_____.
Definition
boar taint
Term
Why might castration of boars be banned or looked down upon, even with an abundance of boar taint?
Definition
Castration might not be considered animal welfare friendly
- boar taint is the norm in some parts of the world
Term
What can be done to avoid stress of castration in boars, AND avoid board taint?
Definition
Use immunocastration (e.g. Improvac)
- (now approved in US and CAN)
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