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Lower Anatomy
Topic #2
138
Anatomy
Professional
01/09/2008

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

 

Superficial Viens

Definition

 

  • carry blood from inferior to superior
  • can be seen through skin
  • generally pass superficial to the cutaneous nerves
Term

 

 

 

Common Dorsal Digital Viens

Definition

 

  • 1 to 8 from medial to lateral
  • Drain into dorsal metatarsal viens
Term

Where do the following viens drain into?

 

  • 1st and 2nd CDDV
  • 3rd and 4th CDDV
  • 5th and 6th CDDV
  • 7th and 8th CDDV
Definition

 

  • 1st dorsal metatarsal vien
  • 2nd dorsal metatarsal vien
  • 3rd dorsal metatarsal vien
  • 4th dorsal metatarsal vien
Term

 

 

 

What vien becomes the medial marginal vien and what does it drain?

Definition

 

 

 proper dorsal digital vein of the hallux

drains the dorsalmedial aspect of the hallux and the 1st metatarsalphalangeal joint

Term

 

 

 What vien becomes the lateral marginal vien and what does it drain?

 

Definition

 

 

proper dorsal digital vein of the 5th toe

drains the dorsolateral aspect of the 5th toe and the 5th metatarsophalangeal joint

Term

 

 

What vien drains into the great saphenous vien?

Definition

 

 

 

medial marginal vien

Term

 

 

 

what vien drains into the small saphenous vien?

 

Definition

 

 

 

lateral marginal vien

Term

 

 

 

where do the dorsal metatarsal veins recieve blood from?

Definition

 

 

 

2 adjacent CDDV and 2 perforating branches from deep layers of the foot

Term

 

 

 

where do the dorsal metatarsal veins drain into?

Definition

 

 

 

dorsal venous arch

Term

 

 

 

Dorsal Metatarsal Veins

Definition

 

  • one for each metatarsal space
  • numbered medial to lateral
Term

 

 

 What crosses the dorsum of the foot at the level of the metatarsal bases?

Definition

 

 

 

dorsal venous arch

Term

 

 

Where does the dorsal venous arch recieve blood from and where does it drain into?

Definition

 

recieves from dorsal metatarsal viens

drains into great saphenous medially and small saphenous laterally

Term

 

 

Where does the small saphenous vein begin, what is its course and where does it terminate?

Definition

 

begins as the union of the lateral end of the dorsal venous arch and lateral marginal vien

passes posterior to lateral malleolus travels superiorly near the midline of the leg on posterior region to popliteal region where it passes through the deep facia to join the popliteal vien

Term

 

Where does the great saphenous vein begin, what is its course and where does it terminate?

Definition

 

begins as union of the medial dorsal venous arch and the medial marginal vein. passes anterior to the medial malleolus travels superiorly on the medial side of the leg passes posteromedially along the popliteal surface and continue to the groin where it passes through the fossa ovalis to join the femoral vein

Term

 

 

What opening does the great saphenous vein go through to meet up with the femoral vein?

Definition

 

 

 

fossa ovalis

Term

 

 

 

 

superficial plantar venous network

Definition

 

 

  • very thin
  • intadermal or subdermal
  • no valves
  • drain into medial and lateral marginal viens or dorsal digital viens through perforating branches
Term

 

 

what is unique about the superficial plantar venous network?

Definition

 

 

 

no valves

Term

 

 

what are the two groups of superficial inguinal lymph nodes?

Definition

 

 

Horizontal

Vertical

Term

 

 

Where is the horizontal group located and what areas do they drain?

Definition

 

 

along the inguinal ligament

drains superficial areas of the abdominal wall and a small area of the proximal anterior thigh

Term

 

Where do the efferent vessels of the superficial inguinal lymph nodes pass to?

Definition

 

 

mostly to the external iliac lymph nodes and a few pass to the deep inguinal lymph nodes

Term

 

 

Where is the vertical group located and what areas do they drain?

