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Lower Limb
Cards for learning the lower limb
195
Anatomy
Professional
08/16/2015

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Cards

Term
What four bones make up the hip joint?
Definition
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Femur
Term
What are the three most important extracapsular ligaments of the hip joint?
Definition
Iliofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Term
What is the strongest ligament in the human body?
Definition
Iliofemoral ligament
Term
What are the two functions of the iliofemoral ligament?
Definition
prevents excessive adduction and internal rotation of the hip.
Term
What is the function of the ischiofemoral ligament?
Definition
prevents excessive internal rotation at the hip
Term
What is the function of the pubofemoral ligament?
Definition
prevents excessive internal rotation and adduction at the hip
Term
Which ligaments prevent excessive internal rotation at the hip?
Definition
Iliofemoral ligament and ischiofemoral ligament
Term
Which ligaments prevent excessive adduction at the hip?
Definition
Iliofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments
Term
You tore your ligament of the femoral head. What artery did you also rupture?
Definition
A branch of the obturator artery that leads to the femoral head
Term
What is a common cause of avascular necrosis of the thigh?
Definition
Tears to the ligament of the femoral head
Term
Which gluteal muscle is a hip extensor?
Definition
Gluteus maximus
Term
Describe the functions of the three gluteus muscles
Definition
Maximus extends the hip.
Minimus and medius abduct the hip.
Term
Name the muscles of the gluteal region
Definition
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Superior gemellus
Inferior gemellus
Quadratus femorus
Term
Which gluteal muscles are lateral (exterior) rotators of the hip?
Definition
piriformis
obturator internus
superior gemelli
inferior gemelli
Quadratus femorus
Term
Which gluteal muscles are abductors of the hip?
Definition
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Term
Which gluteal muscles are hip extensors?
Definition
Gluteus maximus
Term
Which gluteal muscles are internal (medial) rotators of the hip?
Definition
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fasciae latae
Term
What are the lumbar nerves of the lubosacral plexus?
Definition
Genitofemoral nerve
Lateral cutenous nerve of the thigh
Femoral nerve
Obturator nerve
Term
Nerve roots of genitofemoral nerve
Definition
L1, L2
Term
Nerve roots of Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh?
Definition
L2, L3
Term
Nerve roots of Femoral Nerve
Definition
L2-L4
Term
Nerve roots of the obturator nerve
Definition
L2-L4
Term
Nerve roots of superior gluteal nerve
Definition
L4-S1
Term
Nerve roots of Sciatic nerve
Definition
L4-S3
Term
Nerve roots of inferior gluteal nerve
Definition
L5-S2
Term
Nerve roots of pudendal nerve
Definition
S2-S4
Term
What are the sacral nerves of the lumbosacral plexus?
Definition
Superior gluteal
Sciatic
Inferior gluteal
Pudendal
Term
The lumbosacral plexus is found within which muscle?
Definition
Soas major
Term
You need to give an intramuscular injection into gluteus maximus. Where should you give it? Why?
Definition
Upper Lateral quadrant to prevent piercing the sciatic nerve
Term
Which arteries feed the gluteal region?
Definition
Common iliac artery
Internal iliac artery
Superior gluteal
Inferior gluteal
Term
You broke your femoral neck! Which arteries are you most likely to have ruptured?
Definition
Lateral circumflex femoral artery

Medial circumflex femoral artery
Term
Which structures exit the greater sciatic foramen above the piriformis?
Definition
Superior gluteal nerve, artery and vein
Term
Which structures exit the lesser sciatic foramen?
Definition
Obturator internus muscle tendon
Pudendal nerve (passes back up into perineum)
Internal pudendal artery and vein
Term
Which structures exit the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis?
Definition
Sciatic nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve artery and vein
Pudendal nerve
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Nerve to obturator internus
Nerve to quadratus femorus and gemellus inferior
Term
Which structures exit the obturator canal?
Definition
Obturator nerve and vessels
Term
Which structures pass through the gap between the inguinal ligament and the pelvic bone? (9)
Definition
Psoas major
iliacus
pectineus
Femoral artery, vein, nerve, and lymphatics
Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Term
Which muscles are in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Definition
Iliopsoas
Quadriceps femoris
Sartorius
Term
What are the functions of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Definition
Flexors of the hip, extensors of the knee
Term
What is the blood supply of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Definition
Femoral artery
Term
What is the nerve supply of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Definition
femoral nerve (exception is psoas major (anterior rami of L1-L3)
Term
What is the superior border of the femoral triangle?
Definition
Inguinal ligament
Term
What is the medial border of the femoral triangle?
Definition
Adductor longus
Term
What is the lateral border of the femoral triangle?
Definition
Sartorius
Term
Name the structures that pass through the femoral triangle medial to lateral
Definition
NAVEL

