Term
| The immune system is a collection of organs and tissues that __________ the human body against disease by... |
|
Definition
protects
identifying and killing pathogens |
|
|
Term
| The immune system consists of _________ and _________ lymphoid organs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary lymphoid organs |
|
Definition
lymph nodes
tonsils
spleen
groups of lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (ex: Peyer's patch) |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of lymphoid tissue |
|
Definition
individual lymphocytes
lymphoid tissue
lymphoid organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diffuse lymphoid tissue
lymphoid nodules (follicles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lymph nodes
tonsils
spleen
thymus |
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|
Term
| Lymph nodules contain ___ cells, and are therefore NOT in the ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes are born in the ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medullary sinuses in the bone marrow drain into the _________ ________ vein and exit via the ___________ vein. |
|
Definition
| central longitudinal; nutrient |
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|
Term
| B cells become ______________ in the bone marrow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develops an immune response after antigenic exposure |
|
|
Term
| B lymphocytes are responsible for __________ immune response, which is dependent on ________ __________. |
|
Definition
| humoral; antibody formation |
|
|
Term
| Activated B lymphocytes become ________ _______ or __ ________ _______. |
|
Definition
| plasma cells or B memory cells |
|
|
Term
| The activated B lymphocytes secrete ______________ that bind to the surface of ___________ or ___________. |
|
Definition
| immunoglobulins (Ig); pathogens or viruses |
|
|
Term
| ___ cells migrate to the cortex of the thymus to become immunocompetent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T cells are responsible for... |
|
Definition
| cell-mediated immune response |
|
|
Term
| In peripheral blood, __% of lymphocytes are T cells and __% are B cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are more ___ cells than ___ cells in peripheral blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In bone marrow, __% of lymphocytes are T cells and __% are B cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are more ___ cells than ___ cells in bone marrow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the thymus, __% of lymphocytes are T cells and __% are B cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are there B cells in the thymus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ lymphoid tissue is not sharply delineated and has no special organization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is diffuse lymphoid tissue found? |
|
Definition
| lamina propria of the GI and respiratory tracts |
|
|
Term
| Diffuse lymphoid tissue is composed of... |
|
Definition
1. macrophages
2. lymphocytes and reticular cells
3. reticular stroma (reticular fibers which are type III collagen) |
|
|
Term
| What provides structure for lymphoid tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphoid nodules (follicles) can be in dense __________ or as individual ______ ________ _______ of cells, primarily ___ lymphocytes. |
|
Definition
| aggregations; solitary spherical masses; B lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Primary lymphoid nodules lack... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ lymphoid nodules consist of densely packed lymphocytes, primarily ___ lymphocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B lymphocytes in a primary lymphoid nodule differentiate into _______ cells after stimulation by an _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ________ lymphoid nodule contains a germinal center which stains ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The secondary lymphoid nodule forms in response to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A secondary lymphoid nodule contains _____________ and ______________. |
|
Definition
| lymphoblasts and proliferating B cells |
|
|
Term
| The human body has approximately ___ lymph nodes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only lymph nodes in the ____________, _________, or ___________ regions may normally be palpable in healthy people. |
|
Definition
| submandibular, axillary, inguinal |
|
|
Term
| Lymph nodes are found most predominately in the _____, ______, ______, and along major vessels including the ______ and ______ vessels. |
|
Definition
neck, axilla, groin
aorta; iliac vessels |
|
|
Term
| Lymph nodes are ovoid or kidney-shaped and are ____________ lymphoid organs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymph flows through _________ __________ and becomes ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All lymph is filtered at least ______ prior to returning to circulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is the region of the lymph node where blood vessels enter and leave and the efferent lymphatic vessels exit. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What surrounds lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
| capsule of dense irregular connective tissue with a subcapsular sinus found deep which receives afferent lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
| In a lymph node, _______ project from the capsule into the ______________ of the node. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What holds the cells in place in a lymph node? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymph nodes have a distinct ______ and ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Numerous lymphoid __________ are present in a lymph node. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cortex of a lymph node has an outer dense mass of _________ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The outer cortex of a lymph node contains... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The inner cortex of a lymph node contains... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the ___________, CD4+ helper T cells interact with B cells to induce their proliferation and differentiation. |
