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Lymphatic System
Ch 21
158
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/01/2012

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Term
Immune System Hypersensitivty
Definition
Too Vigorous. An excessive immune reaction against antigens that most people tolerate.
Term
Immune System Disorders
Definition
Immune system response maybe misdirected against wrong targets. Or too weak.
Term
Alloimmunity
Definition
reaction to transplanted tissue from another person
Term
Autoimmunity
Definition
abnormal reactions to one's own tissues
Term
Allergies
Definition
reactions to environmental antigens or allergens.
Term
Allergens
Definition
Dust mole pollen vaccines bee and wasp venom poison ivy...
Term
4 kinds of hypersensitivity
Definition
typeI acute: very rapid B CELL
typeII and type III subacute: slower onset B CELL
TypeIV: delyaed cell medicated response T CELL
Term
Type I Hypersensitivity
Definition
Includes most common allergies. IgE-mediated reaction that begins within seconds of exposure. ex: food allergies and asthma
Term
Anaphylaxis
Definition
Immediate, severe type I reaction. Local anaphylaxis can be relieved with antihistamines
Term
Anaphylactic Shock
Definition
Severe, widespread acute hypersensitivty that occurs when an allergen is introduced to the
bloodstream of an allergic individual.
Antihistamines, Epinephrine, fluid therapy and respiratory support
Term
Antihistamines
Definition
are inadequate by themselves.
Term
Epinephrine
Definition
relieves the symptoms by dialating bronchioles increasing cardiac output and restoring blood pressure.
Term
Fluid therapy and respiratory support
Definition
are sometimes required.
Term
Asthma
Definition
most common chronic illness in children
Term
Allergic (extrinsic) asthma
Definition
most common form of asthma. Respiratory crisis triggered by inhaled allergens. Binds to most cells in repiratory mucosa.
Term
nonallergic (intrinsic) asthma
Definition
triggered by infection, drugs, air pollutants, cold dry air. More common in adults
Term
Asthma Treatments
Definition
Epinepherine and other Beta-adrenergic stimulants to dilate airway and restore breathing. and with inhaled corticosteroids to minimize inflammation and long term damage
Term
Type II Hypersensitivity
Definition
Antibody dependent cytotoxic. occurs with IgG or IgM attacks antigens bound to cell surfaces. Reaction leads to complement activation and lysis or opsonixstion(rendering of bacteria and other cells subject to phagocytosis) of the target cell.
Term
Type III Hypersensitivity
Definition
Immune Complex. IgG or IgM form antigen-antibody complexes that precipitate beneath endothelium of blood vessels. Triggers intense inflammation.
Ex; autoimune diseases
Term
Type IV Hypersensitivity
Definition
Delayed. Cell mediated reaction. signs appear 12-72 hours after exposure. t cells secrete interferon and cytokines that activated cytotoxic t cells and macrophages
Term
Autoimmune diseases
Definition
immune system fails to distinguish self-antigens from foreign ones(failure of self tolerance) produce autoantibodies
Term
Autoantibodies
Definition
attack bodys own tissues
Term
Cross-Reactivity
Definition
Some antibodies against foreign antigens react to similar self antigens.
-rheumatic fever-streptococcus antibodies also react with heart valves
Term
Abnormal exposer of Self-Antigens in blood
Definition
some of out native antigens are not exposed to blood. Blood testes barrier isolates sperm from blood.
Term
Changes in structure of self antigens
Definition
viruses and drugs may change the structure of self-antigens or cause the immune system to perceive them as foreign
Term
Immunodeficiency
Definition
Too weak. Immune system fails to react vigorously enough or may be completely absent/
Term
Severe Combined immunodeficiency disease
(SCID)
Definition
hereditary lack or t and B cells. vulnerability to opportunistic infection and mist live in protective enclosures
Term
Selective IgA Deficiency
Definition
is the most common primary immunodeficiency disease. people with this have absent levels of a blood protein called immunoglobinA
Term
immunoglobin A
Definition
protects against infections of the mucous membranes lining the mouth, airways and digestive tract
Term
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS)
Definition
nonhereditary disease contracted after birth.
is the final stage of HIV in which there is severe damage to the immune system.
The virus attacks immune system and leaves the body vulnerable to life threatening infections and cancers.
Destroys tH cells
Term
Reverse Transcriptase
Definition
uses viral RNA as template to synthesize DNA. New DNA is inserted into host cell DNA( may lie dormate for years)when activated is induces host to produce new viral RNA they then adhere to new host cells.
