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| A version of UNIX developed by IBM. |
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| A mobile Linux-based operating system currently developed by Google's Open Handset Alliance. |
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| The software that runs on an operating system and provides the user with specific functionality (such as word processing or financial calculation). Applications are commonly referred to as apps today. |
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| An open source license that allows source code to be distributed freely but changed at the discretion of the original author. |
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| A popular and widespread method of clustering computers together to perform useful tasks using Linux. |
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| BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) |
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| A version of UNIX developed out of the original UNIX source code and given free to the University of California, Berkeley by AT&T. |
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| The software whose source code is not freely available from the original author; Windows 98 is an example. |
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| Another term for the Internet. |
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| A series of software components that are installed on servers distributed across the Internet and provide services to a large number of Internet users. |
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| A grouping of several smaller computers that function as one large supercomputer. |
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| The act of making a cluster; see also cluster. |
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| A person who uses computer software maliciously for personal profit. |
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| An organized set of data. |
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| Database Management System (DBMS) |
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| Software that manages databases. |
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| A Linux kernel whose minor number is odd and has been recently developed yet not thoroughly tested. |
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| A piece of software containing instructions that the kernel of an operating system uses to control and interact with a specific type of computer hardware. |
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| A complete set of operating system software, including the Linux kernel, supporting function libraries, and a variety of OSS packages that can be downloaded from the Internet free of charge. These OSS packages are what differentiate the various distributions of Linux. |
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| A term that refers to a specific type of UNIX operating system. For example, Solaris and BSD are two different flavors of UNIX. |
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| Free Software Foundation (FSF) |
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| An organization started by Richard Stallman that promotes and encourages the collaboration of software developers worldwide to allow the free sharing of source code and software programs. |
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| Software distributed by the developer at no cost to the user. |
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| frequently asked questions (FAQs) |
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| An area on a Web site where answers to commonly posed questions can be found. |
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| fully qualified domain name (FQDN) |
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| A string of words identifying a server on the Internet. GNU An acronym that stands for “GNU's Not Unix.” |
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| GNU General Public License (GPL) |
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| A software license, ensuring that the source code for any OSS will remain freely available to anyone who wants to examine, build on, or improve upon it. |
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| GNU Network Object Model Environment (GNOME) |
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| One of the two competing graphical user interface (GUI) environments for Linux. |
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| A free operating system project started by Richard Stallman. |
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| graphical user interface (GUI) |
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| The component of an operating system that provides a user-friendly interface comprising graphics or icons to represent desired tasks. Users can point and click to execute a command rather than having to know and use proper command-line syntax. |
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| A GUI core component such as X Windows, combined with a window manager and desktop environment that provides the look and feel of the GUI. Although functionality might be similar among GUI environments, users might prefer one environment to another due to its ease of use. |
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| A person who explores computer science to gain knowledge—not to be confused with “cracker.” |
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| The tangible parts of a computer, such as the network boards, video card, hard disk drives, printers, and keyboards. |
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| A particular configuration and grouping of computer hardware, normally centered on and determined by processor type and architecture. |
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| A solution for a software bug made by a closed source vendor. |
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| A task-specific instruction guide to performing any of a wide variety of tasks; it is freely available from the Linux Documentation Project at www.linuxdoc.org. |
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| A version of UNIX developed by Hewlett-Packard |
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| Internet Protocol (IP) address |
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| A unique string of numbers assigned to a computer to uniquely identify it on the Internet. |
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| A mobile version of UNIX developed by Apple for use on iPhone, iPod and iPad devices. |
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| K Desktop Environment (KDE) |
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Definition
| One of the two competing graphical user interfaces (GUIs) available for Linux. |
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| The central, core program of the operating system. The shared commonality of the kernel is what defines Linux; the differing OSS applications that can interact with the common kernel are what differentiates Linux distributions. |
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| A Finnish graduate student who coded and created the first version of Linux and subsequently distributed it under the GNU Public License. |
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| A software operating system originated by Linus Torvalds. The common core, or kernel, continues to evolve and be revised. Differing OSS bundled with the Linux kernel is what defines the wide variety of distributions now available. |
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| Linux Documentation Project (LDP) |
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Definition
| A large collection of Linux resources, information, and help files supplied free of charge and maintained by the Linux community. |
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| The open forums of Linux users who discuss and assist each other in using and modifying the Linux operating system and the OSS run on it. There are LUGs worldwide. |
