Term
| What should a post foaling examination include regarding the foal? |
|
Definition
A thorough exam of both mare and foal
Foal - Cardiovascular (extremity temperature, mucous membranes, heart sounds)
- Respiratory system (lung sounds, rib fractures etc.)
- Eyes (PLR, structure - integrity of sclera/cornea/the rest of the ball)
- GIT (no milk coming out of nose - sign of cleft palate, suckling within 2-3 hours, massage of meconium)
- Assess passive transfer @ 18hrs
- Urogenital - Patent urachus, passage of large volume of hypotonic urine
- Musculoskeletal (tendon or ligment damage)
- Drugs (Tetanus antitoxin within 24hrs) |
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Term
| What is the normal rectal temp for a newborn foal (birth to 24hrs)? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the normal heart rate for a new born foal? |
|
Definition
Birth - 60-80
0-2hrs - 120-150
12hrs - 80-120
24hrs - 80-100 |
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|
Term
| What is the normal resp rate for a new born foal? |
|
Definition
Birth - gasping
0-2hrs - 40-60
12 hrs - 30-40
24hrs - 30-35 |
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Term
| What should post foaling exam include for the mare? |
|
Definition
Reproductive history
Injury to the repro tract (assess for perineal injury - bruising, lacerations etc.)
Milk supply and lactation
Placental evaluation - should be expelled within 3hrs of birth |
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Term
| How may the haematological values of a foal differ from that of an adult? |
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Definition
Increased seg neutrophils
Decreased lymphocytes
Increased monocytes
Decreased or increased eosinophil
Decreased basophils
Increased platelets
Decreased PCV |
|
|
Term
| What can a decrease in PCV indicate in foals? |
|
Definition
Possible dysmaturity (PCV decreases in second half of gestation)
Neonatal isoerythrolysis |
|
|
Term
| How does the biochem of a foal differ from that of an adult? |
|
Definition
Initial increase in albumin, bilirubin and BUN and then a decrease
Increase in creatine kinase
Decrease in creatine
Increase in fibrinogen
Increase in glucose
Increase in lactate
Increase in magnesium
Increase in phosphorus
Increase in potassium
Increase in sodium
Markedly increased triglycerides |
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|
Term
| What are the normal parameters of synovial fluid? |
|
Definition
Clear to pale yellow
Highly viscous
Contains few to no erythrocytes and low numbers of nucleated cells
Protein ~25-35% of normal protein plasma (around <20g/L, >40 = severe inflammation)
Synovial fluid should become gelatinous (liquid again on agitation) if left out settle
There should be no floaties
Nucleated cell count = <1x10^9 |
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|
Term
| What does it indicate if the synovial fluid clots? |
|
Definition
| Possible iatrogenic blood contamination |
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|
Term
| How can you distinguish haemarthrosis from iatrogenic contamination? |
|
Definition
| - More likely to be haemarthrosis is the sample is uniformly bloody, compared to there being some blood at either end of collection |
|
|
Term
| What cells does normal CSF contain? |
|
Definition
Synoviocytes! Some are spindle shaped while others are rounded with granular cytoplasm
Also lymphocytes and other WBCs |
|
|
Term
| What do you see in inflammatory arthritis? |
|
Definition
| Leukophagocytic macrophages, also normal macrophages and neutrophils |
|
|
Term
|
What does this cell in synovial fluid indicate?