Definition

 

 

along the termination of the great saphenous vein and fossa ovalis

drains superficial areas of thigh, leg, and foot

Term

 

 

What are the two areas that the vertical group does not drain?

Definition

 

 

posterolateral aspect of the leg and the lateral aspect of the foot

Term

 

 

Are deep inguinal lymph nodes palpable?

Definition

 

 

 

only when inflammed

Term

 

 

 

where are the deep inguinal lymph nodes located and what areas do they drain?

Definition

 

 

deep to the fascia lata along the femoral vein near its termination

Drain the deep tissues of the lower limb

(tissues deep to the deep facia)

Term

 

 

Where do the efferent vessels of the deep inguinal lymph nodes pass?

Definition

 

 

external iliac lymph nodes in the pelvis

Term

 

 

where are the popliteal lymph nodes located and what areas do they drain?

Definition

 

 

along the small saphenous vein near termination deep to the popliteal facia

drain posterolateral aspect of the leg and lateral aspect of the foot

Term

 

 

Where do the efferent vessels of the popliteal lymph nodes pass?

Definition

 

 

 

to the deep inguinal lymph nodes

Term

 

 

where do the anterior tibial lymph nodes lie?

Definition

 

 

 

near the proximal end of the anterior tibial artery near the interosseous membrane deep to the muscles here

Term

 

 

where do the efferent vessels of the anterior tibial lymph nodes pass?

Definition

 

 

 

to the deep inguinal lymph nodes

Term

 

 

 

Infection of the 5th toe will causes inflammation of which lymph nodes in order?

Definition

 

 

popliteal lymph nodes first and then the deep inguinal lymph nodes

Term

 

 

an infection of the hallux will cause inflammation of which lymph nodes in order

Definition

 

 

 vertical superficial iniguinal lymph nodes first

deep inguinal lymph nodes (maybe)

external iliac lymph nodes (definitely)

Term

 

 

where will inflammation been seen in deep pedal infections from

Any area

dorsum surface

planta surface?

Definition

 

 

deep inguinal lymph nodes

anterior tibial lymph node first

popliteal lymph nodes first

Term

 

 

 

Subcostal nerve

Definition

 

T-12

exit: anterior to iliac tubercle

supply: small area anterolateral aspect of thigh just inferior to groin

 

Term

 

 

 

Femoral branch of the gentiofemoral nerve

Definition

 

L-1 & L-2

exit: near the fossa ovalis

supply: anterior thigh inferior to groin and medial to subcostal nerve distribution

Term

 

 

 

ilioinguinal nerve

Definition

 

 L-1

exit: through superficial inguinal ring

supply: medial aspect of thigh inferior to groin

Term

 

 

 

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

Definition

 

L-2 & L-3

exit: anterior aspect of iliac crest

supply: anterolateral aspect of thigh from subcostal distribution to knee

Term

 

 

 

Intermediate femoral cutaneous nerve

Definition

 

L-2 & L-3

exit: through the sartorius muscle lateral to fossa ovalis

supply: anterior aspect of thigh from ilioinguinal distribution to knee

Term

 

 

 

Medial femoral cutaneous nerve

Definition

 

 L-2 & L-3

exit: inferolateral to fossa ovalis

supply: anteromedial aspect of thigh from ilioinguinal distribution to knee

Term

 

 

 

Obturator Nerve

Definition

 

L-2, L-3, L-4

exit: medial aspect of thigh near jnct of prox and midd thirds

supply: central part of medial aspect of thigh from ilioinguinal distribution to inferior 1/3

Term

 

 

 

Lateral cutaneous nerve of the calf

Definition

 

L-5, S-1 & S-2

exit: posterolateral edge of the knee region

supply: lateral 1/2 of the leg from knee to inferior 1/3 of leg

Term

 

 

 

Saphenous Nerve

Definition

 

L-3, L-4

exit: inferior medial aspect of thigh near knee

supply: entire medial 1/2 of leg from knee to foot

Term

 

 

 

superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve

Definition

 

