Term
| What 5 things compose the Lymph system? |
|
Definition
1. Capillaries
2. Vessels
3. Nodes
4. Spleen
5. Tonsils |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 functions of the Lymph system? |
|
Definition
1. Collect foreign particles, pathogens, cellular waste, protein, lipids, water, etc... and returns it to blood plasma
2. Kill pathogens and remove debris in lymph nodes
3. Produce a variety of specialized lymphocytes for immune response |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the things that the Lymph system collects? |
|
Definition
Foreign particles
Pathogens
Cellular waste
Proteins
Lipids
Water |
|
|
Term
| Where does the Lymph system return foreign particles, pathogens, cellular waste, proteins, lipids, water, etc...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Lymph systems kill and remove? |
|
Definition
| Kills pathogens and removes debris in the Lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| What does the Lymph system produce for immune response? |
|
Definition
| A variety of specialized Lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Non Specific Defenses? |
|
Definition
| The "First Line of Defense." |
|
|
Term
| What are the 11 Non Specific Defenses? |
|
Definition
1.Transferrins
2. Interferons
3. Natural Killer Cells
4. Chemical Barriers
5. Urination and Defecation
6. Phagocytosis
7. Vomiting and Diaherra
8. Inflamation
9. Complement System
10. Fever
11. Mechanical Barriers
|
|
|
Term
| What are Mechanical Barriers? |
|
Definition
| Skin and body membranes, and also hairs and cilia in air passageways |
|
|
Term
| How do Mechanical Barriers protect the body? |
|
Definition
| Mucous, saliva, and tears wash away microbes |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of acidities in Chemical Barriers? |
|
Definition
| Stomach acid and Vaginal acid |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Stomach acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pH level of stomach acid and what does it destroy? |
|
Definition
| pH 2 and destroys most pathogens |
|
|
Term
| What is the pH level of vaginal acid and what does it destroy? |
|
Definition
| pH 4-5 and destroys most bacteria and fungi |
|
|
Term
| What do mucous membranes do in Chemical Barriers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 things make up Phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
| Macrophages and Neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| In the process of Phagocytosis, which type are smaller cells that engulf smaller substances? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the process of Phagocytosis, which type is most important and effective? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Natural Killer Cells also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which non specific defense attacks viral and cancer cells by rupturing the cell membrane and releasing toxic chemicals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Natural Killer Cells attack and how do they kill them? |
|
Definition
| They attack viral and cancer cells by rupturing the cell membrane and releasing toxic chemicals |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Redness, swelling, heat, and pain |
|
|
Term
| What 2 things occur that influence inflammation? |
|
Definition
Basophils release histamine
Neutrophils release prostaglandins
which causes localized vasodialation and increases blood flow |
|
|
Term
| In the process of Inflammation, what does Basophil release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the process of inflammation, what do Neutrophils release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the release of histamine and prostaglandins cause? |
|
Definition
| Localized vasodialation and increased blood flow |
|
|
Term
| Which Non specific defense triggers the prevention of viral replication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Interferons trigger? |
|
Definition
| The prevention of viral replication |
|
|
Term
| What produces Interferons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the infected cell produces the Interferon, what produces the antiviral protein that interferes with viral replication? |
|
Definition
| Surrounding healthy cells |
|
|
Term
| In the Complement System, where are the 20 plasma proteins located? |
|
Definition
| In blood and cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| In the process of Interferon, what do the surrounding healthy cells produce? |
|
Definition
| an Antiviral protein that interferes with viral replication |
|
|
Term
| How many plasma proteins are in the Complement System? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Complement System, what are the blood and cell membranes activated by? |
|
Definition
| Pathogens that accelerate existing immune responses |
|
|
Term
| What are the pathogens that accelerate existing immune responses in the Complement System? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibit bacterial growth by making iron unavailable |
|
|
Term
| What do Transferrins kill? |
|
Definition
Bacteria and some other cell types.
