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lymphatic and immune system
byu lecture 18
41
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/09/2010

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Term
lymphatic system
Definition
functions to return interstitial fluid (Called lymph)to the blood stream
Term
lymphatic vessels transport
Definition
dietary lipids
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
are housed in lymphatic organs
Term
lymphatic system generates
Definition
an immune response and increases the lymphocyte population
Term
lymph vessels return lymph
Definition
to the venous bloodstream
Term
lymph capillaries
Definition
Pick up interstitial fluid (leaked plasma)
Fluid is called lymph when it enters the capillaries
Term
lymphatic ducts
Definition
Empty lymph back into venous circulation
Term
Lymph Capillaries
Definition
Close-ended tubes
Overlapping endothelial cells form one-way flaps
Occur most everywhere blood capillaries occur
Absent from red bone marrow, CNS, and avascular tissues
Term
Lacteals
Definition
(special types of lymphatic capillaries)
Pick up interstitial fluid, dietary lipids, and lipid-soluble vitamins
GI lymph is called chyle
Term
Lymphatic Vessels
Definition
Receive the lymph from the capillaries
Resemble small veins
Three tunics
Valves
Term
afferent valves
Definition
flow towards lymph nodes
Term
efferent valves
Definition
flow away from lymph nodes
Term
lymphatic trunks
Definition
Drain lymph from major body regions
Jugular, Subclavian, Bronchomediastinal, Intestinal, Lumbar
Term
Lymphatic Ducts
Definition
Thoracic duct
Drains upper left quadrant and lower quadrants
Right lymphatic duct
Drains upper right quadrant
Return lymph to cardiovascular system
Empty at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins
Term
tonsils
Definition
protect the pharynx from infection
Term
Tonsillitis symptoms
Definition
Fever, chills, sore throat, difficulty swallowing
Term
Tonsillectomy
Definition
advised only if the person has had
6-7 infections in 1 year
Or 2-3 infections per year for several years
Term
Lymphatic organs
Definition
Thymus, Lymph Nodes, and Spleen
Term
Lymphatic Organs consist of:
Definition
Lymphatic cells and extracellular matrix
Form layers with inner medulla and outer cortex
ARE completely surrounded by a connective tissue capsule
Term
Thymus
Definition
Large in infants and young children
After puberty it begins to shrink
Each lobe has a cortex and medulla
Cortex contains immature T-cells, nurse cells, and some macrophages
Medulla contains epithelial cells and mature T-cells
Term
Lymph Node function
Definition
filter antigens from lymph
initiate immune responses
Term
lymph node cortex contains
Definition
Lymphocytes, Dendritic cells
Term
lymph node medulla contains
Definition
Lymphocytes, Macrophages
Term
location of lymph node clusters
Definition
Axillary (armpit)
Inguinal (groin)
Cervical (neck)
Cisterna chyli
Term
spleen
Definition
largest lymphatic organ
Term
spleen white pulp
Definition
Contains lymphatic cells
Initiates an immune response when antigens are found
Term
red pulp
(Spleen)
Definition
Functions as a blood reservoir
Macrophages phagocytose bacteria and carry out hemolysis
Term
Lymphedema
Definition
Edema due to lymph node obstruction
Lymphatic filariasis: worms lodge in lymph nodes (e.g. inguinal)
Surgical removal of nodes
Malignant tumors of nodes
Radiation causing scar tissue
Extreme cases: elephantiasis
Common in Southeast Asia & Africa
Edema is NOT operable or curable
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
Term
Macrophages
Definition
Monocytes that have migrated from bloodstream
Phagocytosis
Term
Types of T lymphocytes
Definition
-Helper (CD4)
-Cytoxic (CD8)
--Memory
--Supressor
Term
T- lymphocyte helper (CD4) cells
Definition
Initiate and oversee immune response
Present antigens to other cells
Secrete cytokines
Chemical signals that bind to and activate other cells
Targeted by AIDS
Term
T-lymphocyte cytoxic (CD8) cells
Definition
Kill by either secreting substances that break down the invading cell membrane or by triggering cell death
Term
memory T-lymphocytes
Definition
patrol body after attack
Term
suppressor t-lymphocytes
Definition
turn off immune response
Term
B lymphocytes
Definition
Respond to one particular antigen by producing immunoglobulins (antibodies)
Antibodies bind to antigens
They tag their targets for destruction by T-cells
Cannot be activated until a Helper T-lymphocyte presents it with an antigen
Once activated create:
Plasma cells (create antibodies)
Memory B-lymphocytes
Secondary immune response is stronger and faster than primary response
Development of immunity
Term
NK (Natural Killer) Cells
Definition
NK cells can respond to multiple antigens
Each B and T cell can only respond to a single antigen
NK cells can kill a wide variety of infected cells and some cancerous cells
Term
Lymphoma
Definition
Malignant neoplasm
Swollen lymph nodes in the groin, cervical, axillary region
Term
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Definition
Presence of Reed-Sternberg cell
If caught early prognosis is good
AIDS is a risk factor
Term
HIV
Definition
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Passed through intimate contact with infected body fluids
Targets helper T-cells which oversee the body’s immune response
Term
AIDS
Definition
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An HIV infection is diagnosed as AIDS when helper T-cell count drops below 200 cells/mm3
Drug cocktail can stop disease from progressing but must be taken for life
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