Term
| what does compartment syndrome cause? |
|
Definition
| decreased tissue perfusion; Because of the limited space in the compartments of the leg, if there is trauma and bleeding within a compartment, pressure may build to high enough levels to prevent arterial flow distal to the injury (or prevent venous blood from leaving the leg). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surgical opening of the fascial compartment in individuals with compartment syndrome; the surgery decompresses the injury site and allows for tissue perfusion |
|
|
Term
| what will happen if a fasciotomy is not performed on an individual with compartment syndrome? |
|
Definition
| tissues (muscle and nerve) will become ischemic and die with in hours, resulting in permanent disability |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 lower limb transition areas? |
|
Definition
| femoral triangle, popliteal fossa, and tarsal tunnel |
|
|
Term
| the lower limb bud appears growing laterally from what segments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in lower limb development, the surface of the foot that was once facing _______ is now facing _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: rotation of the lower limb takes the limb from a position where the 1st toe is cranial relative to the 5th toe, to a position where the 1st toe is medial to the 5th toe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the lower limb? |
|
Definition
| bears the entire body weight and serves the purpose of locomotion |
|
|
Term
| describe the transfer of body weight distribution in the lower limb |
|
Definition
Body weight is transferred from the vertebral column through the sacroiliac joins to the pelvic girdle and from the pelvic girdle through the hip joints to the femora
The femora are oblique and place the knee joints directly under the trunk
Body weight is transferred through the femurs to the tibia at the knee joint which then transfers the weight across the ankle joint to the foot |
|
|
Term
| where is the center of gravity located in the anatomical position? |
|
Definition
| anterior to the S2 vertebra |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the muscle groups surrounding the hip? |
|
Definition
| to move the femur and stabilize the pelvis and trunk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the deep fascia of the thigh and is continuous with the crural fascia of the leg |
|
|
Term
| what ligament is the fascia lata continuous with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the inguinal ligament? |
|
Definition
| the aponeurosis at the inferior end of the external abdominal oblique muscle; it attaches to the ASIS and the pubic tubercle |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the iliotibial tract? |
|
Definition
| functions as a tendon; provides an attachment site for the gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata muscles |
|
|
Term
| where are the superficial veins located in the lower limb? |
|
Definition
| in the subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia) |
|
|
Term
| where are the deep veins located in the lower limb? |
|
Definition
| deep to the deep fascia (fascia lata and crural fascia); they accompany the arteries |
|
|
Term
| the great saphenous vein is formed by the union of what veins? |
|
Definition
| the veins from the great toe and dorsal venous arch of the foot |
|
|
Term
| where does the great saphenous vein empty into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the path of the great saphenous vein? |
|
Definition
| it ascends anterior to the medial malleolus and traverses the saphenous opening in the fascia lata |
|
|
Term
| Are valves present in both the saphenous and femoral veins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do perforating veins connect? |
|
Definition
| the great saphenous vein and the deep veins of the leg, the fibular and posterior tibial |
|
|
Term
| the valves of the venous drainage of the leg are situated to shunt blood from ______ to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the venous drainage of the lower limb, the pulse of the ______ compresses the veins and aids in the return of venous blood to the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lymph vessels traveling with the lesser saphenous vein drain where? |
|
Definition
| into the popliteal fossa which also collects lymph from the deep lymphatic vessels of the leg |
|
|
Term
| the superficial inguinal nodes receive lymph from what regions? |
|
Definition
| gluteal region, abdominal wall, perineum and superficial regions of the limb |
|
|
Term
| what is a lymphadenopathy? |
|
Definition
enlarged inguinal lymph nodes
Pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins may produce enlargement of the superficial inguinal lymph nodes