L-4, L-5 & S-1

Exit: anterolateral aspect of leg near midlevel

supply: anterolateral aspect of inferior 1/3 of leg, anterolateral aspect of the ankle and the dorsum of the foot except lateral 1/2 of the 5th digit and 1st webspace

Term

 

 

 

Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve

Definition

 

L-5, S-1 & S-2

exit: posteromedial aspect of ankle near calcaneous

supply: medial 1/2 of heel; medially, plantarly and posteriorly

Term

 

 

 

Sural Nerve

Definition

 

S-1 & S-2

exit: posterior aspect of leg in proximal 1/3

supply: posterior aspect of the leg from midcalf to posterolateral aspect of the ankle , lateral aspect of foot, lateral longitudinal arch, lateral 1/2 of 5th toe

Term

 

 

 

iliohypogastric nerve

Definition

 

L-1

exit: lateral aspect of iliac crest

Supply: superoposterolateral area of the gluteal skin

Term

 

 

 

Superior Cluneal Nerves

Definition

 

Dorsal Rami

L-1, L-2 & L-3

exit: posterior aspect of iliac crest

supply: superolateral aspect gluteal

Term

 

 

 

Middle Cluneal Nerves

Definition

 

Dorsal Rami

S-1, S-2 & S-3

Exit: over the sacrum

Supply: skin of the medial aspect of gluteal

Term

 

 

 

Posterior Femoral Cutaneous

Definition

 

S-1, S-2 & S-3

Main branch on anterior surface of facia lata

exit: small branches posterior aspect of thigh, popliteal, and calf

supply: inferior gluteal, posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, superior central aspect of calf

Term

 

 

 

inferior cluneal nerves

Definition

 

S-1, S-2 & S-3

exit: gluteal fold

Supply: inferior aspect of gluteal region

branches of posterior femoral cutaneous

Term

 

 

 

Perforating Cutaneous Nerve

Definition

 

S-2 & S-3

Branch of sacral plexus

exit: inferomedial aspect of gluteal region

supply: inferomedial gluteal area skin

Term

 

 

 

 Lateral cacaneal nerves

Definition

 

S-1 & S -2

Branches of sural nerve

arises in superficial facia btwn calf and ankle

supply: lateral half of heel laterally, plantarly, and posteriorly

Term

 

 

 

Medial Plantar Nerve

Definition

 

 L-4 & L-5

exit: medial 2/3 of the plantar midfoot and forefoot

supply: plantar medial aspect of foot from just distal to the heel to the medial 3 1/2 toes

Term

 

 

 

lateral plantar nerve

Definition

 

S-1 & S-2

exit: later 1/3 of the plantar midfoot and forefoot

supply: plantar aspect of foot from just distal to the heel to the lateral 1 1/2 toes

Term

 

 

 

Superficial Fibular Nerve

Definition

 

L-4, L-5 & S-1

 

courses inferomedially and divides just proximal to ankle

Term

 

 

what two nerves does the superficial fibular nerve divide into?

Definition

 

medial: medial dorsal cutaneous nerve

 

Lateral: intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve

Term

 

 

 

what two nerves does the medial dorsal cutaneous nerve divide into?

Definition

 

 

medial: proper dorsal digital nerve 1

 

Lateral: 1st common digital dorsal nerve

Term

 

 

 

What does the proper dorsal digital nerve 1 supply?

Definition

 

 

 

dorsomedial aspect of the hallux

Term

 

 

 

What space does the 1st common dorsal digital nerve pass into?

Definition

 

 

 

2nd metatarsal space

Term

 

 

 

What are the two branches of the 1st common dorsal digital nerve what toes do they supply?

Definition

 

 

2nd toe = proper dorsal digital nerve 4

 

3rd toe = proper dorsal digital nerve 5

Term

 

 

 

What are the two divisions of the intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve?

Definition

 

 

 2nd common dorsal digital nerve

 

3rd common dorsal digital nerve

Term

 

 

 

what spaces do the 2nd and 3rd common dorsal digital nerves pass into?