|
Definition
| inner cortex of a lymph node |
|
|
Term
| The _______ of a lymph node lies central to the cortex and extends to the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The medulla of a lymph node is composed of... |
|
Definition
medullary cords
reticular fibers
medullary sinuses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branching partitions of reticular tissue from the inner cortex of a lymph node |
|
|
Term
| Medullary cords contain... |
|
Definition
B cells
macrophages
plasma cells |
|
|
Term
| _________ B cells migrate from the cortex as ___________ cells, then enter the medullary sinuses to secrete ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The medullary sinuses transport _______ through the lymph node. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The medullary sinuses are line by _____________ cells surrounded by _________ cells and ___________. |
|
Definition
| endothelial; reticular; macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. afferent lymphatic vessels drain into subcapsular sinuses
2. paratrabecular (cortical) sinuses extend radially from subcapsular sinuses through cortex
3. paratrabecular sinuses drain into medullary sinuses
4. medullary sinuses converge at hilum and form efferent lymphatic vessel |
|
|
Term
| Lymph vessels have _______ and are very similar to ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood enters the lymph noded at the ______ via.... |
|
Definition
| hilum, via 1 or 2 small arterioles |
|
|
Term
| The small arterioles that enter the lymph node divide into __________ branches which further ramify into a capillary network corresponding to the __________ _________ _________ and ______ _______. |
|
Definition
medullary
cortical lymphoid nodules; deep cortex |
|
|
Term
| Tonsils are ______, _________, and _________. |
|
Definition
| palatine, pharyngeal, lingual |
|
|
Term
| The tonsils consist of encapsulated groups of lymphoid ________ that are ________ to entrance into the oropharynx of foreign bodies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The two palatine tonsils are found between the... |
|
Definition
| oral cavity and oropharynx |
|
|
Term
| The palatine tonsil is surrounded by a _______ that is covered by a ________ __________ __________ _________. |
|
Definition
| capsule; stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium |
|
|
Term
| The pharyngeal tonsil if found on the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the pharyngel tonsil is inflamed, it is termed _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pharyngeal tonsil is covered by a __________ __________ ___________ __________. |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PCCE) |
|
|
Term
| The lingual tonsil is found on... |
|
Definition
| dorsal posterior surface of tongue |
|
|
Term
| The lingual tonsil is covered by a _____ _________ _______ _______. |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium |
|
|
Term
| The lingual tonsil has numerous _____ and a single ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each of the tonsils have numerous ___________ __________ within their _________. |
|
Definition
| lymphoid nodules; parenchyma |
|
|
Term
| What is the first lymphoid organ to develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the thymus most active? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thymus reaches its greatest weight during _______ and subsequently begins to __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thymus produces ___ cells from ______ _______ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thymus has only _________ lymphatic vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many lobes does the thymus have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lobes of the thymus are divided into many incomplete ___________ by connective tissue trabeculae from the capsule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each lobule in the thymus is composed of a _______ and a _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cortex and medulla of the thymus contain primarily __ cells, but in very different proportions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for developing T cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maturing T cells move toward the ______, enter ____ ______, and migrate to __________ ________ ________. They reside there as ______ T cells. |
|
Definition
medulla; blood vessels; non-thymic lymphoid structures
mature |
|
|
Term
| The blood-thymus barrier is present only in the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thymic epithelial cells, joined by ____________, surround capillaries in the thymus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ______ _______ lines the epithelial cells and endothelial cells of the capillaries in the thymus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for thymic bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are Hassall's bodies (thymic bodies) found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hassall's bodies are composed of... |
|
Definition
| circularly-arranged epithelial reticular cells |
|
|
Term
| Thymic bodies become filled with ______ and may _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ and ______ of thymic bodies increase with age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ of the thymus is a normal aging process. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The involution process involves... |
|
Definition
| a loss of cortical T lymphocytes and epithelial reticular cells which are replaced by adipose cells |
|
|
Term
| ________ is common in all lymphoid tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thymus receives blood from... |
|
Definition
