Term
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Definition
| move limb cranial relative to trunk |
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Term
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Definition
| move limb caudal relative to trunk |
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Term
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Definition
| move limb medial relative to trunk |
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Term
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Definition
| move limb lateral relative to trunk |
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Term
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Definition
| folding/shortening of limb relative to self |
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Term
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Definition
| stretching/lengthening of limb relative to self |
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Term
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Definition
| rotation of the limb with medial aspect going upwards |
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Term
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Definition
| rotation of the limb with medial aspect going downward |
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Term
| Rough areas on bone surface |
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Definition
generally area of tendon attachment
covered by periosteum in life |
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Term
|
Definition
tuberosities/tubers/tubercles/processes
attachment sites |
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Term
| Smooth areas on bone surface |
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Definition
| articular/joint surface covered by hyaline cartilage |
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Term
|
Definition
| zones in bones where mineralization begins |
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Term
|
Definition
| physis/growth plate: cartilage between centre of ossifications, proliferates then mineralises |
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Term
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Definition
| holes in vertebrae (L+R side) by which spinal nerves pass out to body |
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Term
|
Definition
the joining of spinal nerves from C6-8, T1-2 into a bundle.
emerging fibers supply
LATTISSIMUS DORSI
SERRATUS VENtrALIS
PECTORALS |
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Term
| Muscle Patho Biochem Markers |
|
Definition
shows integrity NOT function
Creatine Kinase (CK-MM, MB, BB)
Aspartate Aminotransferase
Myoglobin |
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Term
|
Definition
rigor
color
texture
size
smell |
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Term
|
Definition
Type I: aerobic, red muscle. postural. slow response, slow fatigue
Type II: anaerobic, white muscle. propulsive, fast response/fatigue |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| if basal laminae intact then there is regen, if not then fibrosis |
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Term
| Classifications of Muscle Necrosis |
|
Definition
Focal Monophasic (IM inj)
Multifocal monophasic (toxin)
focal polyphasic (repeated trauma)
multifocal polyphasic (Se deficiency) |
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Term
|
Definition
decrease myofibre diameter (gen Type II)
decrease muscle volume
slowly progressive
denervation leads to rapid disintegration of myofibrils |
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Term
|
Definition
| increased size by adding myofibrils (permanent) |
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Term
| Degenerative Muscle Diseases |
|
Definition
Ischaemia
Nutritional Myopathy
Toxin
Exertional
Traumatic |
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Term
| Inflammatory Muscle Diseases |
|
Definition
Bacterial
Parasitic
Immune Mediated |
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Term
| Inherited Muscle Diseases |
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Definition
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Term
| Neoplastic Muscular Diseases |
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Definition
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Term
| Ischaemia related degenerative muscle diseases |
|
Definition
due to decreased blood flow
myofibrils first, then satellite cells, then CT |
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Term
| Nutritional Myopathy (degenerative) |
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Definition
due to decrease nutrients/vitamins (E or selenium)
WHITE MUSCLE DISEASE
tissue because necrotic and pale
multifocal and polyphasic |
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Term
| Toxic degenerative muscular disease |
|
Definition
degeneration,
SYCAMORE SEEDS in horse (more than live stock) |
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Term
| Exertional degenerative muscle disease |
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Definition
Capture Myopathy
Monday Morning DZ: muscle swelling/pain, myoglobinuria. underlying condition: EPSM (equine polysaccharide storage myopathy). has to do with glycogen accumulation in type II fibres |
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Term
| Traumatic degenerative muscle disease |
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Definition
| crushing, laceration, rupture, tearing |
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Term
| Bacteria Inflammatory muscle disease |
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Definition
penetrating wound, adjacent infection, haematogenous spread
BLACK LEG: Clostridium chauvoei: spore formation in skeletal muscle activated by trauma, release of toxin causes pathology |
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Term
| Parastic Inflammatory muscle disease |
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Definition
TACHYZOITES (protozoans) Toxoplasma gondii or Neospora caninum
vertical transmission (female to offspring) |
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Term
| Immune Mediated Inflammatory muscle disease |
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Definition
| Masticatory muscle myositis (canine) |
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Term
|
Definition
Rhabdomyoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma |
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Term
| Secondary Muscle Neoplasia |
|
Definition
extension of nearby tissue
inj. site carcinoma
mast cell tumors
infiltrative lipoma |
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Term
|
Definition
| fibroblasts, aligned in longitudinal rows alongside collagen fibres. Synthesize and degrade all of the collagenous and non-collagenous matrix |
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Term
|
Definition
Acute (Inflammatory) Phase - commonly asymptomatic
Subacute (Proliferation) Phase - inflam cells replaced by tenocytes which begin repair
Chronic (Remodelling and Maturation) Phase - scar tissue, disorganised collagen fibriles, increase # fibroblasts, |
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Term
| Hierarchical structure of the tendon |
|
Definition
Tendon
Peritendon
Endotendon
Primary Bundle
Fibril
Microfibril
Collagen Fibril
Tropocollagen |
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Term
| Tendons of the distal forelimb of the Horse |
|
Definition
Superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT)
Deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT)
Suspensory ligament
Common digital extensor tendon |
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Term
|
Definition
SDFT injury one of most common injuries in racing Thoroughbreds, Prevalence ~11-30%.
Injury usually occurs in the mid-metacarpal region
Risk of injury increases with age and intensity of exercise
Often preceded by a period of subclinical microdamage |
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Term
|
Definition
| The accumulation of subclinical changes to the tendon at the microscopic level |
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Term
|
Definition
more advanced microdamage
No clinical signs, swelling
Often found incidentally at post-mortem
Can be seen on ultrasound
More type III collagen = smaller, weaker fibrils |
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Term
| Exercise Associated Causes of Tendon Injury |
|
Definition
Mechanical Overload
Hyperthermia
Hypoxia
Stress Deprivation |
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Term
| Acute (inflammatory) phase |
|
Definition
| early lesions are commonly asymptomatic |
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Term
| Subacute (proliferation) phase |
|
Definition
Inflammatory cells begin to be replaced by fibroblastic cells and small blood vessels
The fibroblastic cells (tenocytes) are responsible for repair
Fibroblasts migrate into the tendon from two sites:
1) the tendon sheath (extrinsic repair)
2) epitenon/endotenon (intrinsic repair) |
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Term
| Chronic (remodelling and maturation) phase |
|
Definition
Chronic lesions contain scar tissue, disorganised collagen fibrils, increased numbers of fibroblasts and enlarged endotenon
Over time, the lesion becomes more organised (cellularity decreases, collagen fibriles align)
Process can take months to years |
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