[image]
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|
Definition
| Indicates prior haemorrhage (more than a few hours prior to collection) |
|
|
Term
| What would you expect to see in a case of septic inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Predominantly neutrophilic response with varying cell morphology depending on strength of bacterial toxins |
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|
Term
| What are some common organisms isolated from neonatal foal infections? |
|
Definition
Gram negative
- E coli
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Actinobacillus
- Enterobacter
- Citrobacter
- Pasturella
- Salmonella
- Serritiea
Gram positive
- B-haemolytic streptococci
- Other streptococci
- Staphylococcus
- Clostridium |
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|
Term
| What are some causes of common problems in the periparturient mare? |
|
Definition
Dystocia
Retained foetal membranes
Premature placental separation
Uterine tear/rupture
Uterine torsion
Uterine prolapse
Uterine horn intussusception
Bladder involution
Rectovaginal fistulas
Colic
Rectal prolapse |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of dystocia in the mare? |
|
Definition
Failure of cervical dialation
Small pelvic canal
Pelvic deformity
Vaginal or uterine tear
Uterine torsion
Abdominal wall hernia
Ruptured pre-pubic tendon
Placentitis
Twins
Septic fortus
Stillbirth
Congenital deformities |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the effects of retained foetal membranes? |
|
Definition
Toxic metritis
Septicaemia
Endotoxaemia
Laminitis |
|
|
Term
| What is a 'red bag' delivery? |
|
Definition
Premature placental separation. It associated with dystocia
Complications that can occur include laceration of the uterine artery, the uterine branch of the ovarian artery, the vginal artery leading to haemorrahic shock |
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|
Term
| How is maternal immunity transferred from mare to foal? |
|
Definition
2 methods of transferring antibodies - placental circulation and colostrum
In horses (and ruminants) transfer of maternal antibodies is heavily reliant on colostrum ingestion by the neonate due to the type of placenta they have. There is an increase in the number of layers of tissue between the foal and the mare and their blood doesn't really mix for stuff getting across is hard. When a foal is born it is agabbaglobulimemic |
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|
Term
| What are some parasites of concern in foals less than 12 months of age? |
|
Definition
Strongylides westeri
Parascaris equorum
Cyathostomins (small strongyles)
S. vulgaris (large strongyle)
Gasterophilus
Oxyuris equi
Tapeworm |
|
|
Term
| How often is it recommended that you worm foals? |
|
Definition
| Every 1-2 months (starting at 1-2 months of age) and then move onto normal schedule at 1 year of age |
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|
Term
| What are some management strategies for the control of internal parasites in horses? |
|
Definition
Removal of manure daily
Frequent mowing of pastures to expose eggs and larvae
Pasture rotation
Avoid overstocking
Graze weanlings and yearlings separate from other horses
Possibly alternate grazing with cattle or sheep
Do not feed off the ground
Provide clean water
Yearly faecal exam
Alternate anthelmintic catagories |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of foetal colic? |
|
Definition
Congenital (pain w/o fever, uncommon (hernia, atresia (ani, coli, recti))
Obstruction - Meconium impaction (COMMON IN 1-4 DAY OLDS), Colon displacement, cecal impaction, small-colon obstruction, beozoar, duodenal stricture ulcers, sand enteropathy, ileal impaction)
Strangulation (common - small intestinal volvulus and intussusception uncommon - large colon volvulus)
Inflammatory (enterocolitis, clostridium perfringens, rotavirus, salmonella, crypto (rare), giardia (very rare) aeromonas, NSAIDs, adhesions)
Other (gastric ulcers, uroperitoneum, functional ileus) |
|
|
Term
| How is meconium retention treated medically? |
|
Definition
- IV fluids
- Analgesics (low enough to still allow monitoring)
- Oral laxative therapy - mineral oil by NG tube (113-227g daily)
- Enemas - Warm water and liquid detergent is common, gentle, effective and cheap |
|
|
Term
| When is surgical treatment considered for meconium retention? |
|
Definition
Medical Tx has failed
Persistent pain, despite analgesia
Persistent tachycardia
Progressive abdominal enlargement
