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| Components of the Lymphatic System |
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Definition
| Lymphatic organs, lymphatic vessels, and lymph |
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| Purpose of lymphatic system |
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Definition
| much of the immune response takes place here. The lymphatic system also collects excess interstitial fluid and returns this fluid to the bloodstream. In addition it delivers dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins (A,D,E, and K) absorbed from the small intestine to the bloodstream. |
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| the fluid found within lymphatic vessels, is formed from blood plasma. As blood flows through blood capillaries, hydrostatic and osmotic pressures filter more plasma out of the blood capillary and into the interstitial spaces than is drawn back inside. |
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Definition
| the excess fluid in the interstitial space (between blood capillaries and tissues) |
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| What the interstitial fluid enters from blood capillaries. They lie near blood capillaries and are closed at one end. |
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Definition
| The interstitial fluid in the lymphatic capillaries is called this. Note that ISF and this fluid are made of the same components. They are just in different locations |
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Definition
| take lymph toward the neck region. Lymphatic vessels follow the pathway of veins in the body and also have a similar structure, but they have thinner walls and have more valves than veins. |
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| lymphatic vessels flow into a series or chain of lymph nodes where lymph is filtered. Within a body region, the lymph vessels exiting the last lymph nodes in each chain of nodes merge to form _____ |
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Definition
| left lymphatic duct. Drains majority of body. The long thoracic ducct begins at the cysterna chyli and continues superiorly to drain the lymph from the legs, abdomen, left arm, and left side of the thorax, neck, and head into the left subclavian vein. |
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Definition
| right side lymphatic duct. The lesser and very short duct that drains lymph from the right arm via the right jugular trunk and right side of the thorax, neck, and head via the right subclavian trunk. Each duct enters the subclavian vein at its juncture with an internal jugular vein to drain lymph into venous blood. |
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Definition
| In the abdominal area, lymph trunks merge to form a sac-like reservoir called the __________. |
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Definition
| surrounded by a capsule and include the thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen. |
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Definition
| Are not surrounded by a capsule and are called lymphatic nodules. |
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Term
| Primary lymphatic locations |
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Definition
| contain stem cells that produce lymphocytes and are the site where these lymphocytes become immunocompetent (recognize and mount immune system response). The two primary lymphatic organs are the red bone marrow and the thymus. The thymus which is located in the mediastinum just superior to the heart, is much larger in children and decreases considerably in size as they get older. |
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Term
| Secondary Lymphatic organs and tissues |
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Definition
| sites for defense against invading agents and cancer cells and include the lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules (follicles). Lymph nodes are named for their location in the body. |
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Term
| muscosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) |
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Definition
| single lymphatic nodules located in the connective tissue of mucous membranes of the gastrointenstinal respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts are called _____. Aggregatrions of large nodules (follicles) include Peyer's patches in the small intestine, lymphoid follicles in the appendix, five tonsils (one pharyngeal tonsil and paired palatine and lingual tonsils), and tract. The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the posterior nasopharynx, while the palatine tonsils are in the posterior portion of the oral cavity. The lingual tonsils are located under the tongue. All of these nodules protect the body from foreign substances that are ingested, inhaled, or otehrwise enter body openings. |
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Definition
| are bean-shaped structures that filter lymph and are usually found in groups. Clusters of these nodes are generally found in different body regions (i.e. the cervical, axillary, and inguinal areas) and are named for their location. Each node has a capsule with extensions called trabeculae that compartmentalize the ndoe |
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Definition
| Each node has a ____ with extensions called ____ that compartmentalize the node. |
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Term
| What are nodes composed of? |
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Definition
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Definition
| The nodes are composed of reticular tissue, with reticular fibers forming the net-like support for reticulocytes (specialized fibroblasts). |
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Term
| Two main regions of lymph nodes |
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Definition
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Definition
| There are many lighter colored oval _____ in the outer cortex that contains many immune system cells. |
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Term
| Progression of lymph through lymph node |
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Definition
| Lymph enters each node via many afferent vessels and travels through the following spaces, subcapsular sinus, trabecular sinuses, and medullary sinuses, and exits the node via fewer efferent vesseles. |
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Definition
| The ____ is the indented area of the node where the efferent vessels leave the node. This design causes the lymph to move slowly through the lymph nodes, allowing time for immune system cells to attack pathogens, cancer cells, and foreign molecules. Enlarged lymph nodes could be caused by, but not limited to, infection, cancer, or scarring from a chronic lesion. |
