Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Lower Limb- Hip & Thigh
LECOM Yr 1
176
Anatomy
Graduate
08/15/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
what does compartment syndrome cause?
Definition
decreased tissue perfusion; Because of the limited space in the compartments of the leg, if there is trauma and bleeding within a compartment, pressure may build to high enough levels to prevent arterial flow distal to the injury (or prevent venous blood from leaving the leg).
Term
what is a fasciotomy?
Definition
surgical opening of the fascial compartment in individuals with compartment syndrome; the surgery decompresses the injury site and allows for tissue perfusion
Term
what will happen if a fasciotomy is not performed on an individual with compartment syndrome?
Definition
tissues (muscle and nerve) will become ischemic and die with in hours, resulting in permanent disability
Term
what are the 3 lower limb transition areas?
Definition
femoral triangle, popliteal fossa, and tarsal tunnel
Term
the lower limb bud appears growing laterally from what segments?
Definition
L2-S2 (metameres)
Term
in lower limb development, the surface of the foot that was once facing _______ is now facing _______.
Definition
dorsally, superiorly
Term
True or false: rotation of the lower limb takes the limb from a position where the 1st toe is cranial relative to the 5th toe, to a position where the 1st toe is medial to the 5th toe.
Definition
True
Term
what is the function of the lower limb?
Definition
bears the entire body weight and serves the purpose of locomotion
Term
describe the transfer of body weight distribution in the lower limb
Definition
Body weight is transferred from the vertebral column through the sacroiliac joins to the pelvic girdle and from the pelvic girdle through the hip joints to the femora

The femora are oblique and place the knee joints directly under the trunk

Body weight is transferred through the femurs to the tibia at the knee joint which then transfers the weight across the ankle joint to the foot
Term
where is the center of gravity located in the anatomical position?
Definition
anterior to the S2 vertebra
Term
what are the functions of the muscle groups surrounding the hip?
Definition
to move the femur and stabilize the pelvis and trunk
Term
what is fascia lata?
Definition
the deep fascia of the thigh and is continuous with the crural fascia of the leg
Term
what ligament is the fascia lata continuous with?
Definition
the inguinal ligament
Term
what is the inguinal ligament?
Definition
the aponeurosis at the inferior end of the external abdominal oblique muscle; it attaches to the ASIS and the pubic tubercle
Term
what is the function of the iliotibial tract?
Definition
functions as a tendon; provides an attachment site for the gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata muscles
Term
where are the superficial veins located in the lower limb?
Definition
in the subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)
Term
where are the deep veins located in the lower limb?
Definition
deep to the deep fascia (fascia lata and crural fascia); they accompany the arteries
Term
the great saphenous vein is formed by the union of what veins?
Definition
the veins from the great toe and dorsal venous arch of the foot
Term
where does the great saphenous vein empty into?
Definition
the femoral vein
Term
what is the path of the great saphenous vein?
Definition
it ascends anterior to the medial malleolus and traverses the saphenous opening in the fascia lata
Term
Are valves present in both the saphenous and femoral veins?
Definition
Yes
Term
what do perforating veins connect?
Definition
the great saphenous vein and the deep veins of the leg, the fibular and posterior tibial
Term
the valves of the venous drainage of the leg are situated to shunt blood from ______ to ______.
Definition
superficial, deep
Term
in the venous drainage of the lower limb, the pulse of the ______ compresses the veins and aids in the return of venous blood to the heart
Definition
artery
Term
lymph vessels traveling with the lesser saphenous vein drain where?
Definition
into the popliteal fossa which also collects lymph from the deep lymphatic vessels of the leg
Term
the superficial inguinal nodes receive lymph from what regions?
Definition
gluteal region, abdominal wall, perineum and superficial regions of the limb
Term
what is a lymphadenopathy?
Definition
enlarged inguinal lymph nodes

Pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins may produce enlargement of the superficial inguinal lymph nodes

When inguinal lymph nodes are enlarged their entire field of drainage must be examined

This includes the lower limb
Term
the external iliac artery changes its name to the femoral artery after descending into what region?
Definition
the thigh deep to the inguinal ligament
Term
the femoral artery gives off to what branches?
