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Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
Lymphatic System
75
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/19/2013

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Term
Consists of two semi-independent parts
Definition
Lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues and organs
Term
What are the lymphatic system functions?
Definition
Transports escaped fluids back to the blood
Plays essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease
Term
What is a lymph?
Definition
Excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels
Term
What are properties of the lymphatic vessels?
Definition
One way system toward the heart
No pump
Lymph moves toward the heart
Term
What are properties of the lymphatic vessels?
Definition
Walls overlap to form flap-like minivalves
Fluid leaks into lymph capillaries
Fluid is forced along the vessel
Term
What is the process of the lymphatic vessels?
Definition
Collect lymph from lymph capillaries
Carry lymph to and away from lymph nodes
Return fluid to circulatory veins near the heart
Term
What are harmful materials that enter lymph vessels?
Definition
Bacteria
Viruses
Cancer Cells
Cell Debris
Term
What is the function of the lymph nodes?
Definition
Filter lymph before it is returned to the blood
Term
What do the lymph nodes use to filter the lymph?
Definition
Defense cells within lymph nodes
macrophages-engulf and destroy foreign substances
Lymphocytes-provide immune response to antigens
Term
What is the flow of lymph through nodes?
Definition
Lymph enters the convex side through afferent vessels
flows through a number of sinuses
Lymph exits through efferent vessels
Fewer efferent than afferent causes flow to be slowed
Term
What other organs contribute to lymphatic function?
Definition
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Peyer's Patch
Term
Where is the spleen located?
Definition
Left side of abdomen
Term
What is the function of the spleen?
Definition
Filters blood, destroys worn out blood cells
Term
Where is the Thymus Gland located?
Definition
Low in the throat, overlying the heart
Term
What is the function of the thymus gland?
Definition
Produces hormones like thymosin to program lymphocytes, functions peak levels only during childhood
Term
Where are the tonsils located?
Definition
In small masses of lymphoid tissue around the pharynx
Term
What is the function of the tonsils?
Definition
Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials
Term
What are Peyer's Patches located?
Definition
Wall of small intestine
Term
What is the function of Peyer's Patch?
Definition
Capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine
Term
What is the purpose of Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)?
Definition
As as a sentinel to protect respiratory and digestive tracts
Term
What are the two different defense system our bodies have for foreign materials?
Definition
Innate (nonspecific)
Adaptive (Specific)
Term
What is immunity?
Definition
Specific resistance to disease
Term
Protect against a variety of invaders
Responds immediately to protect body from foreign materials
Definition
Innate defense system
Term
Adaptive defense system
Definition
specific defense is required for each type of invader
Term
What are innate body defenses?
Definition
mechanical barriers
Term
What are some examples of innate body defenses?
Definition
Intact Skin
Mucous membranes
Specialized human cells
Chemicals produced by the body
Term
Physical barrier to foreign materials
Provides protective secretions
Definition
Skin and mucous membranes
Term
secretes hydrochloric acid
has protein-digesting enzymes
Definition
stomach mucosa
Term
Natural killer cells
Inflammatory response
Phagocytes
Antimicrobial proteins
Fever
Definition
Defense system cells and chemicals: Second Line of Defense
Term
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Definition
disintegrate kill cancer cells
can destroy virus infected cells
Term
What triggers and inflammatory response?
Definition
When body tissues are injured
Term
Four most common indicators of acute inflammation
Definition
redness
heat
swelling
pain
Term
What are the functions of the inflammatory response?
Definition
Prevents spread of damaging agents
disposes of cell debris and pathogens through phagocytes
sets the stage for repair
Term
What is the process of the inflammatory response?
Definition
Neutrophils migrate to the area
squeeze through capillary walls by diapedesis
gather in the precise site of tissue injury and consume any foreign material present
Term
What are phagocytes?
Definition
Neutrophils and macrophages, engulf foreign materials and lysosomes digest
Term
Monocytes become macrophages and complete disposal of cell debris
Definition
Phagocytosis
Term
Complement proteins
Definition
Activated when they encounter and attach to cells, damage foreign cell surfaces
Term
Interferon
Definition
Proteins secreted by virus-infested cells, bind to healthy cell surface to interfere with the ability of viruses to multiply
Term
What is responses to a fever?
Definition
hypothamlamus, fever also increases the speed of tissue repair
Term
What are the three aspects of adaptive defense
Definition
antigen specific, systemic, memory
Term
What are the types of immunity?
Definition
Humoral
Cellular
Antigens
Allergies
Term
What is humoral immunity?
Definition
antibody-mediated immunity, provided by antibodies present in body fluids
Term
What is cellular immunity?
Definition
cell-mediated immunity, targets virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign grafts
Term
What are examples of common antigens?
Definition
Foreign proteins
nucleic acids
large carbohydrates
lipids
pollen
microogranisms
Term
What are allergies?
Definition
Small molecules-haptens
may recognize and respond
immune response is harmful rather than protective because it attacks our own cells
Term
What are lymphocytes?
Definition
Originate from hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow
Term
Where do b lymphocytes become immunocompetent?
Definition
Bone marrow
Term
Where do T lymphocytes become immunocompetent?
Definition
Thymus
Term
What does Macrophages secrete?
Definition
Cytokines
Term
What type of lymphocytes respond to a Humoral Immune Response?
Definition
B lymphocytes
Term
Humoral Immune Response
Definition
A second exposure causes a rapid response, the secondary response is stronger and longer lasting
Term
What is active immunity?
Definition
Naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections
artificially acquired from vaccines
Term
What is passive immunity?
Definition
Antibodies obtained from someone else,
a mother to her fetus, immune serum or gammma globulin
Term
What are antibodies?
Definition
Soluble proteins secreted by B cells
Term
What are the five major immunoglobulin classes?
Definition
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgG
IgE
Term
What is IgM?
Definition
can fix complement
Term
What is IgA
Definition
Found mainly in mucus
Term
What is IgD
Definition
important in activation of B cell
Term
What is IgG
Definition
Can cross the placental barrier and fix complement
Term
What is IgE
Definition
Involved in allergies
Term
Cell-Mediated Immune Response
Definition
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells
Specialize in killing infected cells
Helper T cells
Recruit other cells to fight the invaders
Term
What are the major types of grafts?
Definition
Autografts
Isografts
Allografts
Xenografts
Term
What are autografts?
Definition
tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same person
Term
What is an isograft?
Definition
Tissue grafts from an identical person
Term
What is a allograft?
Definition
Tissue take from an unrelated person
Term
What is a xenograft?
Definition
Tissue taken from a different animal species
Term
Types of allergies
Definition
Immediate hypersensitivity
Delayed hypersensitivity
Term
Triggered by release of histamine from IgE binding to mast cells, anaphylactic shock
Definition
Immediate hypersensitivity
Term
Triggered by the release of lymphokines from activated helper T cells
Symptoms appear 1-3 days later
Definition
Delayed hypersensitivity
Term
Multiple Sclerosis
Definition
white matter of brain and spinal cord are destroyed
Term
Myasthenia gravis
Definition
impairs communication between nerves and skeletal muscles
Term
Destroys pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin
Definition
Type One Diabetes
Term
destroys joints
Definition
Rheumatoid arthritis
Term
Glomerulonephritis
Definition
Impairment of renal function
Term
Except for thymus and spleen, the lymphoid organs are poorly developed before birth
Definition
true
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