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Lymphatic System and Intro to Immune
na
19
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
10/23/2012

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Term
What are the main structures of the lymphatic system?
What does the lymphatic system do?
Definition
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes
Collect excess tissue fluid and blood proteins lost from blood capillaries to edema
Return tissue fluid and blood proteins to bloodstream
Term
What is and what causes elephantiasis?
Definition
Parasitic worm that lives in lymph vessels blocks them preventing return of excess tissue fluid to blood, accumulates in tissues->edema
Term
lymphatic vessels collect -
carry -
flow-
Definition
lymph from loose CT
Carry fluid to great veins in neck
One way flow; fluid flows only toward heart
Term
Order the Lymphatic Vessels:
Definition
1. Lymph capillaries
2. Lymphatic collecting vessels
3. Lymph Trunks
4. Lymph Ducts
Term
Describe:
Lymph capillaries
Definition
1. smallest, first recieve lymph
Located near blood capillaries
simple squamous endothelium
receive tissue fluid from CT around blood capillaries
closed at ends: minivalve flaps open to allow fluid to enter
high permeability allows uptake of fluid and entrance of barteria, viruses, cancer cells
Term
Describe Lacteals
Definition
specialized lymphatic capillaries
in villi of small intestines
receive digested fats absorbed from small intestine
fatty lymph= chyle (white)
Term
Describe lymphatic collecting vessels:
Definition
accompnay distributing arteries and their veins
composed of the same 3 tunics as blood vessels; much thinner walls, contain more valves- helps direct the flow of lymph one way
Term
How is lymph propelled?
Definition
bulging skeletal muscles
pulsing nearby arteries
tunica media of the lymph vessels
random movements
Term
what are lymph nodes?
Definition
cleanse the lymph of pathogens
human body contains apprx 500
lymph nodes are organized in clusters
Term
How are lymph nodes organized in clusters:
Definition
at base of limbs:
1. axillary nodes (armpit)
2. inguinal nodes (upper thigh)
Along descending aorta- aortic nodes
Along major blood vessels in neck=cerviacal nodes
IN mediastinum= tracheobronchial nodes
Along iliac artery in pelvis- iliac nodes
Term
Describe lymph trunks:
Definition
lymphatic collecting vessels converge
5 major trunks
Term
What are the 5 major lymph trunks?
Definition
1. lumbar trunks- receive lymph from lower limbs
2. intetinal trunk- receives chyle from digestive organs (cisterna chyli-bulubous swelling, located at the union of lumbar and intestinal trunks)
3. Bronchomediastinal trunks- collects lymph from thoracic viscera
4. Subclavian trunks- receive lymph from upper limbs and thoracic wall
5. Jugular trunks- drain lymph from head and neck
Term
What are the lymph ducts?
Definition
1. Thoracic duct- ascends along vertebral bodies, empties into venous circulation, junction of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins, drains 3/4 of body
2. Right lymphatic duct- empties into right jugular and subclavian veins, drains head and upper right thorax
Term
Our body is constantly --
What is our bodies non-specific defense:
Specific defence:
Definition
under attack of bacteria, yeast, fungi, viruses, cancer cells
Non-specific= inflamation (granulocytes and macrophages)
Specific= lymphocytes, recognize specific foreing molecules=antigens
Term
Types of Lymphocytes-
Definition
1. B lymphocytes- become plasma cells that secrete antibodies and stimulate macrophages
2. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes- destroy antigen bearing cells
3. Helper T lymphocytes- secrete molecules which causes T and B lymphocytes to divide and differentiate to fully active immune cells
HIV invades and destroys helper T cells
Term
Stage One of lymphocyte activation:
Definition
lymphocytes originate in bone marrow from blood stem cells
Term
Stage two of lymphocyte activation:
Definition
some travel to thymus gland to become T lymphocyte, thymic hormone induce differentiation into different T cells
-Some stay i bone marrow to become B lymphocyte (B=bursa of fabricius, birds)
Cells gain a membrane proteins sequence that recognizes a unique antigen
-before encountering the foreign molecule 100s of lymphocyte are assigned a different antigen so many that chances are at least one can recognize any possible antigen configuration
They are Immunocompetent, but naive (not exposed to antigen yet)
Term
Stage 3 of lymphocyte activation:
Definition
begins after exposure to antigen
antigen has to presented to T lymphocytes
-dendritic cells (specialized macropages phagocytose foreing invaders and inert antigens into their mebranes; only then can T cells regognize the antigen
B lymphocyte can recognize antigens
T helper cells stimulte T and B cells
-B cells become plasma cells
Each unique lymphocyte repeatedly divides to form many clones, each able to respond to same antigen as parent lymphocyte
Term
Activating T or B cells produce:
Definition
1. effector lymphocyte- short lived, attack immediately
2. Memory lymphocyte- wait until body encounters their antigen again, basis of acquired immunity
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