Term
| What are the Three Types of Cartilage? |
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Definition
| Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, and Elastic Cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| Most abundant type, provides support through flexibility and resilience; locations: trachea, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, fetal skeleton, costal cartilage, and nose |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains thick collagen fibers, acts as a shock absorber; intervertebral discs ,menisci of the knee, and pubic symphysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Stretch; contains highly branched elastic fibers; provides flexibility; located: epiglottis and aurical of the ear |
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Term
| Characteristics of Cartilage |
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Definition
| Semirigid, weaker than bone; flexible and resilient due to elastic fibers and water content; avascular (receives nutrients through diffusion, so doesn't heal well) |
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Term
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Definition
| Support soft tissues, articular surfaces for joints, and provide a modal for endochonrial bone formation |
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Term
| Structual Parts of Cartilage |
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Definition
| Chondroblasts, chondrocytes, ECM, and perichondrium |
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Term
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Definition
| immature cartilage cells; produce the matrix of the cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| mature cartilage cells; reside in lacunae and support |
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Term
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Definition
| Made of dense connective tissue, it is the layer around the cartilage, and it provides support and protection |
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Term
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Definition
| osseous connective tissue, with a calcified extracellular matrix (calcium phosphate) |
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Term
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Definition
| Support and protect (creates frame work for body and protects from trauma), movement (serves as attachment sites for muscles), hemopoiesis (formation of blood in red bone marrow), and storage of minerals and energy reserves (calcium phosphate and yellow bone marrow (fat)) |
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Term
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Definition
| longer than wide/columnar bones, contain diaphysis and epiphyses; egs.: humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, and metatarsals |
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Term
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Definition
| more square; carpals, tarsals and sesamoid (i.e., made by friction bones) bones (patella) |
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Term
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Definition
| Skull, scapulae, sternum and ribs |
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Term
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Definition
| vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, os coxa, ethmoid, and sphenoid (weird projections |
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Term
| Structure of long bones (practice on APR) |
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Definition
| compact bone, spongy bone, epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, articular cartilate, medullary cavity, endosteum, periosteum, perforating fibers, nutrient foramen (review the slides |
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Term
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Definition
| Bone cell, stem cells derived from mesenchyme that becomes osteoblasts (cell before bone creation) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bone cell, immature osteocytes that BUILD bone by secreting osteoid (organic part of the bone matrix); decreases calcium blood levels |
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Term
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Definition
| Mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix; reside in lacunae |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that CONSUME bone (bone resorption); phagocytic cells using hydrochloric acid and lysosomes; increase blood calcium levels |
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Term
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Definition
| all bone on outeredge/superficial bone tissue; also called cortical bone, solid, relatively dense; lined by periosteum; found in superficial regions of the bone; contains osteons |
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Term
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Definition
| Deep bone tissue; also called trabecular bone, porous, lined by endostium; found in the deeper |
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Term
| Osteon (Haversion system) |
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Definition
| basic structural and functional unit of compact bone; runs parallel to the diaphyses |
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Term
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Definition
| Haversian canal; cylindrical channel in center of osteon, blood vessels and nerves supply bone |
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Term
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Definition
| housed in lacunae, found between adjacent concentric lamellae; mature bone cells that maintain |
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Term
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Definition
| rings of osseus) (bone CT, surround, and form bulk of osteon; connected by fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| cavities that house osteocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| branches; connect neighboring lacunae; allow nutrients, minerals, gasses, and wastes to travel between the central canal and osteocytes |
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Term
| Perforating canals (Volksmann's canals) |
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Definition
| connect blood and nerve supply to the central canal (perpendicular) |
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Term
| Structures of compact bone |
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Definition
| osteon, central canal, concentric lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi, and perforating canals |
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Term
| Structures of Spongy Bone |
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Definition
| Trabeculae, parallel lamellae, osteocytes within lacunae, and canaliculi |
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Term
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Definition
| Main structural and functional component; form crisscrossing bars and plates for strength |
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Term
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Definition
| flat layers of lamellae in spongy bone |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of bone, two types: intramembranous and endochonral ossification |
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Term
| Intramembranous Ossification |
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Definition
| taking a membrane and turning it into bone (mesenchme). When we are a baby, skull must be membrane so it can grow faster; everything clavicle and up was formed this way; bone growth within a membrane (mesenchyme); forms flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, and clavicle |
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Term
| Endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| Turning cartilage into bone (hyaline cartilage); within cartilage; turns fetal framework of hyaline cartilage into bone; formation of most bones; primary ossification center is in the diaphysis, and the secondary ossification center is in the epiphysis |
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Term
| How Endochondral ossification works |
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Definition
| fetal hyaline cartilage model develops, cartilage calcifies, and a periosteal bone collar forms, the primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis (first major center of bone formation), secondary ossification center form int he epiphysis; bone replaces cartilage, except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates; epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines |
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Term
| How Intramembranous Ossification works |
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Definition
| Ossification centers form within thickened regions of mesenchyme; osteoid undergoes calcification; woven bone and its surrounding periosteum form; lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact bone and spongy bone form |
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Term
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Definition
| Endochondral ossification, occurs within the periosteum, lays down external circumferential lamellae; like tree ring growth (outer growth) |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in bone's growth length, starts in medullary cavity of diaphysis, hardening and stacking of cartilage into bone |
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Term
| Interstitial growth (length) |
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Definition
| 1. chondroblasts near epiphyseal plate multiply; epiphysis is pushed away from diaphysis 2. chondrocytes enlarge; matrix calcifies; 3. chondrocytes die and disintergrate 4. remodeling by osteoclasts (lay cartilage on growth plate |
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Term
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Definition
| bone doesn't pierce the skin |
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Term
| Open or compound fracture |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| thin break from repetitive loads; lots of repeated stress, not sudden trauma |
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Term
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Definition
| disease weakens bones; not one moment of trauma; disease weakens bone, so breaks for no reason |
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Term
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Definition
| Step 1: fracture hematoma forms; Step 2: fibrocartilage (soft) callus forms--stabilize; Step 3: hard (bony) callus forms; Step 4: bone remodeled |
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Term
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Definition
| looks normal laying down, but bones bow out under pressure because remains cartilage; called rickets in children: soft bones, leads to bowed legs; vitamin D deficiency; Calcium deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive bone resorption--allows transformation from hyaline cartilage into bone; excessive bone resorption; aged and post menopause |
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Term
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Definition
| Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are out of control, end up areas of extra thick and extra thin bone; also called Paget's disease; bone is unstable and immature |
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