Definition
the superficial circumflex iliac and external pudendal arteries, the deep femoral artery (profunda femoris)
Term
at what point does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?
Definition
after emerging in the popliteal fossa posteriorly
Term
the internal iliac arteries' branches supply what regions?
Definition
the gluteal and medial thigh regions
Term
where does the saphenous nerve innervate?
Definition
the medial aspect of the leg
Term
at what spinal level are the iliac crests?
Definition
L4-L5 intervertebral disc
Term
what do gluteal folds mark?
Definition
the lower border of the gluteus maximus muscle
Term
what are the 3 bones that compose the pelvic bone?
Definition
the ilium, ischium and pubis
Term
what is the name of the region that articulates with the head of the femur?
Definition
acetabulum
Term
what ligaments convert the greater and less sciatic notches into the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?
Definition
the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
Term
in the anatomical position, the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) is in the same plane as what structure?
Definition
the anterosuperior aspect of the pubis
Term
where are the distal attachments of the iliotibial tract?
Definition
the lateral condyle of the tibia (Gerdy's tubercle) and fibrous attachment to lateral patella
Term
what is the origin of the gluteus maximus muscle?
Definition
ilium posterior to the posterior gluteal line, sacrum, coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament
Term
what is the insertion of the gluteus maximus?
Definition
gluteal tuberosity of the femur and the iliotibial tract
Term
what is the gluteus maximus innervated by?
Definition
the inferior gluteal nerve (mainly S1 and S2)
Term
what is the function of the gluteus maximus?
Definition
extends thigh and assists with lateral rotation
Term
what is the origin of the tensor fascia lata?
Definition
anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and anterior part of iliac crest
Term
what is the insertion of the tensor fascia lata?
Definition
iliotibial tract to the lateral condyle of the tibia
Term
what nerve innervates the tensor fascia lata?
Definition
the superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5)
Term
what is the function of the tensor fascia lata?
Definition
abducts and medially rotates the thigh; helps flex the thigh
Term
the iliotibial tract provides for attachment of what 2 muscles to the anterolateral aspect of the tibia?
Definition
tensor fascia lata and gluteus maximus
Term
what is the origin of the gluteus medius?
Definition
external surface of the ilium between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines
Term
what is the insertion of the gluteus medius?
Definition
lateral surface of the greater trochanter of femur
Term
what nerve is the gluteus medius innervated by?
Definition
the superior gluteal nerve
Term
what is the function of the gluteus medius?
Definition
Abducts thigh, keep pelvis level during unilateral stance phase of gate
Anterior fibers medially rotate thigh
Term
what is the origin of the gluteus minimus?
Definition
ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
Term
what is the insertion of the gluteus minimus?
Definition
anterior surface of the greater trochanter of the femur
Term
what innervates the gluteus minimus?
Definition
the superior gluteal nerve
Term
what is the function of the gluteus minimus?
Definition
Abducts and medially rotates the thigh, helps keep pelvis level during unilateral stance phase of gate
Term
describe a Trendelenburg gait or gluteus medius gait?
Definition
Hip abductors keep the pelvis level during unilateral stance phase of gait. If one of the gluteus medius muscles is weak (perhaps due to superior gluteal nerve injury) then the pelvis will drop on the contralateral side.

If the pelvis drops when you ask a patient to raise one foot off the floor during an examination then it is called a positive Trendelenburg sign
Term
what is the origin of the piriformis?
Definition
anterior surface of the sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament
Term
what is the insertion of the piriformis?
Definition
superior border of greater trochanter of the femur
Term
what is the innervation of the piriformis muscle?
Definition
branches of anterior rami of mainly S1
Term
what is the function of the piriformis muscle?
Definition
Laterally rotates thigh, abducts the thigh from the flexed position
Term
what is the origin of the quadratus femoris?
Definition
lateral border of the ischial tuberosity
Term
what is the insertion of the quadratus femoris?
Definition
quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur
Term
what nerve innervates the quadratus femoris muscle?
Definition
nerve to quadratus femoris (L5,S1)
Term
what is the function of the quadratus femoris?