Definition

 

2nd = 3rd intermetatarsal space

 

3rd = 4th intermetatarsal space

Term

 

 

What are the branches of the 2nd common dorsal digital nerve and what toes do they supply?

Definition

 

3rd toe = proper dorsal digital nerve 6

 

4th toe = proper dorsal digital nerve 7

Term

 

 

 

what are the branches of the 3rd common digital dorsal nerve and what toes do they supply?

Definition

 

4th toe = proper dorsal digital nerve 8

 

5th toe = proper dorsal digital nerve 9

Term

 

 

 

Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve

Definition

 

S-1 & S-2

Already in superficial facia

continuation of sural nerve and renamed

supply: lateral border of the foot

Term

 

 

 

Proper dorsal digital nerve 10

Definition

 

S-1 & S-2

continuation of lateral dorsal cutaneous

supplies dorsolateral aspect of 5th toe

Term

 

 

 

Deep fibular nerve

Definition

 

L-5, S-1 & S-2

Exit: 1st metatarsal space

Supply: 1st metatarsal space

Term

 

 

 

what are the two divisions of the deep fibular nerve?

Definition

 

 

proper dorsal digital nerve 2

 

proper dorsal digital nerve 3

Term

 

 

 

proper dorsal digital nerve 2

Definition

 

 

 

supplies the dorsolateral aspect of the hallux and medial 1st intermetatarsal space

Term

 

 

 

proper dorsal digital nerve 3

Definition

 

 

 

supplies the dorsomedial aspect of the 2nd toe and lateral 1st intermetatarsal space

Term

 

 

 

saphenous nerve

Definition

 

L-3, L-4

supplies medial border of midfoot and part of medial longitudinal arch

Term

 

 

 

medial plantar nerve

Definition

 

L-4, L-5

deep to plantar fascia

divides near forefoot 

Term

 

 

 

What are the four branches of the medial plantar nerve?

Definition

 

proper digital plantar nerve 1

1st common digital plantar nerve

2nd common digital plantar nerve

3rd common digital plantar nerve

Term

 

 

 

proper digital plantar nerve 1

Definition

 

 

exit near the distal 1st metatarsal shaft

supplies plantar medial aspect of hallux and the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint

Term

 

 

 

1st common digital plantar nerve

Definition

 

 

passes area of 1st metatarsal space

exit at metatarsal necks

supplies hallux = proper digital plantar nerve 2

and 2nd toe = proper digital plantar nerve 3

Term

 

 

 

2nd common digital plantar nerve

Definition

 

 

passes 2nd intermetatarsal space

exits at level of metatarsal necks

supplies 2nd toe = proper digital plantar nerve 4

and 3rd toe = proper digital plantar nerve 5

Term

 

 

 

3rd common digital plantar nerve

Definition

 

 

passes 3rd intermetatarsal space

exits at level of metatarsal necks

supplies 3rd toe = proper digital plantar nerve 6

4th toe = proper digital plantar nerve 7

Term

 

 

 

Lateral plantar nerve

Definition

 

S-1 & S-2

passes deep to deep fascia and then divides

Term

 

 

 

what are the division of lateral plantar nerve?

Definition

 

 

communicating branch

proper digital plantar nerve 10

4th common digital plantar nerve

Term

 

 

 

communicating branch

Definition

 

 

 

medial branch joing the 3rd common digital plantar nerve

Term

 

 

 

4th common digital plantar nerve

Definition

 

 

passes 4th intermetatarsal space

exits at level of metatarsal necks

supplies 4th toe = proper digital plantar nerve 8

5th toe = proper digital plantar nerve 9

 

Term

 

 

 

proper digital plantar nerve 10

Definition

 

 

exits ner the distal 5th metatarsal shaft

supplies plantar lateral aspect of the 5th toe

Term

 

 

 

saphenous nerve

Definition

 

 

L-3, L-4

small area of medial longitudinal arch plantarly

Term

 

 

 

sural nerve

Definition

 

 

 

S-1, S-2

small area of the lateral longitudinal arch plantarly

Term

 

 

 

medial calcaneal nerve

Definition

 

 

 

S-1, S-2

medial 1/2 of the calcaneal region

Term

 

 

 

 

lateral calcaneal nerves

Definition

 

 

 

 S-1, S-2

branches of sural nerve supplying lateral 1/3 to 1/2 of the calcaneal region

Term

 

 

 

what is retinaculum

Definition

 

 

 

 

thickening of deep fascia that holds soft tissue structures in place

Term

 

 

 

 

what is fascia lata?

