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Lesson 22
Spinal cord and spinal nerves
29
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/07/2010

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Term
Cervical nerve plexuses
Definition
supplies the head, neck, superior portion of shoulder and neck, chest and diaphragm.
Term
brachial nerve plexuses
Definition
supplies the shoulders and upper limbs
Term
lumbar nerve plexuses
Definition
supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals, and parts of lower limbs
Term
sacral nerve plexuses
Definition
supplies the buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs
Term
coccygeal nerve plexuses
Definition
supplies small area of skin in coccygeal region
Term
Erb-Duchenne palsy
Definition
(waiter’s tip) - loss of sensation along the lateral side of the arm. injury to brachial plexus
Term
wrist drop
Definition
inability to extend the wrist and fingers. (damage to radial nerve). injury to brachial plexus
Term
median nerve palsy
Definition
numbness, tingling and pain in the palm and fingers. injury to bracial plexus
Term
ulnar nerve palsy
Definition
inability to abduct or adduct fingers. injury to brachial plexus
Term
winged scapula
Definition
the arm cannot be abducted beyond the horizontal position.
Caused by damage to the long thoracic nerve serving the serratus anterior muscle. injury to brachial plexus.
Term
femoral nerve injury
Definition
can occur in stab/gunshot wounds. Causes inability to extend leg and loss of sensation in skin over anteromedial thigh. injury to lumbar plexus
Term
obturator nerve injury
Definition
can occur from pressure on nerve by fetal head during pregnancy. Causes paralysis of adductor muscles of thigh and loss of sensation over medial aspect of thigh. injury to lumbar plexus.
Term
Sciatica
Definition
most common form of back pain from compression/irritation of sciatic nerve (longest nerve in body) from herniated discs, dislocated hip, osteoarthritis of lumbosacral spine, pressure from uterus during pregnancy. Causes pain extending from buttock to posterior and lateral aspect of leg and lateral aspect of foot. injury to lumbar plexus.
Term
dermatome
Definition
the area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves or the trigeminal nerve.
Term
pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex
1. sensory receptor
2. sensory neuron
3. integrating center
4. motor neuron
5. effector
Definition
reflex arc (and 5 steps)
Term
Stretch reflex
Definition
patellar knee jerk reflex.contraction of a skeletal muscle in response to stretching of the muscle. monosynaptic reflex. Ipsilateral.
1. stretching stimulates sensory receptor (MUSCLE SPINDLE)
2. SENSORY NEURON excited
3. within integrating center (SPINAL CORD) sensory neuron activated motor neuron
4. MOTOR NEURON excited
5. effector muscle contracts, relieves stretching
Term
tendon reflex
Definition
Control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation when muscle tension is great.
Sensory receptors- Golgi tendon organs.
Polysynaptic. Ipsilateral.
1. increased muscle tension applied to tendon
2. tendon organ stimulation
3. nerve impulse
4. spinal cord
5. motor neuron causes muscle relaxation and relieves tension
Note: synapse back to muscle is inhibitory. synapse to antagonist is stimulatory. Interneurons used to connect to both motor neurons from one sensory neuron.
Term
intersegmental reflex arc
Definition
interneurons send the signal to different spinal levels to activate more motor neurons that innervate one or more muscle groups
Term
flexor (withdrawal) reflex
Definition
postsynaptic reflex. Ipsilateral.
1. Stepping on a tack (stimulus)
2. Nerve impulse
3. activation of the interneuron
4. activation of the motor neuron
5. muscle contraction (withdrawal of leg)
Term
Crossed extensor reflex
Definition
Polysynaptic reflex.
Contralateral reflex.
Contraction of muscles that extend joints in the opposite limb in response to a painful stimulus.
Stepping on a tack (stimulus) → nerve impulse →activation of several interneurons → activation of the motor neurons → muscle contraction causing flexion of the leg stepping on a tack & extension on the opposite side
Term
Monoplegia
Definition
paralysis of one limb
Term
Diplegia
Definition
paralysis of both upper or both lower limbs
Term
Paraplegia
Definition
paralysis of both lower limbs
Term
Hemiplegia
Definition
paralysis of upper limb, trunk, and lower limb on one side
Term
Quadriplegia
Definition
paralysis of all four limbs
Term
Complete transection
Definition
cord is severed from one side to the other, cutting all sensory and motor tracts
Term
Hemisection
Definition
partial transection of cord on either right or left side. (Brown-Sequard syndrome)
Term
A hemisection injury. 3 symptoms below level of injury: 1. Damage to posterior column causes loss of proprioception/touch on ipsilateral side of injury 2. Damage to lateral cortical spinal tract causes ipsilateral paralysis 3. Damage to spinothalamic tract causes loss of pain and temp sensations on contralateral side
Definition
Brown-Sequard syndrome
Term
spinal shock
Definition
follows complete transection. Characterized by areflexia (loss of reflex function) in body parts served by spinal nerves below the level of injury. Signs include slow heart rate, low BP, flaccid paralysis, loss of somatic sensations, urinary bladder dysfunction
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