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Lumbar Spine - second half
Lumbar Spine
58
Anatomy
Graduate
06/03/2013

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Cards

Term
Spinal Cord originates
Definition
Extends from foramen magnum to approx. L1-L2 in adults
Term
Dorsal root carries what information and where
Definition
Sensory and To the brain
Term
Ventral root carries what kind of information and where?
Definition
Motor and FROM the brain
Term
Gray matter
Definition
Nerve cell bodies and connecting fibers
Term
White matter
Definition
Ascending and Descending tracts
Term
Cervical enlargement
Definition
Corresponds to the origin of spinal nerves that innervate the upper limbs
Term
Lumbosacral enlargement
Definition
Corresponds to the origin of spinal nerves that innervate the lower limbs
Term
Dura Mater
Definition
Outer layer of spinal cord; very strong; runs form skull to S2, blending with filum terminale where it anchors to coccyx
Term
Arachnoid Mater
Definition
Immediately inside dura mater; ends at S2
Term
Pia Mater
Definition
Thin and tightly anchored to outside of spinal cord; no space between pia and cord, has blood vessels to supply cord
Term
Dorsal Rami (posterior)
Definition
Innervate the intrinsic back muscles...not Lats
Term
Ventral Rami (anterior)
Definition
Innervate most other skeletal muscles, also compromises the plexuses
Term
Latissimus Dorsi Origin
Definition
Origin: Spinous Processes of T7-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, posterior iliac crest, all lumbar vertebra, sacral vertebra
Term
Latissimus Dorsi Insertion
Definition
Floor of bicipital groove of humerus
Term
Latissimus Dorsi Action
Definition
Extension, adduction, and medial rotation of humerus

-can assist with back extension

-in closed chain it depresses shoulder complex
Term
Erector Spinae
Definition
-Iliocostalis
-Longissimus
-Spinalis

"I Love Spaghetti"
Term
Spinalis
Definition
-Most medial column of muscles
-Smallest of the subdivisions

Actions: (B) Trunk extension
Weak ipsilateral trunk side bend

Innervation: Dorsal Rami of Thoracic spinal nerves
Term
Longissimus
Definition
-Largest of Erector Spinae
-Intermediate Column

3 regionally specific muscles:
-Longissimus thoracis
-Longissimus cervicis
-Longissimus capitis
Term
Longissimus Thoracis Actions
Definition
-(B) Trunk extension
-Ipsilateral Side bend
Term
Iliocostalis
Definition
Most lateral

Subdivided into:
-Iliocostalis lumborum
-Ilicostalis thoracis
-Ilicostalis cervicis
Term
Multifidus
Definition
Origin: TPs of lumbar through lower cervical vertebrae, sacrum, PSIS, dorsal SI ligaments

Insertion: SP of the more superiorly located vertebra

Actions: trunk extension, ipsilateral SB, contralateral rotation, stabilization of SI joints and lumbar joints
Term
Anterolateral abdominal wall musculature
Definition
Compress abdominal contents to maintain or increase intrabdominal pressure by opposing diaphragm to:

-aid in quiet and forced expiration, child birth, urination, expulsion of feces

-Maintain posture
-Stabilize L-spine
Term
Rectus Abdominus
Definition
Origin: pubic crest and pubic symphysis and pubic ligaments

Insertion: Xiphoid process, costal cartilage of ribs 5-7

Actions: (B) flexes trunk, compresses abdominal viscera, posterior pelvic tilt

Ventral rami
Term
External Abdominal Oblique
Definition
-Most superficial
-Origin: lower 8 ribs on exterior and inferior surfaces

-Insertion: anterior 1/2 iliac crest, ASIS, abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba

-Actions: (B) flexes trunk, compresses abdominal viscera and post pelvic tilt, unilateral SB trunk, contralateral rotation trunk

Ventral rami T7-12
Term
Internal Abdominal Oblique
Definition
-Fibers run medial to lateral
-Origin: lateral 2/3 inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia

-Insertion: lower 3-4 ribs and costal cartilage, aponeurosis to midlinea alba and pubic crest

Actions: (B) flexes trunk, compresses abdominal viscera, post pelvic tilt, ipsilateral SB and rotation of trunk

Ventral rami T7-T12
Term
Transversus Abdominus
Definition
-Deepest muscle-fibers pass horizontally to end in an aponeurosis at linea alba

-Origin: lateral 1/3 inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia b/w 12th rib and iliac crest, lower 6 costal cartilage

-Insertion: aponeurosis to linea alba and pubic crest

Actions: compression of ab viscera, lumbar stabilization
Term
Quadatus Lumborum
Definition
Origin: posteriomedial iliac crest, iliolumbar ligament

Insertion: 12th rib along medial 1/2 of lower border, TPs of T12-L4

Actions: stabilizes 12th rib and lumbar spine, ipsilateral SB, (B) extension, hikes hip