When inguinal lymph nodes are enlarged their entire field of drainage must be examined
This includes the lower limb |
|
|
Term
| the external iliac artery changes its name to the femoral artery after descending into what region? |
|
Definition
| the thigh deep to the inguinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| the femoral artery gives off to what branches? |
|
Definition
| the superficial circumflex iliac and external pudendal arteries, the deep femoral artery (profunda femoris) |
|
|
Term
| at what point does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery? |
|
Definition
| after emerging in the popliteal fossa posteriorly |
|
|
Term
| the internal iliac arteries' branches supply what regions? |
|
Definition
| the gluteal and medial thigh regions |
|
|
Term
| where does the saphenous nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| the medial aspect of the leg |
|
|
Term
| at what spinal level are the iliac crests? |
|
Definition
| L4-L5 intervertebral disc |
|
|
Term
| what do gluteal folds mark? |
|
Definition
| the lower border of the gluteus maximus muscle |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 bones that compose the pelvic bone? |
|
Definition
| the ilium, ischium and pubis |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the region that articulates with the head of the femur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what ligaments convert the greater and less sciatic notches into the greater and lesser sciatic foramen? |
|
Definition
| the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments |
|
|
Term
| in the anatomical position, the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) is in the same plane as what structure? |
|
Definition
| the anterosuperior aspect of the pubis |
|
|
Term
| where are the distal attachments of the iliotibial tract? |
|
Definition
| the lateral condyle of the tibia (Gerdy's tubercle) and fibrous attachment to lateral patella |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the gluteus maximus muscle? |
|
Definition
| ilium posterior to the posterior gluteal line, sacrum, coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament |
|
|
Term
| what is the insertion of the gluteus maximus? |
|
Definition
| gluteal tuberosity of the femur and the iliotibial tract |
|
|
Term
| what is the gluteus maximus innervated by? |
|
Definition
| the inferior gluteal nerve (mainly S1 and S2) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the gluteus maximus? |
|
Definition
| extends thigh and assists with lateral rotation |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the tensor fascia lata? |
|
Definition
| anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and anterior part of iliac crest |
|
|
Term
| what is the insertion of the tensor fascia lata? |
|
Definition
| iliotibial tract to the lateral condyle of the tibia |
|
|
Term
| what nerve innervates the tensor fascia lata? |
|
Definition
| the superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the tensor fascia lata? |
|
Definition
| abducts and medially rotates the thigh; helps flex the thigh |
|
|
Term
| the iliotibial tract provides for attachment of what 2 muscles to the anterolateral aspect of the tibia? |
|
Definition
| tensor fascia lata and gluteus maximus |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the gluteus medius? |
|
Definition
| external surface of the ilium between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines |
|
|
Term
| what is the insertion of the gluteus medius? |
|
Definition
| lateral surface of the greater trochanter of femur |
|
|
Term
| what nerve is the gluteus medius innervated by? |
|
Definition
| the superior gluteal nerve |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the gluteus medius? |
|
Definition
Abducts thigh, keep pelvis level during unilateral stance phase of gate
Anterior fibers medially rotate thigh |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the gluteus minimus? |
|
Definition
| ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines |
|
|
Term
| what is the insertion of the gluteus minimus? |
|
Definition
| anterior surface of the greater trochanter of the femur |
|
|
Term
| what innervates the gluteus minimus? |
|
Definition
| the superior gluteal nerve |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the gluteus minimus? |
|
Definition
| Abducts and medially rotates the thigh, helps keep pelvis level during unilateral stance phase of gate |
|
|
Term
| describe a Trendelenburg gait or gluteus medius gait? |
|
Definition
Hip abductors keep the pelvis level during unilateral stance phase of gait. If one of the gluteus medius muscles is weak (perhaps due to superior gluteal nerve injury) then the pelvis will drop on the contralateral side.
