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n/a
41
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
08/22/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the hierarchy of Structural Organization?
Definition
Atom, Molecule, Macromolecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
Term
What is Anatomy?
Definition
The study of the structure of the human body
Term
Dissection means?
Definition
"I cut up"
Term
Prosection means?
Definition
"already cut up"
Term
What is the anatomical terminology based on? WHy?
Definition
Ancient greek or latin. Provides standard nomenclature worldwide
Term
What are the branches of anatomy?
Definition
Gross- visable to naked eye (muscles bones organs)
Microscopic (histology)
Developmental (embryology)
Functional morphoplogy (correlate form with specific function)
Term
What are the elements of life? Macromolecules?
Definition
C,H, O, N, S, Ca, P/ Carbohydrates, Proteins, fats (lipids), and nucleic acids
Term
First level of Structural organization?
Definition
Chemical level- atoms form molecules
Term
2nd level of Structural organization?
Definition
Cellular level- cells and their functional subunits, organelles perform specific cell functions
Term
3rd level of Structural organization?
Definition
Tissue level- collections of 2 or more cell types that perform a common function
Term
what are the 4 tissue types?
Definition
epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
Term
4th level of Structural organization?
Definition
Organ level- a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue
Term
5th level of Structural organization?
Definition
Organ system- organs work together for a common purpose
Term
6th level of Structural organization?
Definition
Organism- the result of all simpler levels working in unison
Term
How many cells in the human body? How many identified types?
Definition
Over 100 trillion cells,
252 types
Term
What must cells do?
Definition
Carry out all processes necessary for survival of the cell plus each cell must perform specific functions required for survival of organism
Term
What is the process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions?
Definition
Differentiation
Term
what does differentiation occur from?
Definition
Results from altered gene expression in response to locally produced molecules
Term
What are stem cells?
Definition
Undifferentiated cells
Term
Two categories of stem cells:
Definition
Embryonic- pleuripotent (can become any cell type)
Tissue Specific- partially specialized, found in many adult tissues
Term
What are some tissue engineering accomplishments using stem cells
Definition
-skin patches on burn
-lab grown cartilage grafts
-urinary bladders
-nerve regeneration
-progress in complex organs like liver and pancreas
Term
What is an organ system?
Definition
Collection of organs that work together to accomplish a particular task.
Term
How many organ systems are there? What are they?
Definition
10 (or 11).
Cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, nervous, skeletal, muscular, immune/lymphatic, urinary, integument, endocrine, reproductive.
Term
What is the anatomical posistion>
Definition
a common visual reference point.
-stands with feet together eyes forward
palms face anteriorly with thumbs pointed away from body
Term
What are regional terms?
Definition
Names of specific body areas
Term
Axial region refers to?
Definition
the main axis of the body (head, neck, and trunk)
Term
Appendicular region refers to?
Definition
the limbs
Term
What is the term meaning towards the head or upper part of a structure or body? (Above)
Definition
Superior (cranial)
~The head is superior to the abdomen
Term
What is the term meaning away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or body (below)?
Definition
Inferior (caudal)
~The naval is inferior to the chin
Term
What is the term meaning toward the front of the body: in front of?
Definition
Anterior (ventral)
~The breast bone is anterior to the spine
Term
What is the term meaning toward the back of the body; behind?
Definition
Posterior (dorsal)
~The heart is posterior to the breastbone
Term
What deos medial mean?
Definition
toward the midline of body, on the inner side of
~The heart is medial to the arm
Term
What does lateral mean?
Definition
Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of.
~The arms are lateral to the chest
Term
What does intermediate mean?
Definition
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.
~Collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder
Term
What does proximal mean?
Definition
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachemnt of a limb to the body trunk.
~The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
Term
What does distal mean?
Definition
Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
~THe knee is distal to the thigh
Term
What does superficial (external) mean>
Definition
toward the surface of body
~the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
Term
What does deep (internal) mean?
Definition
away from the body surface
~THE lungs are deep to the skin
Term
Which plane lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts?
Definition
coronal (frontal) plane
Term
Which plane lies vertical in the midline and is specific sagittal plane?
Definition
Median (midsagittal) plane
Term
Which plane runs horizontally- dividing th body into superior and inferior parts?
Definition
Transverse plane
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