Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Lymphatic, bone, respiratory and respiratory.
Nursing
64
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/08/2014

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Describe the operation of AV valves?
Definition
- When AV valves are open their cusps project into the ventricle.
-When ventricles are relaxed chordae tendineae and papillary are slacked.
-When ventricles contract blood pressure drives the cusps closed the papillary muscles pull on the chordae tendineae.
Term
Describe the operation of semi lunar valves?
Definition
-Semi lunars are open when pressure in the ventricles exceed artery pressure,permitting ejection through valves.
-Semi lunars close when ventricles relax and backflow begins.
Term
Describe the events of cardiac cell contraction
Definition
-Rapid depol- Na channels open allowing Na influx
-Ca enters from the outside into the sarcolema. Ca bonds to tropinin which in turn causes cross binding that leads to sliding filament.
-Sliding filament produces muscles contraction.
-Ca open K channels close K channels become impermeable.
-Repol occurs when channels open K diffuses out and Ca channels close. Rmp restores but Na and K switched.
-Refactory allows for K and Na to switch sides.
Term
What does the PWQE represent?
Definition
Atrial depol
Term
What does QRS represent?
Definition
Rapid ventricular depol.
Term
What does the T wave represent?
Definition
Ventricular repol
Term
What does the S-T segment represent?
Definition
Ventricular contractile fibres depol.
Term
What does the P-Q interval represent?
Definition
From beginning of atria excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation.
Term
What does Q-T represent?
Definition
Beginning of ventricular depol to end of ventricular repol.
Term
Describe the cardiac cycle diastole?
Definition
-Both atria and ventricles are relaxed
-Av's open
-Sa node conducts atria contraction
-Atria's blood empty into ventricles.
-Semi lunars close to prevent backflow.
Term
Describe the cardiac cycle systole?
Definition
-Ventricles contract pumping blood through semilunar
-Ventricles contract
-Atrioventricular close and semi lunar valves open.
Term
What does the conducting zone include?
Definition
-brings air to external resp
-nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea bronchi and lungs
Term
What does the respiratory zone include?
Definition
-main site of gas exchange
-resp bronchioles, alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and alveoli.
Term
Describe when inhalation occurs in relation to pressure.
Definition
- Air pressure in lungs is equal to atmospheric before inhalation.
-The pressure inside the alveoli must be lover than atmospheric for air to enter lungs.
-This is achieved by increasing lunch size which occurs with diaphragm contraction.
Term
Describe when exhalation occurs in relation to pressure.
Definition
-When pressure in the lungs is higher than atmospheric exhalation occurs.
-This is mostly passive only aided by the recoil of lung tissues.
-Exhalation occurs when the diaphragm is relaxed causing alveolar pressure to increase.
Term
What happens to alveolar pressure during exhalation and inhalation?
Definition
-During exhalation pressure increases
-During inhalation pressure decreases
Term
What is the role of surfactant?
Definition
-Reduces surface tension allowing the lungs to expand and recoil to occur allowing alveoli diameter to shrink.
Term
Describe lung compliance
Definition
-Lung compliance refers to how much pressure is needed to make lungs expand.
-High compliance means that expand easily.
Term
What is tidal volume?
Definition
500 ML
volume of one breath inspired during normal breathing
Term
What is IRV?
Definition
Inhaled during deep breath. 3100 ML
Term
What is ERV?
Definition
Inhale normal exhale forcibly. 1200 ML
Term
What is Residual volume?
Definition
Volume always left in lungs.
Term
What is vital capacity?
Definition
4800ML
ERV+vt+IRV
All that can be max inhaled.
Term
Describe the partial pressures of gases along the airway exchange.
Definition
Atmosphere- PO2 159, PCO2 0.3
Alveolar- PO2 105, PC02 40
Oxygenated blood- PO2 100, C=40
Tissues- PO2 40, C=45
Deoxygenated blood- PO2= 40,PCO2 45
Term
Describe the process of gas exchange at the lungs and tissues
Definition
-Oxygen diffuses into the blood at 1.5 ad 98.5 binds to Hb and is brought to the left atrium and to tissue cells.
-Oxygen diffuses into tissues tissues cells and Co2 binds to Hb goes to the right atrium to the lungs and is exhaled.
-C02 also becomes HCO3- and
Term
Describe the process of gas exchange at the lungs and tissues
Definition
-Oxygen diffuses into the blood at 1.5 ad 98.5 binds to Hb and is brought to the left atrium and to tissue cells.
-Oxygen diffuses into tissues tissues cells and Co2 binds to Hb goes to the right atrium to the lungs and is exhaled.
-C02 also becomes HCO3- and
Term
What two methods can O use to diffuse?