If the pelvis drops when you ask a patient to raise one foot off the floor during an examination then it is called a positive Trendelenburg sign |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the piriformis? |
|
Definition
| anterior surface of the sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament |
|
|
Term
| what is the insertion of the piriformis? |
|
Definition
| superior border of greater trochanter of the femur |
|
|
Term
| what is the innervation of the piriformis muscle? |
|
Definition
| branches of anterior rami of mainly S1 |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the piriformis muscle? |
|
Definition
| Laterally rotates thigh, abducts the thigh from the flexed position |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the quadratus femoris? |
|
Definition
| lateral border of the ischial tuberosity |
|
|
Term
| what is the insertion of the quadratus femoris? |
|
Definition
| quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur |
|
|
Term
| what nerve innervates the quadratus femoris muscle? |
|
Definition
| nerve to quadratus femoris (L5,S1) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the quadratus femoris? |
|
Definition
| Laterally rotates thigh and stabilizes femoral head in the acetabulum |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the obturator internus? |
|
Definition
| the obturator membrane and margin of the obturator foramen inside the pelvic cavity |
|
|
Term
| what is the insertion of the obturator internus? |
|
Definition
| the medial aspect of the greater trochanter after passing through the lesser sciatic foramen |
|
|
Term
| the superior gemellus receives the same nerve innervation as what muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the inferior gemellus receives the same nerve innervation as what muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the obturator externus? |
|
Definition
| external surface of the obturator membrane and adjacent bone |
|
|
Term
| what is the insertion of the obturator externus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerve innervates the obturator externus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the obturator externus? |
|
Definition
| external rotator of the femur |
|
|
Term
| what nerve lies superior to the piriformis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what runs through the lesser sciatic foramen? |
|
Definition
| pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels |
|
|
Term
| the vessels passing through the gluteal region arise from what artery and vein? |
|
Definition
| the internal iliac artery and the internal iliac vein |
|
|
Term
| where is the safe area for safe intramuscular injection of the hip region? |
|
Definition
| the upper right quadrant to avoid injuring the sciatic nerve and superior gluteal nerves |
|
|
Term
| where do the hamstrings originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the insertion of the hamstrings? |
|
Definition
| the tibia and fibula; the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the hamstrings? |
|
Definition
| they flex the leg at the knee and extend the thigh at the hip |
|
|
Term
| the hamstring muscles, including the adductor magnus part, are innervated by what component of the sciatic nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the short head of the biceps femoris is innervated by what nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the blood supply to the posterior deep thigh region |
|
Definition
| blood supply to the area is from the 4 perforating arteries that pass through the adductor magnus muscles |
|
|
Term
| all the medial rotators and abductors of the femur receive innervation from what nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cluneal nerves innervate what region? |
|
Definition
| the skin over the gluteal region |
|
|
Term
| where are the superior and medial cluneal nerves derived from? |
|
Definition
| the posterior rami of upper lumbar and 1st three sacral nerves |
|
|
Term
| the inferior cluneal nerves are branches of what nerve? |
|
Definition
| the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh (anterior rami) |
|
|
Term
| describe osgood schlatter disease |
|
Definition
| Osgood Schlatter Disease is the disruption of the epiphysial plate at the tibial tuberosity and chronic recurring pain during adolescence especially in young athletes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ossification of adductor tendons from chronic irritation, inflammation and finally ossification |
|
|
Term
| flexion of the hip is controlled primarily by which spinal nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| extension of the knee is controlled primarily by which spinal nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| knee flexion is controlled primarily by which spinal nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plantarflexion of the foot is controlled primarily by which spinal nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adduction of the digits is controlled primarily by which spinal nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a tap on the patellar ligament primarily tests which spinal nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a tap on the calcaneal tendon primarily tests which spinal nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name for the flat band of delicate connective tissue that attaches at one end to the fovea on the head of the femur and at the other end to the acetabular fossa, transverse acetabular ligament and margins of the acetabular notch? |
|
Definition