| branches of the internal thoracic and inferior thyroid arteries |
|
|
Term
| The vessels that supply the thymus enter via ___________ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the __________ _________, the vessels supplying the thymus give rise to small radially arranged arterioles and capillary loops to supply the cortex and the medulla. |
|
Definition
| corticomedullary junction |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of the spleen? |
|
Definition
| to fight infection and control fluid balance |
|
|
Term
| What does the spleen also assist in? |
|
Definition
| controlling the level of blood in your body by destroying and removing old and damaged cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest lymphoid organ in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the spleen located? |
|
Definition
| upper left quadrant of the abdomen |
|
|
Term
| The spleen is a complex _______ of circulating blood as it removes marticulate matter and aged and damaged ____________ from the blood. |
|
Definition
| filter; erythrocytes (RBCs) |
|
|
Term
| The spleen is surrounded by a _______ that sends _______ into the substance of the spleen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ is found at the concave region of the spleen where arteries and nerves enter and veins and lymphatic vessels leave. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is no _____ or ______ in the spleen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ pulp consists of vascular sinuses and thin plates of cells termed the splenic cords. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for splenic cords? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ pulp consists of tightly packed lymphocytes and lymphoid nodules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are no vessels in the lymph nodules of lymph nodes--only in lymph nodules of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ ______ separates white pulp from red pulp in the spleen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The marginal zone contains... |
|
Definition
plasma cells
T and B lymphocytes
macrophages
antigen-presenting cells (APCs) |
|
|
Term
| _______ in the marginal zone of the spleen surround the lymphoid nodules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The white pulp of the spleen contains... |
|
Definition
central artery/arteriole
periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS)
corona of B cells and APCs
germinal center |
|
|
Term
| The red pulp of the spleen contains... |
|
Definition
penicillar arterioles
macrophage-sheathed capillaries
splenic sinusoids
reticular cells that form stroma of splenic cords
cells of circulating blood |
|
|
Term
| Branches of the splenic artery enter the ___________ and become _________ arteries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The trabecular arteries become... |
|
Definition
| central arteries/arterioles |
|
|
Term
| The central arteries become surrounded by ___ ______ that form the ________ _________ ______. |
|
Definition
| T cells; periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood from the marginal sinus and central arteriole flows to the penicillar arterioles which end in a capillary network surrounded by macrophages called the macrophage-sheathed capillaries |
|
|
Term
| The sheathed capillaries in the spleen drain into the ____ _______ or into the ___ _____. |
|
Definition
| splenic sinusoid; red pulp |
|
|
Term
| In closed circulation, the endothelial lining of the terminal capillaries in the spleen is continuous with the ________ ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In open circulation, the capillaries terminate prior to reaching ________, thus blood flows through the ___ ____ into the _______. |
|
Definition
| sinusoids; red pulp; sinuses |
|
|
Term
| In the combination theory of splenic blood flow, some vessels would connect directly to the ___________, while others would terminate as open channels in the ____ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which theory of splenic blood flow is the accepted theory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Splenic sinusoids have a unique ________ and _______ _______. |
|
Definition
| endothelium; basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| Endothelial cells of splenic sinusoids are ______ and separated by ________ ______. |
|
Definition
| elongate; slit-like spaces |
|
|
Term
| What disorder causes problems because of the structure of the splenic sinusoid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood flows from the splenic sinusoids to ____ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulp veins drain into ____ _____ which ultimately form the _____ vein. |
|
Definition
| trabecular veins; splenic |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following lymphoid organs has a capsule: thymus, lymph node, spleen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following lymphoid organs have lymphoid nodules: thymus, lymph node, spleen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the lymphoid nodules located in the lymph node? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the lymphoid nodules located in the spleen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following lymphoid organs has both afferent and efferent lymph vessels: thymus, lymph node, spleen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thymus and spleen have only _______ lymph vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following lymphoid organs have a cortex and medulla: thymus, lymph node, spleen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main product of the thymus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main product of the lymph node? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main product of the spleen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following lymphoid organs has an epithelial component: thymus, lymph node, spleen? |
|
Definition
| thymus (ERC, thymic bodies) |
|
|
