Term
| what are the 4 overall functions of the limbic system |
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Definition
| processing smell, emotion, memory, spatial mapping, social interaction |
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Term
| what is the function of the cingulate gyrus |
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Definition
| controls motivation, allows shifting of attention from one idea to another, allows mind to see options, cognitive flexibility (go with the flow0 |
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Term
| what is the function of the hippocampus |
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Definition
| spatial navigation; creating and filing away declarative memory |
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Term
| what is the function of the dentate gyrus |
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Definition
| involved in forming declarative memory |
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Term
| what is the function of the amygdala |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the role of the hippocampus in learning and memory |
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Definition
| creates and files memory through sensory loop |
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Term
| provide some evidence for the role of the hippocampus in spatial navigation in humans |
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Definition
| Maguire's study of London taxi drivers: posterior hippocampi of taxi drivers were significantly larger relative to those of control subjects |
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Term
| what is the largest part of the bird's brain |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 4 major structures of the limbic system |
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Definition
| cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, amygdala |
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Term
| what is the shape of the cingulate gyrus? |
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Definition
| umbrella shape/c shape so that it can have lots of associations to all areas of the cortex |
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Term
| what is the most ancient and primitive part of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| what is another tem for the limbic system |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the major functions of the limbic system in humans? |
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Definition
| memory, learning, social interaction, emotion, spatial mapping |
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Term
| what are the major functions of the limbic system in animals? |
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Definition
| olfaction and spatial mapping |
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Term
| what are the limbic systems emotional functions? |
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Definition
| stores emotional memories, sets the emotional tone of mind |
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Term
| what part of the brain modulates motivation? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does the limbic system affect social interaction? |
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Definition
| affects bonding and connectedness |
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Term
| name 3 disorders that the limbic system is associated with |
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Definition
| autism, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia |
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Term
| does the limbic system affect sleep and appetite cycles? |
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Definition
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Term
| if you're scared of a snake even though you've never been bitten, what part of your brain is working? |
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Definition
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Term
| when I'm feeling unmotivated to study, what part of the brain do I blame/ |
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Definition
| limbic system, particularly cingulate gyrus |
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Term
| what structure is just inferior to the cingulate gyrus? |
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Definition
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Term
| why is the cingulate gyrus considered to be part of the limbic system? |
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Definition
| it is connected with other limbic structures and it is involved in the control of motivation. It is also involved in the emotional reaction to painful and aversive events |
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Term
| what is the interface between the decision-making process of the frontal lobe and the emotional world of the limbic system? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens if you have damage to the cingulate gyrus |
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Definition
| akinetic mutism: unable to talk or move |
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Term
| what happens if you have an overactive cingulate gyrus |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the effect of stimulation of the cingulate gyrus in humans? |
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Definition
| negative or positive feelings |
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|
Term
| what are the functions of the cingulate gyrus |
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Definition
| source of input/output between limbic system and cortex; allows shifting of attention; helps the mind transition to new ideas; helps the mind see options; allows flexibility |
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Term
| what is the amygdala attached to? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what things are the hippocampus involved in? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| problem solving, cognitive processing |
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Term
| what controls working memory |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is declarative memory |
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Definition
| all your facts, experiences, and conscious memory |
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Term
| is working memory short term or long term |
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Definition
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Term
| is declarative memory short term or long term |
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Definition
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Term
| what part of the brain files away new memories as they occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is procedural memory |
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Definition
| memories of doing, experiencing: hard to put into words |
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Term
| what part of the brain is involved in procedural memory |
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Definition
| cerebellum, basal ganglia |
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Term
| how is memory affected with damage to the hippocampus? |
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Definition
| can't create new declarative memories |
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Term
