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Lower Limb Osteology (part 1 of 2)
Rinaldi 2/9/11 lecture
91
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
02/09/2011

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Term
locomotion
Definition
lower limb is specialized for _____
Term
leg is more stable with less ROM-has to bear weight and deal with greater forces than the arm
Definition
compare stability vs range of movement in the arm and leg
Term
when the knee is flexed-this is why injuries occur with the knee flexed
Definition
when is there knee rotation? why is this significant?
Term
(ankle)movement which decreases the angle between the dorsum (superior surface) of the foot and the leg, so that the toes are brought closer to the shin.
Definition
what is dorsiflexion?
Term
(ankle)movement of the foot that flexes the foot or toes downward toward the sole
Definition
what is plantar flexion?
Term
subtalar joint
Definition
where the talus rests on the calcaneus
Term
inversion and eversion
Definition
movement of the subtalar joint occurs during ____ and _____
Term
talo/calcaneo/navicular and calcaneal/cuboid joints
Definition
2 joints that make up the transverse talar joint
Term
inversion
Definition
the motion you make when you check to see if you stepped in something
Term
eversion
Definition
the motion you make when you want to show someone what you stepped in
Term
pronation
Definition
walking on the inside of the foot (will cause the sole of the foot to face more laterally than when standing in the anatomical position)
Term
inversion
Definition
occurs as the foot rolls outwards, placing most of the weight onto the outside of the foot and raising the arch
Term
ilium, ischium, pubis
Definition
3 parts of the coxae
Term
os coxae
Definition
exists as 3 separate bones separated by cartilage, then fuses during puberty
Term
cartilage
Definition
the articular surface of the hip is covered with this
Term
articular surface
Definition
the acetabular notch is bony, and not an _____ _____
Term
obturator nerve, artery and vein
Definition
what goes through the obturator foramen
Term
fibrous coating
Definition
what coats the obturator foramen
Term
iliac crest
Definition
used to gauge the location of internal organs
Term
iliac fossa
Definition
hip flexor origin
Term
auricular surface, tuberosity
Definition
components of the sacropelvic surface
Term
synovial
Definition
auricular surface of the ilium is what kind of joint
Term
fibrous
Definition
tuberosity of the ilium is what kind of joint
Term
ischial tuberosity
Definition
the bone you sit on
Term
1)iliac crest
2)anterior superior iliac spine
3)anterior inferior iliac spine
4)posterior superior iliac spine
5)posterior inferior iliac spine
6)iliac fossa
7)posterior gluteal line
8)anterior gluetal line
9)inferior gluteal line
10)sacropelvic surface
Definition
list the (10) parts of the ilium (find them on a picture!)
Term
1)ischial spine
2)greater sciatic notch
3)lesser sciatic notch
4)ramus of the ischium
5)ischial tuberosity
6)body of the ischium
Definition
six parts of the ischium (know where they are)
Term
1) superior ramus
2) inferior ramus
3) pubic tubercle
4) symphyseal surface
Definition
4 parts to the pubis, be able to find them
Term
1) the sacropelvic surface of the ilium (superiorly and posteriorly)
2) the symphyseal surface of the pubis (inferiorly and anteriorly)
Definition
what surface of the os coxae integrates with with the other half (to form a joint)
Term
syndesmosis -joint formed with fibrocartilage with a disk (similar to the vertebral column)
-forms the pubic symphysis
Definition
what type of joint are the symphyseal surfaces? (what does it form when they are together?)
Term
part of the sacrum (superior and lateral parts)

formed from the expanded transverse process of S1
Definition
what is the ala and what is it derived from
Term
5 fused vertebral bodies
Definition
what is the body of the sacrum formed from?
Term
ventral rami
Definition
what comes out the anterior sacral foramina
Term
the facet is superior to the process
Definition
which is located more superiorly? superior articular process or superior articular facet of the sacrum?
Term
median crest
Definition
what is formed from the fusion of spinous processes in the sacrum
Term
intermediate crest
Definition
what is formed from the fused articular processes in the sacrum
Term
lateral crest
Definition
what is formed from fused transverse processes in the sacrum
Term
posterior sacral foramina
Definition
where do dorsal rami come out of the sacrum?
Term
it is the anteriorly expanded vertebral body of S1 and it is important in OB/GYN
Definition
what is the sacral promontory, and how is it important?
Term
sacral hiatus
Definition
where does the needle go in a caudal block to anesthesize the inferior spine and sacrum
Term
anterior longitudinal ligament
Definition
this ligament attaches on the anterior surface of vertebrae and is continuous from the skull to the pelvis
Term
sacroiliac ligament
Definition
the ligament connects the sacrum and ilium
Term
iliolumbar ligament
Definition
this ligament runs from the transverse process of L5 to the ilium, securing the lumbar spine to the sacrum
Term
sacrotuberous ligament (sacrum to tuberosity of ischium)
Definition
this ligament closes off the greater sciatic foramen, crosses the lesser sciatic foramen(notch), and makes the boundary of the lesser sciatic foramen
Term
sacrospinous ligament
Definition
connects the spinous process of the ischium to the sacrum and helps form the border of the lesser sciatic foramen
Term
greater sciatic notch + sacrotuberous and sacrospinal ligaments
Definition
forms the boundary of the greater sciatic foramen
Term
formed at pubic arch by the convergence of the inferior rami of the ischium and pubis on either side

women tend to have a subpubic angle of 90 degrees while men are less than 90 degrees sypically
Definition
where is the subpubic angle and how does it vary in men and women (and races etc)
Term
men have more of a narrow heart shape, women's are larger and rounder
Definition
how does the pelvic inlet vary with gender
Term
men have a higher, straighter, more vertical ilia, while women's flare outward more and sit lower
Definition
how do ilia vary with gender?
Term
lower part of the lesser pelvis
Definition
what forms the pelvic outlet? and what is it?
Term
narrowest point of pelvic outlet (between the ischial spines aka interspinous distance)
Definition
if this is 3 fingers wide side by side, a newborn's head can fit through
Term
the head and neck of the femur form an angle with the long axis (shaft) of the femur