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| A version of UNIX developed by Apple for use on Apple desktop computers and servers. |
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| Mail Delivery Agent (MDA) |
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Definition
| The service that downloads e-mail from a mail transfer agent. |
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| Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) |
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Definition
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Definition
| A program that allows e-mail to be read by a user. |
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| The number preceding the first dot in the number used to identify a Linux kernel version. It is used to denote a major change or modification. |
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| Message Passing Interface (MPI) |
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| A system that is used on Beowulf clusters to pass information to several separate computers in a parallel fashion. |
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Definition
| Mini-UNIX created by Andrew Tannenbaum. Instructions on how to code the kernel for this version of the Unix operating system were publicly available. Using this as a starting point, Linus Torvalds improved this version of UNIX for the Intel platform and created the first version of Linux. |
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Definition
| The number following the first dot in the number used to identify a Linux kernel version, denoting a minor modification. If odd, it is a version under development and not yet fully tested. See also developmental kernel and production kernel. |
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| Multiplexed Information and Computing Service (MULTICS) |
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Definition
| A prototype time-sharing operating system that was developed in the late-1960s by AT&T Bell Laboratories. |
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| A type of operating system that is able to manage multiple tasks simultaneously. |
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| A type of operating system that is able to provide access to multiple users simultaneously. |
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| An Internet protocol service accessed via an application program called a newsreader. This service allows access to postings (e-mails in a central place accessible by all newsgroup users) normally organized along specific themes. Users with questions on specific topics can post messages, which can be answered by other users. |
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| Open Source Software (OSS) |
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Definition
| The programs distributed and licensed so that the source code making up the program is freely available to anyone who wants to examine, utilize, or improve upon it. |
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| One of the most popular and prevalent distributions of Linux, originally developed in Europe. |
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| The software used to control and directly interact with the computer hardware components. |
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| The software used to install, maintain, and remove other software programs by storing all relevant software information in a central software database on the computer. |
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| A program loaded into memory and running on the processor performing a specific task. |
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| A Linux kernel whose minor number (the number after the dot in the version number) is even, therefore deemed stable for use through widespread testing. |
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| The sets of instructions that know how to interact with the operating system and computer hardware to perform specific tasks; stored as a file on some media (e.g., a hard disk drive). |
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| The syntax used for developing a program. Different programming languages use different syntaxes. |
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| A server or hardware device that requests Internet resources on behalf of other computers. |
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| One of the most popular and prevalent distributions of Linux in North America, distributed and supported by Red Hat, Inc. Fedora is a Red Hat-based Linux distribution. |
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| The number after the second dot in the version number of a Linux kernel that identifies the release number of a kernel. |
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Definition
| A computer running routing software or a special function hardware device that provides interconnection between networks; it contains information regarding the structure of the networks and sends information from one component network to another. |
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| The capability of computers to increase workload as the number of processors increases. |
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| An Internet Web site, such as www.google.com, where you simply enter a phrase representing your search item and receive a list of Web sites that contain relevant material. |
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| A computer configured to allow other computers to connect to it from across a network. server services The services that are made available for other computers across a network. |
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| The programs developed and provided at minimal cost to the end user. These programs are initially free but require payment after a period of time or usage. |
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| The programs stored on a storage device in a computer, which provide a certain function when executed. |
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| A version of UNIX developed by Sun Microsystems from AT&T source code. |
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Definition
| The sets of organized instructions on how to function and perform tasks that define or constitute a program. |
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| The additional functionality provided by a program that has been incorporated into and started as part of the operating system. |
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Definition
| A compressed archive of files containing scripts that install Linux software to the correct locations on a computer system. |
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| total cost of ownership (TCO) |
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Definition
| The full sum of all accumulated costs, over and above the simple purchase price of utilizing a product. Includes training, maintenance, additional hardware, and downtime. |
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| A major Linux distribution that is widely used in North America. |
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| The first true multitasking, multiuser operating system, developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, and from which Linux was originated. |
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Definition
| A person who uses a computer. |
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Definition
| The interface the user sees and uses to interact with the operating system and application programs. |
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| A computer used to connect to services on a server. |
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Definition
| The services that are used to access shared resources on a network server. |
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Definition
| The core component of the GUI in Linux. |
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Term
Every computer consists of physical components and nonphysical components. The nonphysical components of a computer that understand how to work with the physical components are referred to as ____________.