| ligament of head of femur |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the ligament that has a Y appearance and is attached to the ilium between the anterior inferior iliac spine and the margin of the acetabulum with the base attached along the intertrochanteric line of the femur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 ligaments that reinforce the hip joint? |
|
Definition
| iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral |
|
|
Term
| this nerve innervates all muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this nerve innervates all muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this nerve innervates all muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which nerve innervates the gluteus medius and minimus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what arteries supply the gluteal region? |
|
Definition
| superior and inferior gluteal arteries |
|
|
Term
| where does the small saphenous vein originate and where does it join? |
|
Definition
| originates from the lateral side of the dorsal venous arch and penetrates deep fascia to join the popliteal vein posterior to the knee |
|
|
Term
| the superficial inguinal nodes receive lymph from what areas of the body? |
|
Definition
| gluteal region, lower abdominal wall, perineum, and superficial regions of the lower limb |
|
|
Term
| what is the largest sesamoid bone in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the patellar ligament connect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which is larger: the medial or lateral condyle of the tibia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the patellar ligament attach on the tibia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does the fibula take part in the knee joint and weightbearing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 muscles compose the iliopsoas? |
|
Definition
| the psoas major and iliacus |
|
|
Term
| where do the psoas major and iliacus originate? |
|
Definition
| on the posterior abdominal wall and descend into the upper part of the anterior compartment of thigh |
|
|
Term
| where do the psoas major and iliacus insert? |
|
Definition
| by a common tendon onto the lesser trochanter of the femur |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the iliopsoas? |
|
Definition
| powerful flexor of the thigh; contribute to lateral rotation of the thigh |
|
|
Term
| what 3 muscles compose the quadriceps femoris? |
|
Definition
| vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis |
|
|
Term
| a tap on the patellar ligament tests the reflex activity at which spinal nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do the vastus muscles originate from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the muscle that pulls the bursa away from the knee joint during extension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which vastus muscle is the largest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the rectus femoris muscle crosses what joints? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the vastus muscles converge on what region of the lower limb? |
|
Definition
| on the medial aspect of the quadriceps femoris tendon and the medial border of the patella |
|
|
Term
| this ligament is the continuation of the quadriceps femoris tendon below the patella and is attached to the apex and margins of the patella |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which muscle is the most superficial muscle in the anterior compartment of the thigh? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the tendons of which muscles form the pes anserinus (goose foot)? |
|
Definition
| the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles |
|
|
Term
| which muscle is the most superficial of the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerve innervates the pectineus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the insertion of the pectineus? |
|
Definition
| the linea aspera on the posterior surface of the proximal femur |
|
|
Term
| what innervates the adductor longus? |
|
Definition
| the anterior division of the obturator nerve |
|
|
Term
| which muscle is the largest and deepest of the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the adductor hiatus? |
|
Definition
| a large circular gap inferiorly between the hamstring and the adductor parts of the adductor magnus which allows the femoral artery and associated veins to pass between the adductor canal on the anteromedial aspect of the thigh and popliteal fossa posterior to the knee |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh? |
|
Definition
| biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus |
|
|
Term
| the long head of the biceps femoris is innervated by what nerve?; the short head? |
|
Definition
| sciatic nerve; common fibular nerve |
|
|
Term
| where does the semitendinosus originate? |
|
Definition
| with the long head of the biceps femoris muscle from upper area of the ischial tuberosity |
|
|
Term
| what innervates the semitendinosus? |
|
Definition
| the tibial division of the sciatic nerve |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin and insertion of the semimembranosus? |
|
Definition
| originates at the superolateral impression on the ischial tuberosity and below mainly to the groove and adjacent bone on the medial and posterior surfaces of the medial tibial condyle |
|
|
Term
| which artery is the major source of blood to the thigh? |
|
Definition
| deep artery of thigh (profunda femoris artery) |
|
|
Term
| the femoral artery is the continuation of which artery? |
|
Definition
| continuation of the external iliac artery |
|
|
Term
| what artery does the femoral artery become behind the knee? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the perforating arteries supply what compartment of the thigh? |