Definition

 

 

 

 

deep fascia of the thigh

Term

 

 

 

 

What is the iliotibial band?

Definition

 

 

thickening of the fascia lata at the lateral aspect of the thigh

Term

 

 

 

what is cribriform fascia?

 

Definition

 

 

 

very thin layer of facia lata over the fossa ovalis

Term

 

 

 

what is fascia cruris?

Definition

 

 

 

deep fascia of the leg

Term

 

 

 

what is popliteal fascia?

Definition

 

 

 

deep fascia of the popliteal region

Term

 

 

 

what is fascia dorsalis pedis?

Definition

 

 

 

 

deep fascia of the superior aspect of the foot

Term

 

 

 

 

what is plantar fascia?

Definition

 

 

 

 

deep fascia of the inferior aspect of the foot

Term

 

 

 

What is flexor retinaculum?

Definition

 

 

 thickening of fascia cruris, fascia dorsalis pedis, and plantar fascia

holds flexor tendons of the foot and creates a pulley

all tendons have seperate tendon sheaths

Term

 

 

 

What is the superior extensor retinaculum/transverse crural ligament?

Definition

 

thickening of fascia cruris

distal tibia shaft and distal fibular shaft

holds extensor tendons of the foot and maintains their postions near tibia

Term

 

 

 

what is the inferior extensor retinaculum/ cruciate crural ligament?

Definition

 

y shaped band with stem laterally

thickening of fasciae cruris and dorsalis pedis

described with 3 roots and 7 sinus tarsi attachments

all tendons have tendon sheaths

Term

 

 

 

what is the frondiform ligament?

Definition

 

 

 

stem of the inferior extensor retinaculum

Term

 

 

 

what is the superior fibular (peroneal) retinaculum?

Definition

 

  formed from fascia cruris

posteroinferior lateral malleolus and lateral calcaneous

holds peroneal tendons and creates a pulley at lateral malleolus

single tendon sheaths

Term

 

 

 

inferior fibular (peroneal) retinaculum?

Definition

 

formed from dorsalis pedis

holds peroneal tendons and creates pulley for fibularis longus tendon

tendon sheath divides at this point

Term

 

 

 

what are intermuscular septae?

Definition

 

extensions of deep fascia that attach to bone and seperate muscles or groups of muscles

in the leg the septae aid in venous return

Term

 

 

 

What is the nail plate?

Definition

 

 

body of nail .5 - .75 mm thick

hardening of the epidermis

cells have no nuclei

 

Term

 

 

 

what is the function of the nail plate?

 

Definition

 

 

 

 

 protect the distal end of the digit/toe

Term

 

 

 

what is the matrix?

Definition

 

root of the nail

specialized cells within the roof and floor of the proximal nail fold

attachs to base of distal phalanx

Term

 

 

 

what is the function of the matrix?

 

Definition

 

 

 

produce the nail plate

Term

 

 

 

What is the eponychium/proximal nail fold?

Definition

 

 

 

the skin at the proximal edge of the nail plate

overlies the matrix

Term

 

 

 

what is the cuticle?

Definition

 

small ridge of trasparent skin dorsal to the proximal edge of the nail plate continuous with the eponychium

Term

 

 

 

what is the function of the cuticle?

Definition

 

 

 

prevent infection by sealing the area adjacent to the nail plate

Term

 

 

 

what is the nail bed?

Definition

 

skin directly beneath and attached to the nail plate contains some nail forming cells

Term

 

 

 

what is the function of the nail bed?