| what happens to previous declarative memories if you have damage to hippocampus |
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Definition
| you retain old declarative memories, just can't make new ones |
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Term
| what process is used for the hippocampus to form memories? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a molecular process that strengthens groups of synapses that are repeatedly used: If you reuse the synapse time and time again, the synapse becomes more efficient. |
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Term
| does LTP explain the storage of memory |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the dentate gyrus |
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Definition
| a dense, dark layer of cells at the tip of the hippocampus |
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|
Term
| what are the important areas of the hippocampus |
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Definition
| dentate gyrus, cornu ammonis, subiculum, entorhinal cortex |
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Term
| what is the sensory loop o fhte hippocampus? |
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Definition
| a pathway that travels form the sensory cortex, through the hippocampus, and back to the sensory cortex that creates memory |
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Term
| describe the sensory loop path |
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Definition
| Information enters the hippocampus between the subiculum and dentate gyrus along the perforant path. The entorhinal axons then synapse on cells in the dentate gyrus. The dentate response by sending axons to the cornu ammonis, which sends fibers to the subiculum. The subiculum sends axons back to the sensory cortex |
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Term
| what is the output area of the hippocampus |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are some diseases that affect the hippocampus? |
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Definition
| Alzheimer's, ischemia, epilepsy |
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Term
| can unilateral damage to the hippocampus cause memory loss |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the 2 brain pathologies associated with Alzheimer's Disease |
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Definition
| amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles |
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|
Term
| what is at the core of an amyloid plaque |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens if you lose your hippocampus and amygdala |
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Definition
| severe loss of ability to form new declarative memories |
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Term
| is your hippocampus to blame when you can't remember where you left your keys? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the amygdala located |
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Definition
| deep within temporal lobe |
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|
Term
| what is the amygdala shaped like |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the amygdala connect with |
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Definition
| hippocampus, prefrontal area, thalamus |
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|
Term
| what is the primary function of the amygdala |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what emotion does the amygdala help us feel |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the amygdala do with fear |
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Definition
| couples a learned sensory stimulus with an adaptive response to keep us safe from scary situations |
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Term
| what part of the brain makes me run away when I see a snake? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes the amygdala able to influence our mood? |
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Definition
| extensively interconnected with frontal cortex, thalamus, striatum |
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|
Term
| what happens if you electrically stimulate the amygdala |
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Definition
| causes intense hallucinations, often accompanied by fear |
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Term
| what happens if your amygdala degenerates |
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Definition
| you become unable to recognize expression of fear in human faces, can't identify scary stimuli |
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Term
| what type if information is the primary input to the amygdala |
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Definition
| sensory information that has been processed to show danger signals |
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Term
| to what other parts of the brain does the amygdala tell when something is scary? |
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Definition
| hypothalamus, brainstem autonomic center |
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|
Term
| what controls the limbic system |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how does an action that reduces the efficacy of the cortex affect the limbic system |
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Definition
| any action that reduces the efficacy of the cortex affects the limbic system; if the cortex isn't working correctly, the limbic system won't work correctly |
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Term
| how does giving a stimulant help a kid with ADHD? |
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Definition
| the stimulant enables the cortex to have more power to control the limbic system and help the child to calm down. T |
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Term
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Definition
| trouble planning and completing fine motor tasks |
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Term
| why do dyspraxic children have difficulty controlling their emotions |
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Definition
| the cortex is impaired so that there is insufficient control of the limbic system |
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Term
| what happens to a kid who has difficulty controlling the limbic system |
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Definition
| they become easily distressed, difficult to control, and overactive |
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Term
| where do we see brain damage in kids with autism? |
|
Definition
| limbic system: amygdala and hippocampus |
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|
Term
| what is abnormal about the appearance of the amygdala and hippocampus in kids with autism |
|
Definition
| densely packed neurons that are smaller than normal |
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|
Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what behaviors are seen in animals when the amygdala is damaged or removed? |
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Definition
| behaviors similar to humans with autism: social withdrawal, compulsive behaviors, failure to learn about dangerous situations, difficulty retrieving information from memory, difficulty adjusting to novel events |
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