Term
Symptoms of AID
Definition
May have no symtoms for years... but the disease can still be transmitted to other. if not treated AIDS developes.
Term
Signs and Symptoms
Definition
Flulike symptoms, night sweats, headache, extreme weightloss, Lower Th cell count.
Term
Opportunistic Infections
Definition
herpes symplex virus or tuberculosis.
Term
Candida
Definition
white patches on mucous membrane
Term
kaposi sarcoma
Definition
cancer originates in endothelial cells of blood vessesl. causes puple lesions in skin
Term
Transmition of HIV
Definition
through blood semen vaginal secrection breast milk or across the placenta
most common: Sex, contaminated blood, contaminated needles
Term
Treatment
Definition
prevent binging to CD4 proteins of Th cells.
Term
Medications
Definition
none can eliminate HIV
Term
Azidothymidine
Definition
AZT first anti hiv drug.. inhibits reverse transcriptase
Term
Protease inhibitors
Definition
inhibit enzymes HIV needs to replicate
Term
Humoral Immunity
Definition
indirect method of defense than cellular immunity. B lymphocytes produce antibodies than bind to antigens and tag them for destruction by other means. Works in three stages. Recognition attack memory.
Term
Recognition stage of Humoral immunity
Definition
immunocompetent B--thousands of surface receptors for one antigen
ACTIVATION begins when an antigen binds to several of these receptors
Term
Helper T cells
Definition
binds to this Ag-MHCP complex secretes interleukins.
Term
clonal selection
Definition
b cell mitosis gives rise to and battalion of identical B cells programmed against the same antigen. Differentiate into plasma cells.
Term
Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Definition
antibody...defensive gamma globulin found in blood plasma, tissue fluids and body secretions
Term
Antibody monomer
Definition
the basic structural unit of an antibody.
4 polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bond
Term
Antibody monomer
Definition
the basic structural unit of an antibody.
4 polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bond
Term
Variable (V) Region
Definition
gives the antibody its uniqueness
Term
antigen-binding site
Definition
formed from the V regions of the heavy and light chain on each arm
Term
Constant C Region
Definition
has the same amino acid sequence in all antibodies of a given class within
Term
IgA
Definition
Monomer in plasma, dimer in mucus, saliva, tears, milk, and intestinal secretion. prevents pathogen adherence to epithelia...provides passive immunity to newborns.
Term
IgD
Definition
monomer b cell transmembrane antigen receptor. Though to function in B cell activation by antigen
Term
IgE
Definition
monomer, transmembrane protein on basophils and mast cells. attracts eosinophils to parasitic infections. Produces immediate hypersensitivty
Term
IgG
Definition
monomer 80% of circulating antibodies. Crosses placenta to fetus, secreted in secondary immune response, complement fixation
Term
IgM
Definition
pentamer in plasma and lymph. Secreted in primary immunne response, agglutination, complement fixation
Term
Somatic Recombination
Definition
DNA segments shuffled and form new combinations of base sequences to produce antibody genes
Term
Mechanisms to Render Antigens Harmless
Neutralization
Definition
antibodies mask pathogenic region or antigen
Term
Mechanisms to Render Antigens Harmless
Complement Fixation
Definition
antigens bind to igM or IgG antibody changes shape initiates complemet binding which leads to inflammation phagocytosis immune clearance or cytoysis.
Term
Mechanisms to Render Antigens Harmless
Agglutination
Definition
antibody has 2 to 10 binding sites, they bind to multiple enemy cells immobilizing them from spreading
Term
Mechanisms to Render Antigens Harmless
Precipitation
Definition
antibody binds antigen molecules; creates antigen-antibody complex that precipitates, phagocytized by eosinophils
Term
primary immune response
Definition
reaction brought about when a person is exposed to a particular antigen for the first time.
Term
antibody titer
Definition
level in the blood plasma
Term
Primary Response
Definition
leaves one with an immune memory of the antigen
Term
Seconday response
Definition
occurs if person is reexposed to the same antigen
Term
Specific Immunity
Definition
specificity and memory
Term
Specificity
Definition
immunity directed against a particular pathogen
Term
memory
Definition
when re-exposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is not noticeable illenss
Term
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Definition
T cells. Lymphocytes directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells. Rids the body of pathogens that reside inside human cells where antibodies cannot reach. Kills cells that harbor them.
Term
Humoral Immunity
Definition
B cells, mediated antibodies that do not directly destroy a pathogen. Indirect attach wehre antibodies assult the pathogen. can only work against the extracellular stage of infectious microorganisms
Term
Natural Active Immunity
Definition
Production of one's own antibodies or T cells as a result of infection or natural exposure to antigen
Term
Artificial Active immunity
Definition
production of ones own antibodies or T cells as a result of vacciation against disease.