Increased peritoneal fluid protein and/or nucleated cell count
Sanguinous peritoneal fluid
Evidence of obstruction (Imaging) |
|
|
Term
| Generally, what are the causes of diarrhoea in young foals? |
|
Definition
Very young foal? Hypoxic-ischemic damage or sepsis
Slightly older foal? infectious or dietary |
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|
Term
| What are some non-infectious causes of diarrhoea in foals? |
|
Definition
- Foal heat diarrhoea (7-10 days old)
- Pica
- Excessive milk replacer
- Gastric ulceration
- Necrotising enterocolitis
- Hypoxic-ischemic injury |
|
|
Term
| What are some infectious causes of diarrhoea in foals? |
|
Definition
- Rotavirus
- Coronavirus
- C diff or perfringens
- Salmonella
- Strongyloides westeri
- Crypto |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the common clinical findings in uroperitoneum? |
|
Definition
They vary depending on the duration of the condition
Classic findings include - hyperkalemia, hyponatremia and hypochloremia
As well as: increased serum creatine concentration |
|
|
Term
| What are the common peritoneal fluid analysis findings? |
|
Definition
Peritoneal:serum creatinine ratio (most sensitive test
>2:1 = diagnostic |
|
|
Term
| What imaging modality is helpful for diagnosing patent urachus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How you treat a patent urachus and subsequent uroperitoneum? |
|
Definition
FIRST! must stabilize the foal medically by correcting electrolyte imbalances and fluid deficit (fluid should also cover the amount removed from the abdomen)
Also draining of the abdomen helps with the hyperkalemia, as will aministration of IV calcium gluconate, glucose, sodium bicarbonate and insulin
Diagnose and treat for possible sepsis |
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|
Term
| When should surgical correction of the patent urachus be considered? |
|
Definition
| Once the foal has been medically stabilsed and the abdomen has been decompressed (the foal will often still require ventilation) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a patent and a persistent urachus? |
|
Definition
Patent = has closed, but reopens
Persistent = never closed |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat a patent urachus? |
|
Definition
Administer broad spec antibiotics until it closes
If there is no other abnormality (such as uroperitoneum) can wait to see if it closes on it's own, use barrier cream around navel to prevent scald |
|
|
Term
| What are some maternal problems that may compromise the well being of the foal or mare? |
|
Definition
Severe lameness
Visceral colic
Uterine torsion
Endotoxaemia
Abdominal wall injury
Disease
Pelvic abnormalities
Poor quality endometrium |
|
|
Term
| What are some foetal problems that may compromise the well being of the foal or mare? |
|
Definition
Neonatal isoerythrolysis
Twins
Foetal malformation |
|
|
Term
| What are some placental problems that may compromise the well being of the foal or mare? |
|
Definition
Infectious placentitis
Hydroallantois
Premature placental separation
Fescue toxicosis
Umbilical abnormalities
Placental insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| How can you monitor a high risk pregnancy? |
|
Definition
Progestogens concentration of mare
Oestrogen concentration
Relaxin concentration
- Decreased concentrations are bad
Transrectal ultrasonography - provides a good image of the cervical star which is the starting place of placentits
Transabdominal ultrasound to evaluate foetal position, activity, tone and heart rate
Foetal ECG |
|
|
Term
| How can you manage a high risk pregnancy? |
|
Definition
Progestogens (ReguMate) can prevent pre-term labour
NSAIDs for preg maintenance, used to reduce placental inflammation
Steroids - Admin of ACTH directly to the foetus in utero promoted foetal maturation Pentoxifylline - Drug aimed at improving peripheral blood flow
Clenbuterol- B2 adrenergic agonist used to relax smooth muscle
Anti-dopamine compounds
Supplemental oxygen
Nutritional support |
|
|
Term
| What are the treatment for vulval haematomas? |
|
Definition
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Most resolve without help, but some may need drainage
Can develop into an abscess so it must be monitored
Apply an icepack |
|
|
Term
| What are the treatment options for a rectovaginal tears? |
|
Definition
Repair can be immediate or after inflammation subsides (just pick the best option for the circumstance)
The repair is conducted surgically using everting (halsted) sutures.