They also help shrink cancer tumors. |
|
|
Term
| How do Transferrins inhibit bacterial growth? |
|
Definition
| By making iron unavailable |
|
|
Term
| How does a fever fight off infections? |
|
Definition
| Temperature rises which slows certain pathogen replication and increases immune response |
|
|
Term
| How does the body form its own fever? |
|
Definition
| Macrophages and lymphocytes secrete pyrogens (Interlukin 1) which stimulate the hypothalamus to raise the body's temperature. |
|
|
Term
| What are pyrogens also called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does vomiting and diarrhea aid the immune system? |
|
Definition
| By purging out pathogens in the intestinal tract |
|
|
Term
| How does urination and defecation aid the immune system? |
|
Definition
| By expelling pathogens from the body |
|
|
Term
| How long do the Specific Immune Defenses take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of Specific Immune Defenses? |
|
Definition
1. Antibody Mediated
2. Cell Mediated |
|
|
Term
| Which Specific Immune Defense pathway has chemical markers (called antigens) on a pathogen cell membrane that provokes an immune response that is specific to that antigen by the production of specific antibodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Antibody Mediated pathway, what are the chemical markers called that are on the pathogen cell membrane provoking a specific immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Antibody Mediated pathway, what do the chemical markers on the pathogen cell provoke? |
|
Definition
| an immune response specific to the particular antigen |
|
|
Term
| How do the chemical markers located on the pathogen cell membrane provoke an immune response that's specific to the antigen in an Antibody Mediated pathway? |
|
Definition
| By the production of specific antibodies |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Antibody Mediated pathway. |
|
Definition
| The chemical markers (called antigens) on a pathogen call membrane provoke an immune response specific to that antigen by the production of specific antibodies. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 steps to the Antibody Mediated response? |
|
Definition
1. Antigen Presenting Cell engulfs a pathogen and collects its antigens
2. Antigen Presenting Cell activates Helper T Cells
3. Helper T Cells activate B Cells
B cells - specialized lymphocytes activated by Helper T Cells to become plasma cells and memory B cells
Plasma Cells - specialized lymphocytes that produce large numbers of antibodies (immunoglobins)
4. Antibodies release lymph, saliva, and/or mucus into the blood
5. Antibodies attach to pathogen and mark it for destruction
6. Antibody stimulates responses such as agglutination, precipitation, neutralization, chemotaxis, inflammation, or lysis
7. Pathogen is compromised or destroyed |
|
|
Term
| In the Antibody Mediated pathway, what are the 6 responses that the antibodies stimulate? |
|
Definition
1. Aggulutination
2. Precipitation
3. Neutralization
4. Chemotaxis
5. Inflammation
6. Lysis |
|
|
Term
| In a Cell Mediated pathway, what attaches directly to the pathogen in order to destroy it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the Cell Mediated pathway. |
|
Definition
| T cells attach directly to the pathogen and destroy it |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 steps to the Cell Mediated response? |
|
Definition
1. Antigen Presenting cell presents antigens to the Helper T cell
2. Helper T Cells activate Cytotoxic Killer T cells
3. Killer T cells attach to pathogen and destroy it by secreting toxins, activating "suicide genes" in the cell, or secreting growth inhibitors.
4. Pathogen is destroy
5. Suppressor T Cells slow down B and T cell production when infection begins to subside. |
|
|
Term
| In the Cell Mediated response, what are the 3 ways the Killer T Cells destroy the pathogen? |
|
Definition
1. Secreting toxins
2. Activating "suicide genes" in the cell
3. Secreting growth inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| What are specialized lymphocytes that are responsible for acquired immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Memory cells responsible for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a regulatory T cell that binds with a specific antigen presented by an Antigen Presenting Cell and also assists in the production of Cytotoxic Killer T and B cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the Helper T cells bind with? |
|
Definition
| a specific antigen presented by an Antigen Presenting cell |
|
|
Term
| What type of regulatory cell are Helper T cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Helper T cells produce? |
|
Definition
| Cytotoxic Killer T and B cells |
|
|
Term
| What are lymphocytes that resides in the lymph nodes and spleen that are stimulated to replicate by the presence of helper T cells producing memory cells and plasma cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the lymph nodes and spleen |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the B cells to replicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Memory cells and plasma cells |
|
|
Term
| What is a substance produced by the immune system that is specific to a particular antigen and used to "mark" the invader for destruction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a substance in a pathogen cell membrane that is unique and different from substances on human cells and other pathogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are specialized dendritic cells, macrophages, or B cells that engulf a pathogen and collect its antigens to present it to T cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antigen Presenting Cells are specialized , , or . |
|
Definition
| Dendritic cells, macrophages, or B cells |
|
|
Term
| After the Antigen Presenting Cell engulfs the pathogen what does it collect? |
|
Definition
| it collects its antigen to present it to T cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the first exposure to a pathogen called that takes several days and produces memory cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which immune response takes place when someone is first exposed to a pathogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does it take the Primary Immune Response to destroy pathogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Primary Immune Response produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is any subsequent exposure to the same pathogen called that uses memory cells to destroy pathogens much more quickly? |
|
Definition
| Secondary Immune Response |
|
|
Term
| Which immune response takes place when someone has already been exposed to the pathogen? |
|
Definition
| Secondary Immune Response |
|
|
Term
| What does the Secondary Immune Response use to destroy pathogens much more quickly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 different types of immune responses? |
|
Definition
1. Primary Immune Response
2. Secondary Immune Response |
|
|
Term
| Describe Primary Immune Response. |
|
Definition
First exposure to a particular pathogen.
