Term
| what is the largest synovial joint in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of joint is the knee joint? |
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Definition
| hinge joint; allows for flexion and extension |
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Term
| what is the knee joint reinforced by? |
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Definition
| collateral ligaments, one on each side of the joint |
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Term
| what is the purpose of the "locking" mechanism of the knee? |
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Definition
| reduces the amount of muscle energy required to keep the joint extended when standing |
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Term
| which menisci is more mobile: the lateral or medial? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the ligament that interconnects the medial and lateral menisci? |
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Definition
| transverse ligament of the knee |
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Term
| which menisci is attached to the tendon of the popliteus muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the attachment sites for the fibular collateral ligament? |
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Definition
| superiorly attached to the lateral femoral epicondyle and inferiorly it is attached to a depression on the lateral surface of the fibular head |
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Term
| what are the attachment sites of the tibial collateral ligament? |
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Definition
| anchored superiorly to the medial femoral epicondyle just inferior to the adductor tubercle and descends anteriorly to attach to the medial margin and medial surface of the tibia above and behind the attachment of sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus tendons |
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Term
| what are the attachments of the ACL? |
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Definition
| attaches to a facet on the anterior part of the intercondylar area of the tibia and ascends posteriorly to attach to a facet at the back of the lateral wall of the intercondylar fossa of the femur |
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Term
| where does the PCL attach? |
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Definition
| to the posterior aspect of the intercondylar area of the tibia and ascends anteriorly to attach to the medial wall of the intercondylar fossa of the femur |
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Term
| what does the ACL prevent? |
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Definition
| prevents anterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur |
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Term
| what does the PCL restrict? |
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Definition
| posterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur |
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Term
| a force to the medial aspect of the knee can cause damage to which collateral ligament |
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Definition
| the lateral collateral ligament |
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Term
| what is the function of the patella? |
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Definition
| increases the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps muscle to extend the leg |
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Term
| describe the characteristics of the patellofemoral joint |
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Definition
| only the posterior surface of the patella has hyaline cartilage (the lateral articular facet is larger); the patella articulates with the condyles of the femur not with the tibia |
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Term
| True or false: the menisci are thicker at their capsular margins and thinner at their free border |
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Definition
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Term
| in what region of the menisci are tears frequent? |
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Definition
| at the thin free interior edge |
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Term
| what cause prepatellar bursitis? |
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Definition
| friction between the skin and the patella causing inflammation of the bursa; if chronic the bursa becomes distended with fluid, which appears as swelling anterior to the knee; working on the knees predisposes one to this disorder |
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Term
| which cruciate ligament is stronger? |
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Definition
| the posterior cruciate ligament |
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Term
| where are the cruciate ligaments generally located? |
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Definition
| outside the synovial cavity but within the fibrous joint capsule |
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Term
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Definition
| done to check the ACL and PCL; if the anterior is torn, there is excessive forward displacement of the tibia relative to the femur, if the posterior ligament is torn, there is excessive posterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur |
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Term
| what are the contents of the popliteal fossa? |
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Definition
Popliteal artery, & vein
Tibial & common fibular (peroneal) nerves
Small saphenous vein
Popliteal lymph nodes & lymphatic vessels |
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Term
| the roof of the popliteal fossa is made up of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| where do the fibularis longus and brevis arise? |
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Definition
| from the fibula and send tendons posterior to the lateral malleolus |
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Term
| where does the fibularis longus muscle insert? |
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Definition
| the medial cuneiform bone and the base of the 1st metatarsal bone |
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Term
| the fibularis brevis inserts where? |
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Definition
| the tuberosity on the base of the 5th metatarsal |
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Term
| what nerve innervates the lateral leg? |
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Definition
| the superficial fibular nerve (peroneal) |
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Term
| where does the common fibular nerve wrap around? |
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Definition
| the head of the fibula and passes deep to the fibular muscles |
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Term
| what nerves does the common fibular nerve divide into? |
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Definition
| the superficial fibular nerve and the deep fibular nerve |
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Term
| the fibularis longus and brevis muscles are innervated by what nerve? |
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Definition
| the superficial fibular nerve (peroneal) |
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Term
| the anterior leg muscles are innervated by what nerve? |
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Definition
| the deep fibular nerve and all dorsiflex the foot at the ankle |
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Term
| blood supply to the anterior leg muscles are from what artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| as the deep fibular nerve enters the anterior compartment of the leg, it is accompanied by what artery? |
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Definition
| the anterior tibial artery |
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Term
| describe characteristics of the anterior tibial artery |
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Definition
The anterior tibial artery becomes the dorsalis pedis artery, which passes between the 1st & 2nd metatarsal bones into the plantar surface of the foot.