Definition
Laterally rotates thigh and stabilizes femoral head in the acetabulum
Term
what is the origin of the obturator internus?
Definition
the obturator membrane and margin of the obturator foramen inside the pelvic cavity
Term
what is the insertion of the obturator internus?
Definition
the medial aspect of the greater trochanter after passing through the lesser sciatic foramen
Term
the superior gemellus receives the same nerve innervation as what muscle?
Definition
obturator internus
Term
the inferior gemellus receives the same nerve innervation as what muscle?
Definition
the quadratus femoris
Term
what is the origin of the obturator externus?
Definition
external surface of the obturator membrane and adjacent bone
Term
what is the insertion of the obturator externus?
Definition
trochanteric fossa
Term
what nerve innervates the obturator externus?
Definition
obturator nerve
Term
what is the function of the obturator externus?
Definition
external rotator of the femur
Term
what nerve lies superior to the piriformis?
Definition
superior gluteal nerve
Term
what runs through the lesser sciatic foramen?
Definition
pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels
Term
the vessels passing through the gluteal region arise from what artery and vein?
Definition
the internal iliac artery and the internal iliac vein
Term
where is the safe area for safe intramuscular injection of the hip region?
Definition
the upper right quadrant to avoid injuring the sciatic nerve and superior gluteal nerves
Term
where do the hamstrings originate?
Definition
ischial tuberosity
Term
what is the insertion of the hamstrings?
Definition
the tibia and fibula; the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
Term
what is the function of the hamstrings?
Definition
they flex the leg at the knee and extend the thigh at the hip
Term
the hamstring muscles, including the adductor magnus part, are innervated by what component of the sciatic nerve?
Definition
the tibial component
Term
the short head of the biceps femoris is innervated by what nerve?
Definition
the common fibular nerve
Term
describe the blood supply to the posterior deep thigh region
Definition
blood supply to the area is from the 4 perforating arteries that pass through the adductor magnus muscles
Term
all the medial rotators and abductors of the femur receive innervation from what nerve?
Definition
superior gluteal nerve
Term
the cluneal nerves innervate what region?
Definition
the skin over the gluteal region
Term
where are the superior and medial cluneal nerves derived from?
Definition
the posterior rami of upper lumbar and 1st three sacral nerves
Term
the inferior cluneal nerves are branches of what nerve?
Definition
the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh (anterior rami)
Term
describe osgood schlatter disease
Definition
Osgood Schlatter Disease is the disruption of the epiphysial plate at the tibial tuberosity and chronic recurring pain during adolescence especially in young athletes
Term
what are riders bones?
Definition
ossification of adductor tendons from chronic irritation, inflammation and finally ossification
Term
flexion of the hip is controlled primarily by which spinal nerves?
Definition
L1 and L2
Term
extension of the knee is controlled primarily by which spinal nerves?
Definition
L3 and L4
Term
knee flexion is controlled primarily by which spinal nerves?
Definition
L5 to S2
Term
plantarflexion of the foot is controlled primarily by which spinal nerves?
Definition
S1 and S2
Term
adduction of the digits is controlled primarily by which spinal nerve?
Definition
S2 and S3
Term
a tap on the patellar ligament primarily tests which spinal nerves?
Definition
L3 and L4
Term
a tap on the calcaneal tendon primarily tests which spinal nerves?
Definition
S1 and S2
Term
what is the name for the flat band of delicate connective tissue that attaches at one end to the fovea on the head of the femur and at the other end to the acetabular fossa, transverse acetabular ligament and margins of the acetabular notch?
Definition
ligament of head of femur
Term
what is the name of the ligament that has a Y appearance and is attached to the ilium between the anterior inferior iliac spine and the margin of the acetabulum with the base attached along the intertrochanteric line of the femur?
Definition
iliofemoral ligament
Term
what are the 3 ligaments that reinforce the hip joint?
Definition
iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral
Term
this nerve innervates all muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh
Definition
femoral nerve
Term
this nerve innervates all muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh
Definition
obturator nerve
Term
this nerve innervates all muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh
Definition
sciatic nerve
Term
which nerve innervates the gluteus medius and minimus?