Takes several days to activate a specific immune response and during this time you are sick.
Once specific immune response is activated it produces pathogen specific antibodies and Cytotoxic Killer T cells.
Memory cells remain after recovery creating life long immunity |
|
|
Term
| Describe Secondary Immune Response. |
|
Definition
Any subsequent exposure to a pathogen AFTER the Primary Immune Response
Memory cells activate a specific immune response in hours, rather than days
Pathogen is destroyed before you feel sick |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 different types of immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of immunity is what you're born with but unaware of, causing certain genes in your genetic code to make you unable to contract certain diseases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of immunity is one that you obtain during your lifetime? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of Acquired Immunity? |
|
Definition
1. Active Immunity
2. Passive Immunity |
|
|
Term
| What does Active Immunity produce and how long does it last? |
|
Definition
| Produces Memory cells and is life long |
|
|
Term
| Which type of Active Immunity is acquired by direct exposure to a pathogen - you get sick and then you recover? |
|
Definition
| Naturally Acquired Active Immunity |
|
|
Term
| How does someone acquire Natural Acquired Active Immunity? |
|
Definition
| By direct exposure to a pathogen. Getting sick and then recovering. |
|
|
Term
| Which type of Active Immunity is acquired by vaccination (such as polio or flu shot) and stimulates a primary immune response? |
|
Definition
| Artificially Acquired Active Immunity |
|
|
Term
| Which type of Acquired Immunity produces Memory cells and is life long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of Acquired Immunity is when you receive antibodies for a particular pathogen and immunity lasts for up to 120 days? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the body receive during Passive Immunity and how long does it last? |
|
Definition
| Body receives antibodies for particular pathogens and immunity last for up to 120 days |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of Passive Immunity? |
|
Definition
1. Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
2. Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of Active Immunity? |
|
Definition
1. Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
2. Artificially Acquired Active Immunity |
|
|
Term
| Which type of Passive Immunity happens between a mother and child either through blood plasma during pregnancy or through milk during breast feeding? |
|
Definition
| Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity |
|
|
Term
| What are two ways Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity is acquired from a mother to a child? |
|
Definition
| Either through blood plasma during pregnancy or through milk during breast feeding |
|
|
Term
| Which type of Passive Immunity is when the body receives antibodies such as Rabies or tetanus shot after an exposure? |
|
Definition
| Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 structures from Respiration? |
|
Definition
1. Pharynx
2. Larynx
3. Alveoli
4. Nose and Mouth
5. Trachea
6. Bronchi |
|
|
Term
| Which structure of Respiration connects the nasal and oral passageways? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Pharynx connect? |
|
Definition
| Nasal and oral passageways |
|
|
Term
| Which structure of Respiratory is the voice box and is guarded by the epiglottis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Larynx also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which structure of Respiratory is a cartilage lined windpipe to the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the trachea lined with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which structure of Respiratory is a branching structure successively smaller within the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the Bronchi located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which structure of Respiratory are sites of gas exchange between the blood and the air? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the sites of gas exchange located in Alveoli? |
|
Definition
| between the blood and the air |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 mechanics of Respiration? |
|
Definition
1. Inspiration
2. Expiration |
|
|
Term
| What is driven by changes in air pressure inside the lungs? |
|
Definition
| the Mechanics of Respiration |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanics of respiration driven by? |
|
Definition
| Changes in air pressure inside the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What is inspiration activated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of inspiration? |
|
Definition
| Diaphragm is pulled down and chest cavity expands |
|
|
Term
| What are the results of inspiration? |
|
Definition
| Chest cavity grows in volume and creates a partial vacuum causing air to rush in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of expiration? |
|
Definition
| Diaphragm rises and chest cavity shrinks |
|
|
Term
| What are the results of expiration? |
|
Definition
| Chest cavity volume grows smaller forcing air out |
|
|
Term
| Which respiratory volume is of resting gas exchange? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Respiratory volume is at about 500 Mls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Respiratory volume is 6 times Tidal volume? |
|
Definition
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) |
|
|
Term
| Which respiratory volume is at about 3000 Mls |
