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Lymphatic System
Lymphatic System Study Guide
45
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
03/27/2012

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Term
What is the nonspecific immune response?
Definition
It is innate; every response is the same; has no memory; cannot differentiate between types of invasions.
Term
What is the specific immune response?
Definition
Every response is unique; second exposure to pathogen has a faster response because it has memory.
Term
What are some of the mechanical or physical barriers associated with the nonspecific immune response?
Definition
-skin, mucous membranes, tears, coughing
-acidic secretions from skin
-stomach acid and enzymes kill microorganisms
-saliva and tears have lysozymes
-mucosa of nose, throat trap pathogens
Term
What is a chemical response in the nonspecific immune response?
Definition
antimicrobial proteins prevent entrance to cell, cause vasodilation, increased permeability, attract WBC's, and increase phagocytosis
Term
What is the role of Interferon?
Definition
Protects body against viral effect by stimulating the cells near virus infected cells to produce antiviral proteins.
Term
What is complement?
Definition
Group of about 20 proteins that normally circulate in plasma in inactive state.
Term
What is the function of complement?
Definition
Binds to a bacterial call's surface and causes it to lyse. Stimulated by antibodies (classical) or factors C3 (alternative)
Term
What type of cell is the first to enter the infected site?
Definition
Neutrophils, which act as phagocytes.
Term
what is the role of Basophils in the inflammatory response?
Definition
They release factors such as heparin and histamine that attract more white blood cells. (chemotactic factors)
Term
What is the role of eosinophils in the inflammatory response?
Definition
They act as moderators of the immune response and keep it from getting out of control.
Term
What do macrophages do?
Definition
Increase numbers at site of infection; clean up crew.
Term
what is the role of mast cells?
Definition
release chemotaxic factors and phagocytose bacteria.
Term
What do the natural killer cells do?
Definition
recognize tumor and cancerous cells
Term
Why is inflammation so important in the immune response?
Definition
1. prevents spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues
2. disposes of cell debris and pathogens
3. sets stage for repair process
Term
What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
Definition
redness, heat, swelling, pain
Term
What is the role of vasodilation in the inflammatory response?
Definition
Caused by release of histamines from injured tissues. Causes redness and heat.
Term
What is the role of vascular permeability in the inflammatory response?
Definition
allows protein rich fluid to seep into injured region from blood vessels.
Term
What are the steps of phagocyte mobilization?
Definition
Injured cells release chemotactic factors that draw phagocytes.
1. leukocytosis
2. margination
3. diapedesis
4. chemotaxis
Term
What are antigenic determinants?
Definition
Aka Epitopes. Region on surface of antigen that is immunogenic.
Term
What is a complete antigen?
Definition
It is immunogenic and reactive. Includes viruses, bacteria, fungi.
Term
What is a hapten?
Definition
Reactive but not immunogenic so they only cause a reaction if they bind to other proteins in our bodies. Pet dander, poison ivy, cosmetics and perfumes.
Term
What is the MHC I complex?
Definition
Found in nucleated cells, causes red flag to be raised if they display a foreign antigen.
Term
What is MHC II complex?
Definition
Found in macrophages, B-cells, and monocytes. Processed antigens will cause costimulation to occur.
Term
What is costimulation?
Definition
Costimulation is the process wherein the MHC II complex of an APC binds with a helper T cell and this stimulates release of cytokines between two cells which causes helper T cells to proliferate and produce more helper T cells or to stimulate B or T cells
Term
Where do B cells mature?
Definition
In bone marrow.
Term
Where do T cells mature?
Definition
Thymus
Term
What are B cells effective against?
Definition
Extracellular bacteria, parasites, and viruses
Term
What is neutralization?
Definition
antibody can bind directly to antigenic determinant and interfere with or deactivate antigen
Term
What is agglutination?
Definition
Antibody can combine with antigenic determinants on two antigens rendering them ineffective.
Term
What is precipitation?
Definition
small water soluble antigens are settled out of solution and are then engulfed
Term
What is complement?
Definition
Antibodies can activate complement cascade and release factors which induce inflammatory response and cell lysis.
Term
What is primary response of B cells?
Definition
involves creation of plasma cells and memory cells
Term
What is the secondary response of B cells?
Definition
occurs upon repeated exposure to familiar antigen.
Term
IgM
Definition
fixes complement, often first antibody produced, strong agglutinating agent
Term
IgA
Definition
secreted into tears, mucous, protects body surfaces.
Term
IgD
Definition
functions as an antigen binding site on B cells
Term
IgG
Definition
most abundant in plasma, activates complement, main antibody in primary and secondary responses, can cross placenta.
Term
IgE
Definition
binds to mast cells and basophils, stimulates inflammatory response
Term
What are T cells effective against?
Definition
intracellular microorganisms such as viruses, fungi, bacteria, and parasites.
Term
What are the effects of cytotoxic T cells?
Definition
cause cells to lyse by releasing perforins, cause release of cytokines that attract macrophages and WBC's.
Term
Helper T cells
Definition
stimulate antibody mechanism
Term
active natural immunity
Definition
individual is exposed and develops antibodies and memory cells
Term
active artificial immunity
Definition
vaccination - antigen is introduced in altered form. no disease and memory cells are formed
Term
passive natural immunity
Definition
passed from mother to fetus through placenta or milk.
Term
passive artificial immunity
Definition
antibodies taken from another source and are given via vaccination
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