It forms an anastomosis with the lateral plantar artery which is the terminal part of the posterior tibial artery – this forms the plantar arch of the foot |
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Term
| what does injury to the common fibular nerve cause? |
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Definition
| foot drop; inability to dorsiflex and evert the foot; it is the most common nerve injury of the lower limb; causes toe drag in the affected limb |
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Term
| which muscle of the anterior compartment of the leg is the strongest dorsiflexor and inverter of the foot? |
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Definition
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Term
| all muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg are innervated by what nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| which nerve innervates the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg? |
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Definition
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Term
| where does the gastrocnemius muscle arise from? |
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Definition
| the posterior superior surface of the femoral condyles |
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Term
| where does the soleus muscle arise from? |
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Definition
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Term
| where does the plantaris muscle arise from? |
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Definition
| the lateral supracondylar line |
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Term
| what 3 muscles all attach to the posterior surface of the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon? |
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Definition
| gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris |
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Term
| which muscle has the important function of unlocking the knee? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the order of the structures passing into the foot (from the deep posterior leg) from anterior to posterior? |
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Definition
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Posterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial vein
Tibial nerve
Flexor hallucis longus |
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Term
| what are the functions of tibialis posterior? |
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Definition
| inverts the foot and plantar flexes the foot; offers some support to the arch of the foot |
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Term
| what is the function of flexor hallucis longus? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of flexor digitorum longus? |
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Definition
| flexes the lateral 4 toes |
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Term
| what nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the leg? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some characteristics of atherosclerotic disease of the leg? |
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Definition
| arterial occlusive disease caused by atherosclerosis which can cause aching and cramping pain in the calves during exertion (walking and running); this pain is relieved by rest and is termed intermittent claudication |
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Term
| is the great saphenous vein anterior or posterior to the medial malleolus? |
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Definition
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Term
| what leads to varicose veins? |
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Definition
| incompetent valves; put pressure on distal valves and can cause them to fail; this leads to the superficial veins becoming dilated and tortuous; more common in women than men and is often made worse during pregnancy |
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Term
| what is the subtalar joint? |
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Definition
| the articulation between the talus and the calcaneus; the motions available are gliding and rotation that contribute to inversion-eversion of the foot |
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Term
| what is the midtarsal joint? |
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Definition
| a combination of the talocalcaneonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints; inversion and eversion as well as pronation/supination of the forefoot occur at the midtarsal joint |
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Term
| in the neutral position, the vertical axis of the heel is aligned with what structure? |
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Definition
| the longitudinal axis of the tibia |
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Term
| which ligaments provide support to the lateral aspect of the ankle and subtalar joints? |
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Definition
| anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular |
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Term
| which ligament is usually the first one to tear in an ankle sprain? |
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Definition
| anterior talofibular ligament |
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Term
| what does the drawer test test for? |
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Definition
| rupture or tear of the ligaments of the ankle; when ruptured there is significantly more translation of the tibia and fibula in a posterior direction relative to the talus and calcaneus |
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Term
| where is the deltoid ligament located? |
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Definition
| spans the medial side of the ankle (tibia to talus, navicular, calcaneus) |
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Term
| what is the function of the plantar cancaneonavicular ligament? |
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Definition
| reinforces the medial aspect of the ankle joint |
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Term
| during a severe eversion injury, will the deltoid ligament tear? |
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Definition
| no, the deltoid ligament is strong so that instead of tearing, it usually will avulse its bony attachment |
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Term
| which muscle attaches to the base of the 5th metatarsal? |
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Definition
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Term
| which type of fracture is the most common fracture of the base of the 5th metatarsal? |
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Definition
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Term
| the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot is what bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| the key stone of the lateral arch of the foot is what bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| the arches of the foot are supported passively by which ligaments? (from deep to superficial) |