Femoral Nerve
Femoral Artery
Femoral Vein
Empty canal
Lymphatics
Term
Name the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh
Definition
Gracilis
obturator externus
pectineus
adductor longus
adductor brevus
adductor magnus (pubofemoral portion
Term
What is the function of the muscles of the medial thigh?
Definition
Adductors of the thigh
Term
What nerve supplies the muscles of the medial thigh?
Definition
obturator nerve (except pectineus: femoral nerve)
Term
What artery supplies the muscles of the medial thigh?
Definition
Obturator artery
Term
What is the exception to the innervation of the medial thigh?
Definition
Pectineus muscle is innervated by femoral instead of obturator
Term
What is the adductor hiatus?
Definition
It is the gap beteen the medial and lateral aspects of adductor magnus, where they insert on the femur
Term
The adductor hiatus is the landmark for what transition?
Definition
The femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery as it passes through
Term
Pathologies of the adductor hiatus commonly cause what condition?
Definition
popliteal artery entrapment syndrome, which leads to leg ischemia
Term
What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Definition
Biceps femoris
Semimembransus
Semitendonosis
Adductor magnus (ischicondylar portion)
Term
What are the functions of the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Definition
Extensors of the hip, flexors of the knee
Term
What nerve supplies the muscles of the posterior thigh?
Definition
Tibial division of the sciatic nerve

*exception: biceps femoris short head (common fibular division of sciatic nerve)
Term
What artery supplies the muscles of the posterior thigh?
Definition
No proper arterial supply. Fed by perforating branches of deep femoral artery
Term
Which muscle of the posterior thigh is an exception to the innervation rule?
Definition
Short head of biceps femoris. It is innervated by the common fibular division of the sciatic nerve instead of the tibial division
Term
You have meralgia paraesthetica. What happened?
Definition
Inguinal ligament compresses the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve resulting in lateral thigh pain.
Term
You have meralgia paraesthetica. Which muscles are paralyzed?
Definition
None. The lateral cutaneous nerve only provides sensory innervation to the lateral thigh.
Term
Which dermatome covers the lateral thigh?
Definition
L2
Term
Which dermatome covers the medial thigh?
Definition
L3
Term
Which dermatome covers the anterior lateral leg?
Definition
L5
Term
Which dermatome covers the anterior medial leg?
Definition
L4
Term
Which dermatome covers the posterior leg and thigh?
Definition
S2
Term
Which dermatome covers the buttocks?
Definition
S3
Term
Which dermatome covers the lateral malleolus?
Definition
S1
Term
Which dermatome covers the medial malleolus?
Definition
L4
Term
Which bones form the knee joint?
Definition
Properly? Femur, patella, and tibia. Also fibula indirectly
Term
Bones of the leg. Which is lateral, which is medial?
Definition
FibuLA is LAteral

Tibia is medial
Term
[image]
Definition
Patellar surface
Term
[image]
Definition
Medial epicondiyle
Term
[image]
Definition
Lateral epicondyle
Term
[image]
Definition
Adductor tubercle
Term
[image]
Definition
lateral condyle
Term
[image]
Definition
medial condyle
Term
What muscles comprise the quadriceps femoris?
Definition
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
Term
What muscles cross the knee? (11)
Definition
Quadriceps femoris:
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis

Hamstrings:
Beceps femoris
Semitendinosius
Semimembransosus

Sartorius
Gracilis

Popliteus
Term
Which quadriceps femoris muscle is responsible for hip flexion?
Definition
Rectus femoris
Term
All of the quadriceps muscles have which function?
Definition
knee extension
Term
Describe the insertion of the biceps femoris?
Definition
Lateral fibular head
Term
Describe the insertion of the semitendonosus
Definition
Medial surface of tibia
Term
Describe the insertion of semimembranosus
Definition
Medial tibial condyle
Term
Describe the function of the hamsrings
Definition
hip extension, knee flexion
Term
Describe the function of sartorius
Definition
Knee flexor
Term
Describe the function of gracilis
Definition
knee flexor
Term
Describe the insertion of sartorius
Definition
Anterormedial tibia (pes anserinus)
Term
Describe the insertion of gracilis
Definition
Anterormedial tibia (pes anserinus)
Term
What muscles insert on the pes anserinus?
Definition
Sartorius, gracilis, and semitendonus
Term
What nerves are found running under the pes anserinus?
Definition
Femoral obturator and tibial nerves
Term
What is SGT FOT?
Definition
Sargent FOT is the mnemonic for the pes anserinus