For severe cases, 1-3 months of sexual rest is recommended |
|
|
Term
| When does the growth plate of the scapula close? |
|
Definition
| ~ 5 months for cranial glenoid cavity, and 12-24 months for supraglenoid tubercle |
|
|
Term
| When does the proximal growth plate of the humerus close? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the distal growth plate of the humerus close? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the proximal growth plate of the radius close? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the distal growth plate of the radius |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the growth plate of the ulnar close? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the growth plate of the femur close? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the growth plate of the tibia close? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the normal behaviour of foals? |
|
Definition
- Sitting in sternal in 5 mins
- Suckling reflex in 5-10 mins
- Standing in less than 1 hr
- Suckling by 2 hrs |
|
|
Term
| When is the ductus arteriosus expected to close by? |
|
Definition
| 4 days, prior to this, you can hear a loud machinery murmur |
|
|
Term
| What are some considerations when selecting antibiotics for a foal? |
|
Definition
Aminoglycosides rely on renal excretion - foals have decreased kidney function
The distribution and half-life of drugs is also different
NO fluoroquinolones as it can cause cartilage |
|
|
Term
| What are Ddx for depression in foals? |
|
Definition
FPT and sepsis
Neonatal maladjustment syndrome
Neonatal isoerythrolysis
Premmie/Dysmaturity
Ruptured bladder
Liver failure
GIT disease |
|
|
Term
| What are the ddx for seizures in a foal? |
|
Definition
Hypoxic injury
COngenital problems
Bacterial meningitis
Neonatal isoerythrolysis
Trauma |
|
|
Term
| What is neonatal maladjustment syndrome (NMS) also known as? |
|
Definition
| Hypoxic-ischemic syndrome, peripartum asphyxia syndrome, significant vascular accident, hypoxic encephalopathy, dummy foal |
|
|
Term
| When do clinical signs for NMS develop? |
|
Definition
| Between birth and 24hrs of life |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of NMS? |
|
Definition
| Lost suckle reflex, wander away from dam, recumbency, seizures, tachypnea, depression |
|
|
Term
| What size catheters should you use in a new foal? |
|
Definition
16g needle, or 18g for a daily antibiotics
If catheterising the jugular, use a 5.25" catheter, peripheral placement? use 3.25" |
|
|
Term
| How often does CSU suggest flushing the catheter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should you never NG tube feed a foal? |
|
Definition
| When the foal is in lateral recumbency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The conduit through which fluid waste is removed from the foetal urinary bladder to the allantoic space |
|
|
Term
| Give a brief rundown of the endocrine things around preg and partuition in the mare |
|
Definition
Progesterones - peaks at day 20 and then decreases till day 40-50. @ 40-90d it increases again. Decreases towards 150d and then to pre-peg @180d
Oestrogen - increases to 35-40d, 2nd rapid increase after 80d. Peaks at 7-8mnth then grad decrease
eCG - 1st detected @ 35-40d, peaks @ 70d, gone by 150d
Relaxin - 1st detect @ 70d peak @ 5-6 month |
|
|
Term
| Read over the 'more detailed' explanation of all the hormones and explain it out loud |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the 3 stages of parturition? |
|
Definition
Stage 1 (10min-5.5hr), initiation of myometrial contractions
Stage 2 (15-30 min) expulsion of foetus
Stage 3 (~<3hr) expulsion of membranes |
|
|
Term
| When does the foetal cortisol surge take place? |
|
Definition
| in the last 8d prior to foaling, cortisol increases 10-fold. ANd is responsible for maturation of thyroid gland, induction of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes, changes in the adrenal medulla, increase in surfactant production |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of angular limb deformities? |
|
Definition
Congenital - present at birth and remain static or recover spontaneously
Acquired - normal at birth and develop over time
Congential and progressive - comination of congential and acquired factors |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 primary causes of angular limb deformities? |
|
Definition
Soft tissue/ligament laxity
Incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones
Physeal growth dysparity |
|
|
Term
| What treatments are available for angular limb deformities? |
|
Definition
Stall rest
Corrective trimming
Corrective shoeing
Nutrition
Surgery |
|
|
Term
| What is a valgus limb deformity? |
|
Definition
| Lateral displacement of the limb |
|
|
Term
| What is a varus limb deformity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a windswept deformity? |
|
Definition
| ONe limb is varus, one is valgus, so both to the left or the right |
|
|
Term
| What is a rotational deformity? |
|
Definition
| Outward rotation more common |
|
|
Term
| When does the physis of the fetlock close? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age range can you use trimming to correct ALD of the carpus or fetlock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age range is periosteal transection an option for the correction of fetlock angular limb deformities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age range is transphyseal bridging an option for the correction of fetlock angular limb deformities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age range is periosteal transection an option for the correction of carpus angular limb deformities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age range is periosteal transection an option for the correction of tarsal angular limb deformities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age range is transphyseal bridging an option for the correction of carpus angular limb deformities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age range is transphyseal bridging an option for the correction of tarsal angular limb deformities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age range can you use extensions to correct ALD of the carpus or fetlock |
|
Definition
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