|
Definition
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) |
|
|
Term
| Which respiratory volume is the maximum volume inhaled beyond Tidal Volume? |
|
Definition
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) |
|
|
Term
| How much more is IRV compared to Tidal Volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which respiratory volume is 2 times Tidal Volume? |
|
Definition
| Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) |
|
|
Term
| Which respiratory volume is at about 1000 Mls? |
|
Definition
| Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) |
|
|
Term
| Which respiratory volume is the maximum volume exhaled beyond Tidal Volume? |
|
Definition
| Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) |
|
|
Term
| How much more is ERV compared to Tidal Volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which respiratory volume is of the volume remaining in the lungs that cannot be exhaled? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which respiratory volume is at about 1200 Mls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 respiratory volumes? |
|
Definition
1. Tidal Volume (TV)
2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
4. Residual Volume (RV) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 respiratory capacities? |
|
Definition
1. Vital Capacity (VC)
2. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) |
|
|
Term
| Which respiratory capacity is maximum respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What equation gives the total for Vital Capacity? |
|
Definition
TV + IRV + ERV = VC
≈ 4500 mls |
|
|
Term
| About how many mls is Vital Capacity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What equation gives the total for Total Lung Capacity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About how many mls is Total Lung Capacity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of Neurological control? |
|
Definition
1. Rhythmicity area in the Medulla
2. Blood gas monitoring |
|
|
Term
| Where is the Rhythmicity area located in Neurological control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Rhythmicity area in the Medulla of Neurological control do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What regulates breathing rate? |
|
Definition
| Rhythmicity area in the Medulla |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 groups of Rhythmicity area in the Medulla? |
|
Definition
1. Dorsal Respiratory Group
2. Ventral Respiratory Group |
|
|
Term
| Which group from the Rhythmicity area of the Medulla maintains basic breathing rhythm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What regulates the Dorsal Respiratory Group? |
|
Definition
| Pneumonotaxic area in the pons |
|
|
Term
| Which group from the Rhythmicity area in the Medulla regulates forceful breathing? |
|
Definition
| Ventral Respiratory Group |
|
|
Term
| What monitors blood gas in Neurological control? |
|
Definition
| Chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid artery |
|
|
Term
| What is monitored by the chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid artery? |
|
Definition
Hydrogen ions
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen |
|
|
Term
| When does oxygen affect breathing? |
|
Definition
| When levels drop significantly |
|
|
Term
| What 3 things regulate the depth of breathing? |
|
Definition
| Inflation reflex, Hering, and Breuer reflex |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of Blood Gas Transport? |
|
Definition
Oxygen Transport
Carbon Dioxide Transport |
|
|
Term
| How is Oxygen Transport carried? |
|
Definition
| by hemoglobin inside red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| How many oxygen binding sites does each hemoglobin have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 environmental factors affects the strength of oxy-hemoglobin bond? |
|
Definition
1. Blood acidity (pH levels)
2. Blood temperature |
|
|
Term
| In Oxygen Transport, as acidity goes up (pH drops) what happens to the oxygen bond strength? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Oxygen Transport, what happens when there's an increase in carbon dioxide? |
|
Definition
| Blood acidifies (pH drops) |
|
|
Term
| In Oxygen Transport, what happens when there's a decrease in carbon dioxide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Oxygen Transport, as temperature increases, what happens to the oxygen bond strength? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Oxygen transport, as blood passes through the lungs, what happens the air's temperature? |
|
Definition
| Air temperature decreases |
|
|
Term
| In Oxygen Transport, as blood passes through the body tissues, what happens to the air's temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many different ways can blood gas be carried through carbon dioxide transport? |
|
Definition
3 different ways...
1. 23% bind to amino groups found in hemoglobin
2. 70% converted to bicarbonate
3. 7% carried as free carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| What are the factors affecting Carbon Dioxide chemistry in the blood? |
|
Definition
As blood carbon dioxide levels increase, carbonate, hydrogen ions, and bicarbonate is formed, and pH levels drop
As blood carbon dioxide levels decrease, more free carbon dioxide is formed, and pH levels rise |
|
|
Term
| As blood carbon dioxide increases, what forms and what happens to pH levels? |
|
Definition
carbonate, hydrogen ions, and bicarbonate is formed
pH levels drop |
|
|
Term
| As blood carbon dioxide decreases, what forms and what happens to pH levels? |
|
Definition
more free carbon dioxide is formed
pH levels rise |
|
|