Definition

 

 

 

anchor the nail plate and allow its distal growth

Term

 

 

 

what is the lunula?

Definition

 

 

 

 

small half moon shaped area near the eponychium

Term

 

 

 

 

what is the function of the lunula?

Definition

 

 

 

 

produce the nail

Term

 

 

 

 

what is the free edge of the nail plate?

Definition

 

 

 

 

distal edge of nail plate that overhangs the toe

Term

 

 

 

 

what is the function of the free edge of the nail plate?

Definition

 

 

 

protect the distal tuft of the toe from blunt trauma

Term

 

 

 

 

what is the hyponychium?

Definition

 

 

 

 

the thickened skin adjacent to the free edge of the nail plate

Term

 

 

 

 

what is the function of the hyponychium?

Definition

 

 

 

 

prevent infection by sealing this area adjacent to the nail plate

Term

 

 

 

what is the distal nail groove?

Definition

 

 

 

the shallow transverse groove between the hyponychium and the skin of the distal tuft of the toe

Term

 

 

 

what are the lateral nail folds/ungualabia?

Definition

 

 

 

convex skin folds at the sides  of the nail plate

Term

 

 

 

what are the lateral nail grooves?

Definition

 

 

 

the concave junction of the lateral nail fold with the nail bed.

Term

 

 

 

nail growth?

Definition

 

grow from matrix and proximal nail bed

pushed distally

faster in young and summer

fingers faster than toes

Term

 

 

 

how long does it take for finger and toenail replacement to occur?

Definition

 

 

finger = 6 months

 

toe = 9 months

Term

 

 

 

what causes little white spots in nails?

Definition

 

 

 

incomplete keratinization of the nail plate

cells still have nuclei or there is a air bubble

Term

 

 

 

what causes longitudinal ridges in nails?

Definition

 

 

 

mechanical damage to matrix cells

Term

 

 

 

the myotomes active during hip flexion, adduction, medical rotation arise from which ventral roots?

Definition

 

 

 

L-1 through L-4

Term

 

 

 

the myotomes active during hip extension, abduction, and lateral rotation arise from which ventral roots?

Definition

 

 

 

L-4 through S-1

Term

 

 

 

 the myotomes active during knee extension arise from which ventral roots?

Definition

 

 

 

L-2 through L-4

Term

 

 

 

the myotomes active during knee flexion arise from which ventral roots?

Definition

 

 

 

L-5 through S-1

Term

 

 

 

the myotomes active during ankle joint dorsiflexion arise from which ventral roots?

Definition

 

 

 

 L-4 & L-5

Term

 

 

 

the myotomes active during ankle joint plantarflexion arise from which ventral roots?

Definition

 

 

 

 S-1 & S-2

Term

 

 

 

the myotomes active during subtalar joint inversion/supination arise from which ventral roots?

Definition

 

 

 

L-4 & L-5

Term

 

 

 

the myotomes active during subtalar joint eversion/pronation arise from which ventral roots?

Definition

 

 

 

L-5 & S-1

Term

 

 

 

the myotomes active during metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion are?

 

Definition

 

 

 

L-5 & S-1

Term

 

 

 

the myotomes active during metatarsophalangeal joint plantar flexion arise from which ventral roots?

Definition

 

 

 

S-1 & S-2

Term

 

 

 

what is a deep tendon reflex?

Definition

 

 

 

a muscle stretch reflex

mediated in the spinal cord

Term

 

 

 

 what is a spinal reflex?

Definition

 

 

 

a withdrawl response

a protective reflex

mediated in the spinal cord

Term

 

 

 

what are the two most common deep tendon reflexes in the lower limb?

Definition

 

 

patellar reflex

 

achilles reflex

Term

 

 

what spinal segments does the patellar reflex test?

Definition

 

 

 

L-2, L-3 and L-4

Term

 

 

 

what spinal segments does the achilles reflex test?

Definition

 

 

 

S-1 and S-2

Term

 

 

 

What is the spinal reflex test in the lower extermity?

Definition

 

 

 

babinski test

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