a. hardware
b. records
c. software
d. processors |
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Definition
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Term
| The operating system software is necessary for a computer to function. True or False? |
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Definition
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Linux is a ____________ and ____________ operating system.
a. production, stable
b. multiuser, multitasking
c. processing, closed source
d. large, useful |
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Definition
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Term
The core component of the Linux operating system is the Linux kernel. If you were a Linux systems administrator for a company, when would you need to upgrade your Linux kernel? (Choose all that apply.)
a. when you need support in Linux for new hardware
b. when you need another user interface
c. when you need to increase the stability of Linux
d. when you need to use kernel modules |
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Definition
When you need to have support in Linux for new hardware
and
When you need to increase the stability of Linux. |
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Term
Which of the following kernels are developmental kernels? (Choose all that apply.)
a. 3.3.4
b. 3.5.5
c. 3.2.7
d. 3.4.4 |
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Definition
3.3.4
3.5.5 because the second number (minor number) is odd |
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Term
A production kernel refers to a kernel whose ____________.
a. revision number is even
b. minor number is odd
c. major number is odd
d. minor number is even |
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Definition
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Term
Many types of software are available today. Which type of software does Linux represent?
a. Open Source Software
b. closed source software
c. freeware
d. shareware |
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Definition
| Open Source Software (OSS). |
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Term
Which of the following are characteristics of Open Source Software? (Choose all that apply.)
a. The value of the software is directly related to its price.
b. The software is developed collaboratively.
c. The source code for software is available for a small fee.
d. Any bugs are fixed quickly. |
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Definition
The software is developed collaboratively
and
Any bugs are fixed quickly. |
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Term
To which license does Linux adhere?
a. open license
b. artistic license
c. GNU General Public License
d. free source license |
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Definition
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Term
What are some good reasons for using Linux in a corporate environment? (Choose all that apply.)
a. Linux software is unlikely to be abandoned by its developers.
b. Linux is secure and has a lower total cost of ownership than other operating systems.
c. Linux is widely available for many platforms and supports many programming languages.
d. Most Linux software is closed source. |
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Definition
Linux software is unlikely to become abandoned by its developers.
Linux is secure and has a lower total cost of ownership than other operating systems.
Linux is widely available for many platforms and supports many programming languages. |
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Term
Which of the following are common methods for gaining support for Linux?
a. HOWTO documents at www.linuxdoc.org
b. a local Linux User Group
c. Internet newsgroups
d. all the above |
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Definition
| HOWTO documents, a local Linux User Group (LOG), and Internet newsgroups. |
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Term
Which two people are credited with creating the UNIX operating system? (Choose two answers.)
a. Dennis Ritchie
b. Richard Stallman
c. Linus Torvalds
d. Ken Thompson |
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Definition
| Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson. |
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Term
Who formed the Free Software Foundation to promote open development?
a. Dennis Ritchie
b. Richard Stallman
c. Linus Torvalds
d. Ken Thompson |
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Definition
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Term
Which culture embraced the term “GNU” (GNU's Not UNIX) and laid the free software groundwork for Linux?
a. the hacker culture
b. the MIT culture
c. the cracker culture
d. the Artificial Intelligence culture |
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Definition
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Term
Linux was developed by ____________ to resemble the ____________ operating system.
a. Linus Torvalds, MINIX
b. Linus Torvalds, GNU
c. Richard Stallman, GNU
d. Richard Stallman, MINIX |
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Definition
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When the core components of the Linux operating system are packaged together with other Open Source Software, it is called a ____________.
a. new kernel
b. new platform
c. Linux distribution
d. GNU Project |
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Definition
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Term
Which common GUI environments are available in most Linux distributions? (Choose all that apply.)
a. GNOME
b. CDE
c. KDE
d. RPM |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following are factors that determine which Linux distribution a user will use? (Choose all that apply.)
a. package manager support
b. hardware platform
c. kernel features
d. language support |
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Definition
| Package manager support, hardware platform, kernel features, and language support. |
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Term
What is the most common open source Web server available for Linux?
a. Samba
b. Apache
c. Squid
d. pine |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following can be used on Linux to provide file and print services?
a. Samba
b. Apache
c. Squid
d. pine |
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Definition
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