|
Definition
| the posterior compartment |
|
|
Term
| which is the largest superficial vein in the thigh? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the path of the great saphenous vein? |
|
Definition
| originates from a venous arch on the dorsal aspect of the foot and ascends along the medial side of the lower limb to the proximal thigh |
|
|
Term
| the obturator nerve passes through what canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which muscle separates the anterior and posterior branch of the obturator nerve? |
|
Definition
| the adductor brevis muscle |
|
|
Term
| the sciatic nerve divides into what 2 branches? |
|
Definition
| the tibial and common fibular nerve |
|
|
Term
| where does the tibial nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| all the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh except the short head of biceps femoris |
|
|
Term
| where does the common fibular nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| all muscles in the anterior and lateral compartments of leg |
|
|
Term
| the two branches of the obturator nerve innervate what regions of the body? |
|
Definition
| most of the adductor muscles of the thigh and skin over the medial thigh |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the adductor longus and brevis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the origin and insertion of the pectineus? |
|
Definition
| origin- pubis; insertion- femur |
|
|
Term
| which muscle can be surgically transplanted with nerves and vessels to replace damaged structures in the forearm and hand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the origin and insertion of the obturator externus? |
|
Definition
| origin- external surface of obturator membrane; insertion- trochanteric fossa |
|
|
Term
| if you injure the obturator nerve, what lower limb movement will be impaired? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what region of skin does the obturator nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| a small patch on the medial thigh |
|
|
Term
| does the saphenous nerve run through the adductor hiatus? |
|
Definition
| no; it runs through the adductor canal though |
|
|
Term
| does the femoral nerve traverse the adductor hiatus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the femoral sheath? |
|
Definition
| a funnel shaped fascial tube that passes deep to the inguinal ligament and blends with the adventitia of the femoral vessels distally |
|
|
Term
| is the femoral nerve within the femoral sheath? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are found in the femoral sheath? |
|
Definition
| fat, lymph vessels, nodes, femoral vein and artery |
|
|
Term
| if the femoral triangle is damaged, which artery and vein is vulnerable to damage? |
|
Definition
| the femoral artery and vein |
|
|
Term
| which muscles compose the floor of the femoral triangle from lateral to medial? |
|
Definition
| iliacus, psoas major, and pectineus muscles |
|
|
Term
| if the femoral artery is ligated, which arteries supply the lower limb? |
|
Definition
| the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries |
|
|
Term
| the femoral vein is used to access which side of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to perform an aortic angiogram, one must insert a catheter into which arteries? |
|
Definition
| inserted into the femoral artery, passed up the external iliac artery, common iliac artery to the aorta; radiopaque contrast material is injected and radiographs are taken to visualize the coronary vessels |
|
|
Term
| what are the contents of the adductor canal? |
|
Definition
Femoral artery & vein
Saphenous nerve
Nerve to vastus medialis muscle |
|
|
Term
| a femoral hernia is inferior to which ligament? |
|
Definition
| the inguinal ligament; a loop of small intestines can herniate into the femoral canal |
|
|
Term
| what does the ligament of the head of the femur carry? |
|
Definition
| a small artery and enters the fovea on the head of the femur |
|
|
Term
| what is the transverse acetabular ligament? |
|
Definition
| bridges the acetabular notch, which is the inferior region of the acetabulum absent of articular cartilage |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the ligaments at the hip joint? |
|
Definition
| stabilize the joint and reduce the energy required to maintain standing by having fibers that are oriented to remain taught during extension |
|
|
Term
| which type of hip dislocation may occur if the hip is flexed, adducted, medially rotated in a head on collision? |
|
Definition
| posterior dislocation; not common |
|
|
Term
| what type of hip dislocation may occur from trauma that causes extension, abduction, and lateral rotation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the typical appearance of the limb in an individual with a fracture of the femoral neck? |
|
Definition
| limb is often found in a position of external rotation due to the pull of the gluteal muscles, and the limb appears shortened |
|
|
Term
| which artery provides the largest contribution to the blood supply to the femoral head? |
|
Definition
| the medial femoral circumflex artery |
|
|
Term
| which artery is in danger during the fracture of the femoral neck? |
|
Definition
| the medial femoral circumflex artery |
|
|
Term
| do intertrochanteric fractures involve the femoral neck? |
|
Definition
| no, therefore they preserve the blood supply to the femoral head |
|
|
Term
| if the medial femoral circumflex artery is severed there is a risk of what occuring to the femoral head? |
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Definition
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