Term
Vaccine
Definition
consists of dead or attenuated (weakened) pathogens that stimulate the immune response without causeing the disease.
Term
Booster Shots
Definition
periodic immunizations to stimulate immune memory to maintain a high level or protection
Term
Natural Passive Immunity
Definition
temporary immunity that results from antibodies prodeuced by another person.
--fetus acquires antibodies from mother through placenta.
Term
Artificial passive immunity
Definition
temporary immunity that results from the injection immune serum (antibodies) from another person or animal.
--treatment for snakebite, botulism
Term
Antigen
Definition
any molecule that triggers an immune response
The immune system learns to distinguish self molecules from foreign molecules
Term
Epitopes
Definition
certain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulate immune response
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
Natural killer cells
t lymphocytes, b lymphocytes
Term
T lymphocytes
Definition
3 stages in 2 anatomical stations in the body. Born in red bone marrow, mature in the thymus, emigrate to lymphatic organs
Term
T maturation in thymus
Definition
thymosins stimulate maturing T cells to develop surface antigen receptors. With receptors in place t cells are now immunocomptent
Term
B Lymphocytes
Definition
fetal stem cells in bone marrow develope into b cells, leaves bone marrow and colonize same lymphatic tissues and organs as t cells
Term
Antigen presenting cells
Definition
t cells cannot recognize antigens on their own. APC are required to help.
Term
Major Histocompatibility complex proteins
Definition
act as cell "ID tags" that label every cell of our body are "Yours" Structurally unique fro each individul, except for identical twins
Term
Antigen Processing
Definition
APC encounters antigen--internalizes it by endocytosis--digests it into fragments--displays fragments in grooves of MHC protein
Term
Cytotoxic T
Definition
Killer t cells--effectors of cellular immunity carry out attack on enemy cells
Term
Helper T
Definition
TH--help promote TC and b cell action and nonspecific resistance
Term
Regulatory T
Definition
TR inhibits multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells, limit immune response
Term
memory T
Definition
TM descend from cytotoxic T cells. memory cell immunity
Term
MHC-1 Proteins
Definition
occur on every nucleated cell in the body, DO NOT elicit a t cell response
viral proteins do
Term
MHC-II
Definition
occure only on APCs and display only foreign antigens. TH cells respond
Term
Perforin and granzymes
Definition
kill cells in the same manner as nk cells
Term
interferons
Definition
inhibit viral replication. recruit and activate macrophages
Term
tumor necrosis factor
Definition
aids in macrophage activation and kills caner cells
Term
immune system
Definition
a cell population that inhavits all organs and defends the body from agents of disease concentrated in the lymphatic system
Term
Fluid Recovery
Definition
fluid continually filters from the blood capillaries into the tissue spaces
Term
immunity
Definition
fluid picks up foreign cells and chemicals from the tissue
Term
lipid absorption
Definition
lacteals absorb dietary lipids in small intestine that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries
Term
Lymph
Definition
the recovered fluid;clear and colorless; similar to plasma but much less protein
Term
Lymphatic Vessels
Definition
transport the lymph penetrated nearly every tissue
Term
lymphatic tissues
Definition
composed of aggregated of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs in the body
Term
lymphatic organs
Definition
defense cells are especially concetrated in these organs
Term
Two collecting ducts
Definition
right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
Term
macrophages
Definition
develop from monocytes;
Term
dendritic cells
Definition
branched mobil apcs found in epidermis and mucouse membranes
Term
reticular cells
Definition
branched stationary fibroblast-like cells that contribute to the stroma
Term
diffuse lyphatic tissue
Definition
simplest form, lymphocytes are scattereed rather than densely clustered
Term
Lymphatic nodules
Definition
dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that congregate in response to pathogens
Term
peyer pathers
Definition
dense clusters in the ileun, the distal portion of the small intestines
Term
Primary lymphatic organs
Definition
red bone marrow and thymus
Term
secondary lymphatic organs
Definition
lymph nodes tonsils and spleen
Term
Hemopoiesis
Definition
blood formation uses red bone marrow
Term
thymus
Definition
houses developing lymphocytes
Term
lymph nodes
Definition
most numerous lymphatic organs about 450 in young adults. Hilum. enclosed with fibrouse capsule with trebeula
Term
Parenchyma
Definition
divided into cortex and medulla.