-115-140 degrees
Definition
what forms the angle that defines coxa vara or coxa valga (whats the normal angle range?)
Term
male pelvis
Definition
more efficient for bipedal movement due to lack of selection pressures
Term
pectinate line aka pelvic inlet
Definition
forms the border between the greater pelvis and lesser pelvis
Term
pelvic outlet
Definition
birth canal
Term
typically farther apart in the female (form part of the pelvic outlet)
Definition
how do ischial spines vary by gender?
Term
distance between promotory and superior border of pubic symphysis

this is dertermined by your anatomy and does not change in pregnancy
Definition
what forms the obstetrical/conjugate diameter? does it change in pregnancy?
Term
interspinous distance (part of the pelvic outlet)
Definition
what distance in the pelvis changes during delivery (and pregnancy) due to hormones that act on ligament lengths?
Term
inlet, outlet = birth canal
Definition
which is more superior? pelvic outlet or inlet?
Term
ligamentum teres
Definition
what stabilizes the femur in the acetabulum
Term
fovea
Definition
depression in the top of the femur
Term
weight-bearing
-angle decreases as the child begins to walk
Definition
key to the development of the adult angle -how does this affect the angle?
Term
coxa vara the hip is easily dislocated
Definition
when the angle formed by the femur head and neck:shaft is too small -what problem does this cause?
Term
coxa valga

-lack of walking/weight bearing
Definition
what is it called when the angle formed by the head/neck of the femur:shaft is too large?

-what causes this?
Term
intertrochanteric line
Definition
a line on the ANTERIOR surface of the femur that runs obliquely from the greater trochanter to the lesser trochanter
Term
intertrochanteric crest
Definition
The rounded ridge that connects the greater and lesser trochanters of the femur POSTERIORLY and marks the junction of the neck and shaft of the bone.
Term
posterior, runs the length of the shaft
Definition
what side of the femur is the linea aspera on?
Term
the condyles are articular surfaces covered with hyaline cartilage
Definition
which of these is an articular surface medial/lateral epicondyles or medial/later condyles?
Term
medial epicondyle: adductor magnus on tubercle on epicondyle, gastrocnemius?
lateral epicondule: fibular collateral ligament

FEMUR medial condyle: medial head of gastroc.
FEMUR lateral condyle: popliteus, lat head gastrocnemius, plantaris

TIBIA medial condyle: semimebranous
TIBIA lateral condyle: biceps femoris?
Definition
which of these is a muscle/ligament attachement site: medial/lateral epicondyles or medial/later condyles?
Term
patella
Definition
sesamoid bone that provides additional leverage to the quads by holding the tendon away from the joint
Term
yes! just not as good of leverage
Definition
can your leg function without a patella?
Term
greater trochanter
Definition
which trochanter is more superior?
Term
tibia tuberosity
Definition
site of attachment for quadriceps tendon (sometimes called patellar tendon/ligament)
Term
anterior border of tibia
Definition
line between meaty and bony part of shin
Term
medial surface of tibia
Definition
bony surface of tibia, subcutaneous
Term
lateral surface of tibia
Definition
meaty side of leg (tibia)
Term
medial malleolus
Definition
"ankle bone" distal part of tibia
Term
posterior, superior tibia
Definition
where is the soleal line
Term
intercondylar eminence
Definition
bony tuberosity of tibia(series of tuberosities) that projects through intercondylar notch
Term
intercondylar eminence (on tibia)
Definition
site of attachment for cruciate ligament and meniscus
Term
medial/lateral condyle (just like femur)
Definition
superior articular surfaces of the tibia
Term
flabella
Definition
non-pathological sesamoid bone that forms within the gastrocnemius
Term
fibula
Definition
non weight bearing bone used in ankle stability and muscle attachment
Term
fibula
Definition
if this bone breaks, ankle stability is lost
Term
lateral malleolus (of the fibula) and
medial malleolus (of the tibia)
Definition
these two structures form the stable ankle
Term
interosseous membrane
Definition
membrane that spans the space between the tibia and fibula acting as a fibrous joint
Term
common peroneal nerven(superficial)
Definition
what nerve is affected if the neck of the fibula breaks
Term
talus
Definition
bone on superior surface of the foot, bears weight transmitted by the tibia
Term
calcaneus
Definition
this bone has the sustentaculum tali to support the talus
Term
sustentaculum tali
Definition
supports the medial side of the talus (comes off the calcaneus)
Term
medial, intermediate, lateral
Definition
list the 3 cuneiform bones
Term
1 has proximal and distal
2-5 have proximal, middle, distal

-just like the hand
Definition
how are the phalanges of the foot arranged?
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