Sartorius, Gracillis, semiTendonosis

Femoral, Obturator, Tibial nerve
Term
Gerdy's tubercle is better known as what?
Definition
IT tubercle
Term
What is the function of popliteus
Definition
Flexion and internal tibial rotation at the knee
Term
What is the unhappy triad of knee injuries?
Definition
Tear of ACL, MCL, and Medial meniscus
Term
You just experienced the unhappy triad of knee injuries. Where were you hit, and where is the damage?
Definition
You were hit on the lateral side but the damage is medial because the medial side opens wider
Term
What is the forward drawer test?
Definition
IF you can move the knee forward, you have torn the ACL
Term
What is the rear drawer test?
Definition
If you can push the knee back, you have torn the PCL
Term
ACL and PCL. Which one is medial?
Definition
ACL is medial
PCL is lateral
Term
What is the gold standard for diagnosing knee injuries?
Definition
MRI
Term
What structures pass through the popliteal fossa?
Definition
Popliteal artery and vein
Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve
Term
Which major knee ligament connects to a bone that is not actually part of the knee joint?
Definition
Lateral collateral ligament attaches the fibular head to the lateral epicondyle of the femur
Term
What is the quadriceps angle? Is it wider in males or females?
Definition
It is the angle of the quadriceps at the knee. It is typically wider in females.
Term
Which is the only muscle that originates on the crus of the knee yet does not insert on the foot?
Definition
Popliteus
Term
What are posterior extrinsic foot muscles?
Definition
Extensors, fibulars
Term
What are anterior extrinsic foot muscles?
Definition
Superficials, profounds
Term
What are the muscles of the anterior crural compartment?
Definition
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Term
What is the function of Tibialis anterior?
Definition
Dorsiflex and supinate the foot
Term
What is the function of Extensor digitorum longus?
Definition
Dorsiflex foot, dorsiflex digits
Term
What is the function of Extensor hallucis longus?
Definition
Dorsiflex foot, dorsiflex hallux
Term
What is the innervation of the anteriror crural compartment?
Definition
Deep fibular nerve
Term
What is the TEA DEPt?
Definition
It is a mnemonic for the anterior crural compartment

Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Anterior tibial artery

Deep fibular nerve
Extensor digitorum longus
Perorneus tertius
Term
What muscles are in the lateral crural compartment?
Definition
Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevus
Term
What is the nerve supply to the lateral crural compartment
Definition
Superficial tibial nerve
Term
What is the artery supply to the lateral crural compartment
Definition
Posterior tibial artery and perforating branches of fibular artery
Term
What are the muscles of deep posterior crural compartment?
Definition
Popliteus
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Tibialis posterior
Term
What nerve supplies the deep posterior crural compartment?
Definition
Tibial nerve
Term
What artery supplies the deep posterior crural compartment?
Definition
Posterior tibial artery and fibular artery
Term
What structures pass through the tarsal tunnel?
Definition
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Posterior tibial artery
Tibial nerve
Flexor hallucis longus

Tom, Dick, And Very Nervous Harry
Term
What is the most common ankle nerve entrapment syndrome?
Definition
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
Term
How do you diagnose tarsal tunnel syndrome?
Definition
Pain or numbness on the plantar foot WITHOUT swelling and tenderness
Term
At the tarsal tunnel, the tibial nerve splits. Which nerves are derived from it?
Definition
The tibial nerve becomes the:
Calcaneal nerve
Plantar nerve
and lateral plantar nerve
Term
What muscles make up the superficial posterior crural compartment?
Definition
Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Soleus
Term
What is the nerve supply to the superficial posterior crural compartment?
Definition
Tibial nerve
Term
What is the arterial supply to the superficial posterior crural compartment?
Definition
Posterior tibial
Term
What is the clinical significance of the fabella?
Definition
It can indicate fluid buildup if it is too far away from the femur
Term
What is the function of the muscles of the posterior crural compartment?
Definition
Plantarflexion
Term
What are the nerve roots of the tibial nerve?
Definition
L4-L5, S1-S3
Term
What is the sural nerve?
Definition
It is a cutaneous branch of the tibial nerve
Term
What are the nerve roots of the common tibial nerve?
Definition
L4-L5, S1-S2
Term
The common tibial nerve branches into what nerves?
Definition
Lateral sural cutaneous