Definition
superior gluteal nerve
Term
what arteries supply the gluteal region?
Definition
superior and inferior gluteal arteries
Term
where does the small saphenous vein originate and where does it join?
Definition
originates from the lateral side of the dorsal venous arch and penetrates deep fascia to join the popliteal vein posterior to the knee
Term
the superficial inguinal nodes receive lymph from what areas of the body?
Definition
gluteal region, lower abdominal wall, perineum, and superficial regions of the lower limb
Term
what is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?
Definition
the patella
Term
what does the patellar ligament connect?
Definition
the patella to the tibia
Term
which is larger: the medial or lateral condyle of the tibia?
Definition
medial condyle
Term
where does the patellar ligament attach on the tibia?
Definition
the tibial tuberosity
Term
does the fibula take part in the knee joint and weightbearing?
Definition
no
Term
what 2 muscles compose the iliopsoas?
Definition
the psoas major and iliacus
Term
where do the psoas major and iliacus originate?
Definition
on the posterior abdominal wall and descend into the upper part of the anterior compartment of thigh
Term
where do the psoas major and iliacus insert?
Definition
by a common tendon onto the lesser trochanter of the femur
Term
what is the function of the iliopsoas?
Definition
powerful flexor of the thigh; contribute to lateral rotation of the thigh
Term
what 3 muscles compose the quadriceps femoris?
Definition
vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis
Term
a tap on the patellar ligament tests the reflex activity at which spinal nerves?
Definition
L3 and L4
Term
where do the vastus muscles originate from?
Definition
the femur
Term
what is the name of the muscle that pulls the bursa away from the knee joint during extension?
Definition
articularis genus
Term
which vastus muscle is the largest?
Definition
vastus lateralis
Term
the rectus femoris muscle crosses what joints?
Definition
the hip and knee joints
Term
the vastus muscles converge on what region of the lower limb?
Definition
on the medial aspect of the quadriceps femoris tendon and the medial border of the patella
Term
this ligament is the continuation of the quadriceps femoris tendon below the patella and is attached to the apex and margins of the patella
Definition
patellar ligament
Term
which muscle is the most superficial muscle in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Definition
the sartorius muscle
Term
the tendons of which muscles form the pes anserinus (goose foot)?
Definition
the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles
Term
which muscle is the most superficial of the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh?
Definition
gracilis
Term
what nerve innervates the pectineus?
Definition
femoral nerve
Term
where is the insertion of the pectineus?
Definition
the linea aspera on the posterior surface of the proximal femur
Term
what innervates the adductor longus?
Definition
the anterior division of the obturator nerve
Term
which muscle is the largest and deepest of the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh?
Definition
the adductor magnus
Term
what is the adductor hiatus?
Definition
a large circular gap inferiorly between the hamstring and the adductor parts of the adductor magnus which allows the femoral artery and associated veins to pass between the adductor canal on the anteromedial aspect of the thigh and popliteal fossa posterior to the knee
Term
what are the 3 muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Definition
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus
Term
the long head of the biceps femoris is innervated by what nerve?; the short head?
Definition
sciatic nerve; common fibular nerve
Term
where does the semitendinosus originate?
Definition
with the long head of the biceps femoris muscle from upper area of the ischial tuberosity
Term
what innervates the semitendinosus?
Definition
the tibial division of the sciatic nerve
Term
what is the origin and insertion of the semimembranosus?
Definition
originates at the superolateral impression on the ischial tuberosity and below mainly to the groove and adjacent bone on the medial and posterior surfaces of the medial tibial condyle
Term
which artery is the major source of blood to the thigh?
Definition
deep artery of thigh (profunda femoris artery)
Term
the femoral artery is the continuation of which artery?
Definition
continuation of the external iliac artery
Term
what artery does the femoral artery become behind the knee?
Definition
the popliteal artery
Term
the perforating arteries supply what compartment of the thigh?
Definition
the posterior compartment
Term
which is the largest superficial vein in the thigh?
Definition
the great saphenous vein
Term
what is the path of the great saphenous vein?
Definition
originates from a venous arch on the dorsal aspect of the foot and ascends along the medial side of the lower limb to the proximal thigh
Term
the obturator nerve passes through what canal?