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Definition
| The main purpose of the thymus gland is to support and stimulate immature T lymphoyctes (T cells) that migrate to this gland from their origin in red bone marrow. With the help of thymic hormones, thymosin and others, T cells go through a maturation process in the thymus that 'educates' them to recognize and enable an immune response against microbes and foreign molecules that do not belong to your body. |
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Term
| What are B lymphocytes responsible for? |
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Definition
| antibody mediated immunity (antibodies). When stimulated and activated by specific antigens, _________, transform into a specialized group of cloned plasma cells that make antibodies against foreign intruders. This type of immune response is called antibody-mediated immunity. |
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| What are T lymphocytes responsible for? |
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Definition
| Responsible for cell mediated immunity |
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Definition
| Caused by a parasite called Filariasis which 'clogs' the lymphatic vessels and excessive fluid cannot be drained. This results in lymphedema or swelling. Can be treated by anti-parasitic meds |
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Definition
| The largest lymphatic organ, the ____,filters blood of foreign organisms and particles, eliminates aged erythrocytes, and is blood reservoir for platelets. The ____ is the main organ that filters blood, similar to the lymph nodes being the main organs that filter the lymph. This is a highly vascular organ. |
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| Splenic Vein and efferent lymphatic vessels |
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Definition
| exit the spleen at the hilus |
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Definition
| The spleen is an encapsulated organ with extensions of the capsule forming _____ |
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Definition
| resembles nodules with many lymphocytes and macrophages and appears dark purple when stained. Both B and T lymphocytes carry out immune functions here, and macrophages engulf any aged blood cells, foreign material, or debris. |
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Definition
| stores platelets and contains reticular fibers that cannot be seen at this magnification. It stains a lighter color because its many red blood cells are anucleate. Many macrophages can also be found here to phagocytize foreign substances in the blood. |
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Term
| Cells that are involved in the body defense |
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Definition
| T cells (lymphocytes), B cells (lymphocytes), and macrophages. |
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Term
| antibody-mediated immunity |
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Definition
| B cells, transform into a specialized group of cloned plasma cells that make antibodies against foreign intruders. This type of immune response is called __________. |
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Definition
| B cells also make ______ that will become active if the same antigen is introduced into your body. |
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| T cells are involved in ____________by bringing into play three types of T cells. When stimulated by specific antigens, helper T cells clone and activate both cytotoxic T cells and Be cells. |
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Definition
| ________clone directly attack foreign cells with toxic chemicals that destroy them. After B and T cells either destroy or render foreign cells and molecules inactive. |
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Definition
| _______phagocytize and clean up the fallout material. Memory T cells are also produced to become activated later on. |
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Definition
| An ____ is a substance that is able to produce an immune response and will react with a specific antibody. |
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Definition
| _______are plasma proteins that combine with a specific antigen to inhibit or destroy it. |
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Term
| ABO system (Blood Typing) |
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Definition
| there are two types of antigens (A and B) that can be present as surface membrane molecules on RBCs. If the plasma membrane of your RBCs have only the A antigen present, you have type A blood; correspondingly, if you have only B antigen present you have type B blood. If you have both antigens, A and B both present, you have type AB blood and if you do not have either antigen you have type O blood. |
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Definition
| ABO antibodies appear in babies' blood a few months after birth. If you have type A blood, you do not have its corresponding anti-A antibody. If the two are mixed, they will form a detrimental antigen-antibody complex and cause clumping. People with type A blood have anti-B antibodies that will become cross-linked and ____(clump) if type B blood is given to them. ABO antibodies do not cross the placenta because they are to big. |
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Term
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Definition
| the _________ is different from the ABO system, but has some similarities. If you have the Rh antigen as a surface membrane molecule on your RBCs, you are RH+. If you do not have the Rh antigen, you are Rh-. An Rh- person does not spontaneously develop the anti-Rh antibody and does not obtain this antibody until the person is exposed to the Rh antigen from Rh+ blood. This can happen through blood transfusions, or by an Rh- mother carrying an Rh+ child. During delivery, the baby's blood can leak from the placenta into the mother's bloodstream, causing the mother's body to make Rh antibodies. |
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Term
| Hemolytic disease of the newborn |
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Definition
| This can happen through blood transfusions, or by an Rh- mother carrying an Rh+ child. During delivery, the baby's blood can leak from the placenta into the mother's bloodstream, causing the mother's body to make Rh antibodies. The first baby would not be affected, but subsequent pregnancies with Rh+ fetuses can result in the small Rh antibodies crossing the placenta and causing hemolysis in the fetuses' blood. This conditioned is called _______. Rh- mothers are typically given RhoGAM so they will not make Rh antibodies. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| blood plasma without clotting proteins. |
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