Superficial fibular nerve

Deep fibular nerve
Term
Which nerve is sometimes compressed by the fabella?
Definition
Common fibular nerve
Term
In regards to the retinaculums of the foot which nerve passes over them and which one passes under?
Definition
Superficial fibular nerve goes over

Deep fibular nerve passes under
Term
The popliteal artery branches into which arteries?
Definition
Anterior tibial artery (for anterior crural compartment

Posterior tibial artery (for posterior crural compartment)

Fibular artery (posterior crural compartment
Term
Which nerve runs along with the greater saphenous vein?
Definition
Saphenous nerve
Term
Which nerve runs along with the lesser saphenous vein?
Definition
Sural nerve
Term
What three joints make up the ankle?
Definition
Talcurual joint (ankle proper)

Subtalar

Inferior tibiofibular joint
Term
What motion does the talocrural joint permit?
Definition
Plantarflexion and dorsiflection
Term
What motion does the subtalar joint permit?
Definition
Inversion (supination)
and
eversion (pronation)
Term
Which ligaments make up the tibiofibular syndesmosis?
Definition
Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament

Posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament

Interosseus ligament
Term
What is most commonly injured in a high ankle sprain?
Definition
Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament

(sometimes posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament)
Term
What percentage of sprains are considered high ankle sprains?
Definition
About 10%
Term
What is the most common type of ankle sprain?
Definition
Inversion ankle sprain
Term
Which ligaments are involved in an inversion ankle sprain?
Definition
usually anterior talofibular ligament
calcaneofibular ligament

(rarely posterior talofibular ligament)
Term
What is the unholy triad of ankle sprains?
Definition
Damage to the
posterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament
Anterior talofibular ligament
Term
In regards to the unholy triad, what is a grade 1, 2, or 3 sprain?
Definition
Grade 1: no tears of any of the following:
Posterior talofibular ligament
Calcenofibular ligament
Anterior talofibular ligament

Grade 2:
One tear

Grade 3:
Two tears
Term
Which ligaments are injured in an eversion ankle sprain?
Definition
Deltoid ligament
(rarely also posterior talotibial ligament)
Term
How common are eversion sprains?
Definition
About 5% of all sprains
Term
You have a trimalleolar fracture. What's broken?
Definition
Lateral malleolus
Medial malleolus
Posterior distal tibia
Term
What is the os subfibulare sometimes confused for on x-ray?
Definition
fracture of the medial malleolus
Term
Which bones make up the rearfoot?
Definition
Talus and calcaneus
Term
Which bones make up the midfoot?
Definition
Naviular
Cuboid
Cuneiforms
Term
What are the bony articulations of the foot?
Definition
Talus-navicular
Calcaneus-cuboid
Term
What are the bones of the foot?
Definition
Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuboid
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform

Tiger Cubs Need MILC
Term
What is a Jones fracture?
Definition
It's a fracture of the 5th metatarsal tuberosity
Term
Going distal to proximal, what is the second bone of the hallux?
Definition
It is the 1st proximal pedal phalanx. Since it only has two bones, there is no intermediate phalanx.
Term
Which joints make up the transverse tarsal joint?
Definition
The calcaneocuboid and talonaviular joints combine to make it.
Term
Name the intrinsic dorsal muscles of the foot
Definition
Extensor digitorum brevis