Ventral Rami T12 - L3
Term
Kyphosis
Definition
Exaggerated posterior covexity in the thoracic region ---often seen with aging
Term
Lordosis
Definition
Accentuation of the normal cervical or lumbar curvature (exaggeration of the posterior concavity)
Term
Flattened
Definition
Decrease in the normal curvature of that particular spinal region
Term
Scoliosis
Definition
Lateral curvature of the spine
Term
Vertical struts
Definition
Provides weight bearing strength to sustain compressive loads
Term
Horizontal struts
Definition
-Prevent shearing loads
-Prevent vertical beams from bowing
Term
Lumbarization
Definition
S1 is detached from sacral body and acts as an individual vertebra
Term
Sacralization
Definition
Fusion of L5 onto Sacrum
Term
Lumbar Vertebral Segment Components
Definition
-Intervertebral joint
-Intervertebral discs
-(R) and (L) facet joint
-Corresponding spinal nerve

bottom half of upper vertebrae and upper half of lower vertebrae (L4/L5)
Term
Intervertebral Disc layers
Definition
1) Neurovascular capsule
2) Outer annulus
3) Inner annulus
4) Nucleus pulposus
5) Fibrocartilaginous endplate
Term
Annulus Fibrosus
Definition
-Composed 10-20 layers of rings

-Fxn to protect and isolate the nucleus

-Attaches strongly to outside of vertebral bodies, fibrocartilaginous endplates, ALL & PLL

-High capacity for weight bearing
Term
Intervertebral disc
Definition
Weak: posterolateral portion of annulus

-High amount of mechanoreceptors and free nerve endings, esp toward periphery
Term
Nucleus Pulposus
Definition
-Gel like -- made 70-90% of H2O

-Hydrophilic -- due to loading throughout day, fluid continuously moves in and out of disc

-Compressed in standing, expands while lying down
Term
Neurovascular capsule
Definition
Outer layer of disc where nervous structures are located as well as minimal blood supply
Term
Fibrocartilaginous Endplate
Definition
Covers most superior and inferior portion of disc securing it to vertebral bodies in nature allowing diffusion of nutrients
Term
Pascals Law
Definition
-Vertically applied compression to IVD is distributed equally in all directions

IVD is great shock absorber fxning hydrostatically -- this is why dehydration and surgical excision decreases ability of IVD to withstand such stresses
Term
Bending: Mechanical properties of IVD
Definition
Nucleus pulposus deforms in the direction OPPOSITE the movement

Example: during lumbar extension the disc NP will deform anteriorly and during flexion it will deform posteriorly
Term
Classification of IV joints
Definition
-Synarthroses
-Cartilaginous
-Symphysis

include IVD and endplates
Term
Facet Joint lassifications
Definition
Diarthrodial
Planar
Term
Lumbar facet joint orientation
Definition
Superior facets from inferior vertebra face medially

Inferior facets from superior vertebra face lateral

Flex/Ext limits rotation and SB
Term
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Definition
Runs entire length of spine

Strong attachment to anterior vertebral bodies and IVD

Limits spinal extension or backward bending- constant thickness
Term
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Definition
Runs C2-L5

Attaches to posterior aspect of vertebral bodies

Extension occurs out to lateral aspect of disc

Narrows the further you go towards lumbar spine

Limits flexion/forward bending
Term
Ligamentum Flavum
Definition
Runs from lamina to lamina

Made out of elastin

Limits flexion

Aging process causes this ligament to lsoe elastic properties and bulge into canal causing stenosis
Term
Supraspinous Ligament
Definition
Runs from C7-L3 tip of SP to tip of SP

Most superficial ligament

Limits flexion
Term
Interspinous Ligament
Definition
In between SP to SP

Limits flexion

Runs entire length of spine
Term
Intertransverse Ligament
Definition
TP to TP entire spine

Limits flexion and contralateral SB

Most developed in T-spine
Term
Iliolumbar Ligament
Definition
L4-5 TPs to iliac crest

Limits contralateral SB, lateral shift
Term
Thoracolumbar Fascia: purpose
Definition
Fascia that covers surrounding deep muscles of the back and trunk

Critical in the overall organization and structural integrity of the region
Term
TFL - Anterior Layer
Definition
Covers the anterior surface of the quadratus lumborum muscle

Medial to TPs of lumbar vertebrae

Superiorly forms lateral arcuate ligament for attachment of diaphragm

Inferiorly attaches to iliac crest
Term
TFL - MIddle Layer
Definition
Separates the posteromedial aspect of Quad Lumborum muscle from the anterior aspect of erector spinae mm

Attaches medially to tips of TPs of LV and intertransverse ligaments

Superiorly to lower border of 12th rib

Inferiorly to iliac crest
Term
TFL - Posterior Layer
Definition
Attached to spinous processes of LV and median sacral crest and associated supraspinous ligaments

Extends laterally to cover the posterior aspect of erector spinae mm

Joins the middle layer of the thoracolumbar fascia at the lateral margin of the erector spinae

All three layers combined with quad lumborum = aponeurotic origin
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