Definition
the obturator canal
Term
which muscle separates the anterior and posterior branch of the obturator nerve?
Definition
the adductor brevis muscle
Term
the sciatic nerve divides into what 2 branches?
Definition
the tibial and common fibular nerve
Term
where does the tibial nerve innervate?
Definition
all the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh except the short head of biceps femoris
Term
where does the common fibular nerve innervate?
Definition
all muscles in the anterior and lateral compartments of leg
Term
the two branches of the obturator nerve innervate what regions of the body?
Definition
most of the adductor muscles of the thigh and skin over the medial thigh
Term
what is the origin of the adductor longus and brevis?
Definition
the pubis
Term
what is the origin and insertion of the pectineus?
Definition
origin- pubis; insertion- femur
Term
which muscle can be surgically transplanted with nerves and vessels to replace damaged structures in the forearm and hand?
Definition
the gracilis
Term
what is the origin and insertion of the obturator externus?
Definition
origin- external surface of obturator membrane; insertion- trochanteric fossa
Term
if you injure the obturator nerve, what lower limb movement will be impaired?
Definition
adduction of the thigh
Term
what region of skin does the obturator nerve innervate?
Definition
a small patch on the medial thigh
Term
does the saphenous nerve run through the adductor hiatus?
Definition
no; it runs through the adductor canal though
Term
does the femoral nerve traverse the adductor hiatus?
Definition
no
Term
what is the femoral sheath?
Definition
a funnel shaped fascial tube that passes deep to the inguinal ligament and blends with the adventitia of the femoral vessels distally
Term
is the femoral nerve within the femoral sheath?
Definition
no; it is lateral to it
Term
what are found in the femoral sheath?
Definition
fat, lymph vessels, nodes, femoral vein and artery
Term
if the femoral triangle is damaged, which artery and vein is vulnerable to damage?
Definition
the femoral artery and vein
Term
which muscles compose the floor of the femoral triangle from lateral to medial?
Definition
iliacus, psoas major, and pectineus muscles
Term
if the femoral artery is ligated, which arteries supply the lower limb?
Definition
the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries
Term
the femoral vein is used to access which side of the heart?
Definition
the right side
Term
to perform an aortic angiogram, one must insert a catheter into which arteries?
Definition
inserted into the femoral artery, passed up the external iliac artery, common iliac artery to the aorta; radiopaque contrast material is injected and radiographs are taken to visualize the coronary vessels
Term
what are the contents of the adductor canal?
Definition
Femoral artery & vein
Saphenous nerve
Nerve to vastus medialis muscle
Term
a femoral hernia is inferior to which ligament?
Definition
the inguinal ligament; a loop of small intestines can herniate into the femoral canal
Term
what does the ligament of the head of the femur carry?
Definition
a small artery and enters the fovea on the head of the femur
Term
what is the transverse acetabular ligament?
Definition
bridges the acetabular notch, which is the inferior region of the acetabulum absent of articular cartilage
Term
what is the function of the ligaments at the hip joint?
Definition
stabilize the joint and reduce the energy required to maintain standing by having fibers that are oriented to remain taught during extension
Term
which type of hip dislocation may occur if the hip is flexed, adducted, medially rotated in a head on collision?
Definition
posterior dislocation; not common
Term
what type of hip dislocation may occur from trauma that causes extension, abduction, and lateral rotation?
Definition
anterior dislocation
Term
what is the typical appearance of the limb in an individual with a fracture of the femoral neck?
Definition
limb is often found in a position of external rotation due to the pull of the gluteal muscles, and the limb appears shortened
Term
which artery provides the largest contribution to the blood supply to the femoral head?
Definition
the medial femoral circumflex artery
Term
which artery is in danger during the fracture of the femoral neck?
Definition
the medial femoral circumflex artery
Term
do intertrochanteric fractures involve the femoral neck?
Definition
no, therefore they preserve the blood supply to the femoral head
Term
if the medial femoral circumflex artery is severed there is a risk of what occuring to the femoral head?
Definition
avascular necrosis
Supporting users have an ad free experience!