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Definition
Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring ligament)
Short (calcaneocuboid) and long plantar ligaments
Plantar aponeurosis |
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Term
| what is the purpose of custom orthotics? |
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Definition
| can often correct faulty foot biomechanics caused by a fallen arch (flat foot); this is sometimes a useful adjunct to treatment of knee pain in runners |
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Term
|
Definition
Deviation of the great toe
1st phalanx (great toe) deviate laterally
Head of 1st metatarsal deviates medially
Bunion develops
Causes:
Congenital
Environmental
Poor footwear
high heeled, narrow toed shoes
10:1 women: men
Subluxation of the sesamoid bones and subsequently, altered biomechanics of the flexor hallucis longus tendon
Bunion develops (inflammation of soft tissues of 1st MTP joint followed by bone deposition) |
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Term
| what is the plantar aponeurosis? |
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Definition
| a thickening of deep fascia in the sole of the foot; it is firmly anchored to the calcaneus and passes forward as thick bands which enter the toes connecting with bone, ligaments and the dermis of the skin |
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Term
| what is the superficial transverse metatarsal ligaments? |
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Definition
| transverse fibers bands that connect the longitudinal bands of the aponeurosis |
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Term
| what is the function of the plantar aponeurosis? |
|
Definition
| supports the longitudinal arch of the foot and protects deeper structures |
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Term
| what is plantar fasciiatis? |
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Definition
| inflammation of the plantar fascia at its attachment site on the calcaneus; can lead to a heel spur if contributing factors are not modified |
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Term
| what are some symptoms of plantar fasciiatis? |
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Definition
Starts as dull, intermittent pain in heel or arch, progressing to a sharp, persistent pain
Pain occurs in the morning or after resting and gradually disappears with walking
Tightness in calf muscles |
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Term
| what are some contributing factors to plantar fasciiatis? |
|
Definition
Flat (pronated) feet or high arched (supinated feet)
Poor designed shoes
Large weight gain in short period of time |
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Term
| what is a calcaneal spur? |
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Definition
| a heel spur caused by plantar fasciiatis |
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Term
| what is the purpose of the extensor hoods of the foot? |
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Definition
| provide attachment for intrinsic muscles (interossei and lumbricals) of the foot with an arrangement that is similar to the hand |
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Term
| describe the extensor hood |
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Definition
| flexor tendons enter fibrous digital sheaths that contain inner synovial sheaths, which decrease friction |
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Term
| which digit on the foot is the reference point for abduction? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what does the posterior tibial artery divide into? |
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Definition
| the medial and lateral plantar arteries |
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|
Term
| which artery makes up the plantar arch? |
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Definition
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Term
| the dorsalis pedis is the continuation of which artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| the superficial veins of the lower limb originate from where? |
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Definition
| the dorsal venous arch of the foot |
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Term
| what does the tibial nerve divide into? |
|
Definition
| the medial and lateral plantar nerves |
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Term
| what is morton's neuroma? |
|
Definition
| certain activities such as running can cause the metatarsal bones to lean into each other and pinch the nerve between them; the deep transverse metatarsal ligament holds the metatarsals together; the common plantar nerve becomes swollen and this makes the condition worse. The nerve becomes scarred. The nerve most frequently involved is the nerve between the second and third or third and fourth metatarsal heads |
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Term
| the medial plantar nerve innervates what 4 muscles in the sole of the foot? |
|
Definition
Flexor digitorum brevis
Flexor hallucis brevis
Abductor hallucis
1st lumbrical |
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Term
| the lateral plantar nerve innervates what areas of the body? |
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Definition
| innervates all the rest of the intrinsic muscles of the foot |
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Term
| what symptoms are indicative of tibial nerve compression in the tarsal tunnel? |
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Definition
| the tibial nerve may be compressed at the ankle as it courses through the tarsal tunnel adjacent to the medial malleolus; patients may have pain and paresthesia in the sole of the foot, and weakness of the intrinsic muscles of the foot |
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Term
| where does the extensor digitorum brevis insert? |
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Definition
| inserts to the lateral aspect of tendons of extensor digitorum longus |
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|
Term
| where does the extensor hallucis brevis attach? |
|
Definition
| attaches to the base of the proximal phalynx |
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Term
| what nerve innervates the extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what vessel is the farthest palpable vessel from the heart? |
|
Definition
| the dorsalis pedis artery |
|
|
Term
| what is the dorsalis pedis artery important for? |
|
Definition
| assessing peripheral circulation |
|
|
Term
| where is the dorsalis pedis artery palpable? |
|
Definition
| lateral to extensor hallucis longus and medial to extensor digitorum longus tendon |
|
|
Term
| what is congenital clubfoot? |
|
Definition
| abnormal position of the foot that prevents normal weight bearing; child tends to walk on the ankle |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common type of clubfoot? |
|
Definition
| talipes equinovarus; sole of the foot is turned medially and foot is inverted |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for congenital clubfoot? |
|
Definition
| treated by stretching and serial casting; may require surgery |
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