Term
Germinal enters
Definition
where B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells
Term
cervical lymph nodes
Definition
deep and superficial group int the neck. Monitor lymph coming from head and neck
Term
axillary lymph nodes
Definition
concentrated in armpit. receive lymph from upper limb and female breast
Term
Thoracic lymph nodes
Definition
in thoracic cavity especially embedded in mediastinum. recieve lymp from mediastinum, lungs, and airway
Term
Andominal Lymph Nodes
Definition
occur in posterior abdomino-pelvic wall. monitor lymph from the uninary and reproductive systems
Term
intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes
Definition
found in he mesenteries, adjacent to the appendix and intestines. Monitor lymph from the digestive tract!
Term
inguinal lymph nodes
Definition
in the groin and receive lymph from the entire lower limb.
Term
Popliteal lymph nodes
Definition
occur on the back of the knee. receive lymph from the leg proper
Term
Lymphadenitis or lymphadenopathy
Definition
swollen painful node responding to foreign antigen
Term
Tonsils
Definition
patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to pharynx. guard against ingested or inhaled pathogens. Tonsillar crypts. tonsillitis and tosillectomy
Term
Palantine Tonsils
Definition
pair at posterior margin or oral cavity. Most often infected;largest
Term
lingual Tonsils
Definition
numerous and concentrated at root of tongue
Term
pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
Definition
single tonsils on wall of nasopharynx
Term
spleen
Definition
the largst lymphatic organ
Term
red pulp
Definition
parenchyma, sinuses filled with erythrocytes
Term
white pulp
Definition
in parenchyma; lymphocytes, surrounds small branches of spelic artery
Term
Functions of the spleen
Definition
blood prodcution in fetus, blood reservoir, RBC go to die, white pulp monitors blood for antigens
Term
nonspecific resistance
Definition
guards equally against a broad range of pathogens. Their effective ness does not depend on prior exposure.
ex; skin and mucous membranese
Term
immunity
Definition
specific defense because it results from prior exposure to a pathorgen
Term
FIrst line of defense
Definition
external barriers such as skin and mucous membranes
Term
Second line of defense
Definition
several nonspecific defense mechanisms..leukocytes and macrophages effective against broad range of pathogens
Term
third line of defense
Definition
the immune system defeats pathogens and leaves the body with a MEMORY of it so it can be recognized for faster defeat int the future
Term
Skin
Definition
makes it mechanically difficult for microorganisms to enter the body, toughness of keratin, too dry and nutrient-poor to support microbial growth
Term
Mucouse membranes
Definition
digestive respiratory urinary and reproductive tracts that are open to the exterior and protected by mucous membranes
Term
subepithelial areolar tissue
Definition
viscous barrier or hyaluronic acid
Term
Hyaluronidase
Definition
enzyme used by pathogens to make hyaluronic acid less viscous
Term
complement system
Definition
a group for 30 or more globular proteins that make powerful contributions to both nonspecific resistance and specific immunity. synthesysezed by the liver
Term
complement system
Definition
a group for 30 or more globular proteins that make powerful contributions to both nonspecific resistance and specific immunity. synthesysezed by the liver
Term
Fever
Definition
an abnormal elevation of body temperature. an adaptive defense mechanism that dose more good than harm. promotes interferon activity
Term
Exogenous pyrogens
Definition
fever producing agents
Term
defervescence
Definition
susidence of a fever
Term
antipyretics
Definition
rever reduction medications by inhibitin PGE2
Term
Reye Syndrome
Definition
serious disorder in children younger than 15 following an acute viral infection such as chicken pox or the flu. swelling of the brain neurons. triggered by use of aspirin in childrrn to control fever
Term
Four cardinal signs of inflammation
Definition
redness, swelling, pain, het
Term
Cytokines
Definition
regulate inflammation and immunity
Term
hyperemia
Definition
increasing blood flow beyond normal rate is a way to get leukocytes quickly to the site
Term
Heat
Definition
results from hyperemia
Term
redness
Definition
results from hyperemia and extravasatiated RBS in the tissues
Term
swelling
Definition
due to increasedfluid filtration from the capillaries
Term
Pain
Definition
from direct injury to the nerves, pressure on the nerves from edema, stimulation of pain receptors by protaglandins bradykinin
Term
fibrinogen
Definition
filters tissue fluid clots. Forms a sticky mesh that walls off mirobes
Term
heparin
Definition
prevents clotting at site
Term
Chemotaxis
Definition
attraction to chemicals such as bradykinin and leukotrienes that guide them to the injury site
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