Definition
-diffuse into plasma
-bind to Hb
Term
Explain the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
Definition
Acidity- as ph decreases the affinity for 02 decrease, O2 dissociates more readily from Hb, bc CO2 bind
Temperature- As temp increases so does the amount of O2 released from Hb
BPG- Helps unload O2 from Hb
Term
Describe the three methods by which CO2 is transported?
Definition
Dissolved CO2- 7% of CO2 is dissolved in plasma. Upon reaching the lungs it is exhaled.
Carbamino compounds- 23% of CO2 combines with amino groups in blood and forms carbamino compounds. CO2 binds greaty to Hb.
-Bicarbonate ions- 70% of CO2 is transported as HCO3-. CO2 reacts with water and becomes bicarbonate.
Term
Name the cranial bones
Definition
Occipital, parietal (2),temporal (2), ethmoid, frontal which are held together by the sphenoid.
Term
Name the facial bones
Definition
Mandible, maxilla(2), vomer, nasal bones(2), zygomatic(2), lacrimal (20, palatine (2), and conchae (2).
Term
What do skull bones allow for?
Definition
Attachment for muscles, produce facial expressions, support facial entrances.
Term
Name and describe the bones of the thoracic cage
Definition
Sternum, ribs, costal cartilages.
Sternum-manubrium, body and xiphoid.
Costal cartilages are bars of hyaline connecting ribs to the sternum.
Ribs- Top 7 true,bottom 5 false,last two floating.
Term
What are the bones of the pectoral girdle ?
Definition
scapula and clavicle.
Term
What is the intertubercular grove?
Definition
attachment for the bicep.
Term
What does the interosseus attach?
Definition
The ulna and radius.
Term
What bones form the os coxae?
Definition
Pubis, ischium and illium.
Term
The differences the male pelvis has from female?
Definition
Male is larger, heavier, more narrow, smaller inlet, pubic arch angle of greater than 90 degrees.
Term
Describe long bones
Definition
Longer than wide, curved for weight bearing.
Term
Describe flat bones
Definition
thin, two parallel compact bone plates enclosing spongy bone.
Term
Yellow bone marrow describe
Definition
fat storage in the diaphysis
Term
Red bone marrow describe
Definition
produces rbc's, epiphysis
Term
Describe articular cartilage
Definition
Covers ends of bone where to bones form a joint.
Term
Describe periosteum
Definition
outer covering of bones.
Term
Describe endosteum
Definition
Thin layer of CT line surface of bone tissue
Term
Describe compact bone
Definition
Good at providing protection and support.
Forms diaphysis and external of all bones.
Term
Describe spongy bone
Definition
Lightweight, provides tissue support
Forms epiphysis and internal of all bones.
Term
What do chondrocytes form?
Definition
Cartilage
Term
Describe bone fracture repair
Definition
-6-8 Hematoma forms
- weeks to months formation of calus, phagocytes remove debris and fibroblasts build spongy tissue
-After a while sponge turns to compact but fracture evidence since present.
Term
What are the structural classification of joints
Definition
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Fibrous
Term
Describe fibrous joints
Definition
Lack cartilage and synovial cavity, suture bones
Term
Describe synovial joints
Definition
Ligaments hold bones together
Term
Describe cartilaginous joints
Definition
Cartilage between bones, inter-vertebral disks
Term
What three things stabilize a synovial joint?
Definition
Ligaments number, muscle tone and articular surface affect stabilization.
Term
Describe flexion, extension, hypoextension, rotation, abduction, adduction, circumduction, dorsiflex, plantar flex, inversion, eversion.
Definition
flexion-reduce angle
extension- increase angle hypoextension- over exert angle
rotation-movement around axis
abduction-movement away
adduction-movement towards circumduction- combo
dorsiflex-stand on heals
plantar flex-pointing toes
inversion-turning medially
eversion- turning laterally
Term
Name and provide examples of six types of synovial based on movements allowed
Definition
Planar-side to side
Hinge-open and close
Pivot- rotate, head
Condyloid- movement around axis, finger
Saddle joint- expanded condyloid
Ball and socket- all movements
Term
Describe lymphocytes
Definition
from red bone marrow and mature into immunocompetent cells and b cells
Term
What does a macrophage do
Definition
Protect body and activate t cells
Term
Dendritic cells describe
Definition
Found in lymphoid tissue also plays role in t cell activation
Term
Reticular cell function
Definition
produce stroma which is the network that supports the cell types in lymph
Term
What does the spleen do?
Definition
Largest lymph organ, remove old/deffective RBC, platelets, and foreign matter
Term
Thymus function
Definition
Secrete hormones that cause t cell to become immunocompetent.Made of thymic loubles containing outer cortex and inner medulla.
Term
Tonsil function
Definition
Remove pathogens inhaled or eaten. Made of lymph tissue.
Term
Cluster of lymph follicle function
Definition
Found in the wall of the SI and appendix
Supporting users have an ad free experience!