Extensor Hallucis brevis

Dorsal interossei
Term
What nerve serves the intrinsic dorsal muscles of the foot?
Definition
Deep fibular nerve
Term
What artery serves the intrinsic dorsal muscles of the foot?
Definition
Dorsalis pedis artery.
Term
Where would you find the dorsalis pedis artery?
Definition
It runs along the lateral side of the hallux.
Term
How do you distinguish the dorsal interossei muscles from the plantar ones?
Definition
The dorsal muscles are bipennate.
Term
What is the function of the dorsal interossei?
Definition
They stabilize the foot during toe-off.
Term
Where does the tibialis anterior attach to the foot?
Definition
It inserts on the medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsals.
Term
Where does the extensor digitorum longus attach to the foot?
Definition
It extends to the proximal and intermediate phalanges of toes 2-5
Term
What innervates tibialis anterior?
Definition
Deep fibular nerve
Term
What innervates extensor digitorum longus
Definition
deep fibular nerve
Term
Where does extensor hallucis longus attach to the foot?
Definition
It inserts into the distal 1st phalange of the foot
Term
What nerve innervates extensor hallucis longus?
Definition
Deep fibular nerve.
Term
What gait malformity is caused by damage to the deep fibular nerve?
Definition
footdrop.
Term
Which muscles make up the first layer of the plantar foot? (layers superficial to deep)
Definition
Abductor hallucis
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digitorum brevus
Term
What innervates the abductor hallucis?
Definition
medial plantar nerve
Term
What innervates teh flexor digitorum brevis?
Definition
medial plantar nerve
Term
What innervates the abductor digiti minimi?
Definition
Lateral plantar nerve
Term
Which muscles make up the second layer of the plantar foot? (layers superficial to deep)
Definition
Flexor hallucis longus tendon
Flexor digitorum longus tendon
Quadratus plantae
Lumbricals
Term
What nerve innervates the quadratus plantae?
Definition
lateral plantar nerve
Term
Which nerves innervate the lumbricals of the foot?
Definition
Medial and lateral plantar nerves.
Term
Which muscles make up the third layer of the plantar foot? (layers superficial to deep)
Definition
Flexor digiti minimi
Adductor hallucis
Flexor hallucis brevis
Term
What innervates the flexor digit minimi?
Definition
Lateral plantar nerve
Term
What innervates the adductor hallucis?
Definition
Lateral plantar nerve
Term
What innervates the flexor hallucis brevis?
Definition
medial plantar nerve
Term
Which muscles make up the fourth layer of the plantar foot? (layers superficial to deep)
Definition
Plantar interossei
Term
Which nerve innervates the plantar interossei?
Definition
lateral plantar nerve
Term
Which muscles are innervated by the medial plantar nerve?
Definition
Flexor digitorum brevis
Flexor hallucis brevis
Abductor hallucis
1st lumbrical

Everything else is lateral plantar nerve
Term
a patient steps on a nail. How do you distinguish between damage to the lateral and medial plantar nerves?
Definition
The key is abduction of the hallux. If they can, the medial nerve is intact.
Term
Which ligaments make up the lateral arch?
Definition
Two of them
Long: anterior calcaneal tuberosity to anterior cuboidal tuberosity
Short:
Anterior calcaneus to posterial cuboid

Short is deep to long
Term
Which ligaments make up the medial arch?
Definition
Spring ligament, also known as the calcaneonavicular ligament
Term
If a person plantarflexes while standing, what will happen to the rearfoot?

Why?
Definition
It will invert slightly due to the tibialis posteior pulling the medial arch superiorly, inverting the foot slightly.
Term
While a patient tries to plantar flex on the ball of the foot, the foot is noted to have abnormal movement. What exercise will correct the problem?
Definition
Heel raises to strengthen the tibialis posterior.
Term
A physician looks at a patient's shoe and notices that the medial aspect of the shoe is worn. What type of step does this person have?
Definition
This person tends to pronate
Term
A physician looks at a patient's shoe and notices that the lateral aspect of the shoe is worn. What type of step does this person have?
Definition
This person tends to supinate
Term
The dorsalis pedis artery branches into which arteries?
Definition
the arcuate artery and the fist metatarsal artery.
Term
A patient is noted to have yellow, brittle looking nails. What infectious process might cause it?
Definition
The patient probably has tinea unguinum
Term
A patient is noted to have flaking skin between the toes and a burning pain. What infectious process might cause this?
Definition
Tinea pedis (also known as athlete's foot
Term
What does onychocryptosis refer to?
Definition
It is a bending of the nail. When it is bilateral, it is referred to as a pincer nail.
Term
Verruca plantaris are better known as?
Definition
Plantar warts
Term
What is morton's neuroma?
Definition
It's a thickening of the tissue around a nerve between the third and fourth toes
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