many problems increase skin production

Primary keratinisation is less common

 Lichenification- thickened epidermis

orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis

parakeratotic hyperkeratosis

- non nucleated keratinocytes

- inflamm diseases and keratinisation disorders

- nucleated keratinocytes

- Malassezia dermatitis, zinc responsive dermatosis, superficial necrolytic dermatitis 

Superficial necrolytic dermatitis

when?

treat?

- see in End stage liver disease, pancreatitis, glucagonomas, DM

Treat: hepatic support diet, Zinc, EFAs, High quality protein and parenteral aas solutions

- surgical removal of tumour

Two syndromes: 

1. Diet-related

2. Zinc malabsorption

Causes bilaterally symetrical scaling and alopecia of the face, pinnae, elbos, hocks, genitalia and foot pads

Treatment: 

Zinc sulphate, zinc methionine

treat secondary infection

- Diet, EFAs, steroids maybe

Destruction of cell membrane adhesion molecules- most idiopathic, bacterial and viral infections, chronic inflamm dermatitis

Pustules, epidermal collarettes, scaling and erosions

nose, face, pinnae, nipples, feet, onychodystrophy or generalised. 

Naso-digital hyperkeratosis

types of dogs?

assoc?

treatment?

- old dogs, cocker and springer spaniels, dogues de Bourdeaux

- hypothyroidism, pemphigus foliaceus, lupus erythematosus, zinc resp. 

Treat: 

warm water soaks and vaseline or other emollients, topical salicylic acid, propylene glycol

normal protective mechanism

alopecia and hyperkeratosis over bony prominence

DO NOT REMOVE

if fissured or infected- control infection and provide padding 

Idiopathic Keratinisation disorders

spaniels and other breeds?

Hereditary defect with increased epidermal turnover

- spaniels- thick, adherent scales, erythema, seborrhoea, otitis externa

Other breeds: dry diffuse scaling

Rule out parasites- coat brushing, skin scrapes, tape strips...sarcoptes serology

Malassezia and pyoderma: impressino smears, tape strips

Screening  haem, biochem, urinalysis

endocrine tests

biopsy

1. treat secondary infections

2. Topical keratolytic

3. moisturising shampoos or rinses

4. EFAs

5. retinoids- teratogenic, KCS, dry skin, joint pain, hyperostosis, GIT upsets

6. VIt A effective 

- rare hereditary and congenital defect

- several types

- poor prognosis

[image]

hereditary conditions of bull terriers

- stunted, scaling, concave hard palate

- malassezia dermatitis

[image]

Common: 

Focal: pyotraumatic dermatitis 

Fascial and nasal: cowpox, herpes, calicivirus

Generalised and or mucocutanous: deep pyoderma, demodex, 

Immune mediated or non immune

wide range of drugs

withdraw drug and give supportive care 

Depigmentation, erosions, ulcers, Onychodystrophy( disfiguration of toe nails) 

Exfoliative CLE ( German short haired pointerS)

Ulcerative CLE ( shetland sheepdogs and rough collies) 

 
Spontaneous, drugs, immune-mediated diseases, infections, neoplasia
Ulceration, necrosis and crusting of extremities
Onychodystrophy
Panniculitis
Cold agglutinin disease

disruption of BM

- initially form fluid filled bulla or vesicle

- ulceration and crusting of mucocutaneous junctions, nose, ventral body, footpads

- Onychodystrophy

- pain and depressed

Dogs, cats, rabbits

- defect in collagens and elastin

- abnormal elasticity and fragility

[image]

Biopsy and histopath

cytology , haem, biochem, urinalysis

coombs test, anti-platelet antibody, ANA titres

Glucocorticoids- prednisolone, dexamethasone

topical products

- nodular granulomatous reaction

- disease vectors- make sure to treat in whatever endemic area you are in. 

inflamm of subcut fat

- nodules with fatty haemorrhagic discharge

ulceration, non healing wounds

 [image]

focal to multifocal nodules

erythema, alopecia, crusting

swelling of nasal planum

Causes of claw disease

sloughing of claws

diagnosis requires p3 amputation

primary factors: atopic derm

treatment often aggressive- laser surgery often required

post inflamm- parasites, hypersensitivity, trauma

endocrinopathies

cyclical flank alopecia

idiopathic

neoplastic 

post inflamm- immune mediated, scars, vulnerable to uv damage

Vitiligo- immune mediated focal depigmentation

congenital: albinos, chediak-higashi syndrome

idiopathic leucotrichia 

aging changes