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Lecture test 4!!
muscles galore
155
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
03/24/2011

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Term
the origin of the sternocleidomastoid
Definition
manubrium and medial third of clavicle
Term
the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid
Definition
mastoid process of temporal bone
Term
action of the sternocleidomastoid
Definition
flex neck
extend head (a-o joint)
lateral flex to same side
rotate head to opposite side
elevation of clavicle and manubrium
Term
innervation of sternocleidomastoid
Definition
spinal accessory and second cervical
Term
name the infrahyoid muscles
Definition
sternohyoid
omohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
Term
origin of sternohyoid
Definition
posterior surface of the manubrium and medial portion of clavicle
Term
insertion of the sternohyoid
Definition
body of hyoid bone
Term
action of sternohyoid
Definition
depress hyoid bone
Term
innervation of sternohyoid
Definition
ansa cervicalis of C1 to C3 cervical nerve segments
Term
origin and insertion of omohyoid
Definition
superior margin of scapula

body of hyoid
Term
action of omohyoid
Definition
depress hyoid bone
Term
innervation of omohyoid
Definition
ansa cervicalis of C1 to C3 cervical nerve segments
Term
origin and insertion of sternothyroid
Definition
posterior surface of the manubrium

side of the thyroid cartilage
Term
action of the sternothyroid
Definition
depress larynx
depress hyoid bone
Term
innervation of the sternothyroid
Definition
ansa cervicalis of C1 to C3 cervical nerve segments
Term
origin and insertion of thyrohyoid
Definition
oblique line on thyroid cartilage

body and greater horn of the hyoid bone
Term
action of the thyrohyoid
Definition
depress hyoid
elevate larynx
Term
innervation of the thyrohyoid
Definition
1st cervical nerve
Term
in general what action do the infrahyoid muscles do
Definition
depress
Term
what is the infrahyoid muscle that does not have the innervation of the others (ansa cervicalis of C1 to C3 cervical nerve segments)
Definition
thyrohyoid (1st cervical nerve)
Term
name the suprahyoid muscles
Definition
digastric
mylohyoid
stylohyoid
Term
origin and insertion of the digastric
Definition
inferior border of mandible (anterior portion) and the mastoid groove (posterior portion)

hyoid bone
Term
action of the digastric
Definition
depress mandible
elevate hyoid bone
Term
innervation of the digastric
Definition
(anterior portion of mandibular branch of trigeminal) Cranial Nerve V; (posterior portion by facial nerve) Cranial Nerve VII
Term
origin and insertion of the mylohyoid
Definition
inferior border of mandible

body of hyoid
Term
action of the mylohyoid
Definition
elevate floor of mouth and tongue (swallowing and speech)
depress mandible
elevate hyoid bone
Term
innervation of the mylohyoid
Definition
(mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve) Cranial Nerve V
Term
Origin and insertion of the stylohyoid
Definition
styloid process of temporal bone

hyoid bone
Term
action of the stylohyoid
Definition
elevated hyoid
retracts hyoid
Term
innervation of the stylohyoid
Definition
facial nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
Term
what is one thing that all suprahyoid muscles can do?
Definition
elevate hyoid bone
Term
what is another name for the Facial nerve
Definition
Cranial Nerve VII
Term
what is the innervation of all muscles of facial expressions?
Definition
Facial nerve (Cranial nerve VII)
Term
name the muscles of facial expressions
Definition
frontalis
procerus
occipitalis
orbicularic oculi
orbicularis oris
zygomaticus major
zygomaticus minor
risorius
depressor anguli oris
depressor labii inferioris
buccinator
nasalis (transverse and alar)
platysma
Term
what is the action of the frontalis
Definition
wrinkle forehead
elevates eyebrows
Term
what is the action of procerus
Definition
draws eyebrows together when frowning
Term
action of occipitalis
Definition
moves scalp backward
Term
action of orbicularis oculi
Definition
close eyelid
aid in excretion of tears
Term
action of orbicularis oris
Definition
purses the lips
close/protrude lips
Term
action of zygomaticus major
Definition
smile
elevates and draws angle of mouth laterally
Term
action of zygomaticus minor
Definition
elevates and everts upper lip (sneer)
Term
action of risorius
Definition
retracts angle of mouth (fake smile)
Term
action of depressor anguli oris
Definition
pull corners down for frowning
Term
action of depressor labii inferioris
Definition
draws lower lip downward and laterally
Term
action of the buccinator
Definition
compresses cheeks
used in whistling and blowing
aids in mastication
Term
action of transverse nasalis
Definition
wrinkles skin on nose
Term
action of alar nasalis
Definition
dilates nostrils
Term
action of platysma
Definition
depresses mandible
tenses skin of inferior face and neck
expression of fear/stress
Term
Name the muscles of mastication
Definition
temporalis
masseter
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid
Term
what is another way to say Trigeminal Nerve
Definition
Cranial nerve V
Term
what is the innervation for all of the muscles of mastication
Definition
trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V -mandibular branch)
Term
action of the temporalis
Definition
elevate mandible
clinch teeth
retract mandible
Term
action of the masseter
Definition
elevate mandible
clinch teeth forcefully
protract mandible
Term
action of the medial pterygoid
Definition
protract an elevate mandible
lateral displacement (grinding motion)
Term
action of the lateral pterygoid
Definition
protract mandible
lateral displacement (grinding motion)
Term
what is the only mastication muscle that does not elevate the mandible
Definition
lateral pterygoid
Term
what are the two mastication muscles that help grind teeth
Definition
medial and lateral pterygoid
Term
name the thoracic wall muscles
Definition
external intercostals (11 pair)
internal intercostals (11 pair)
transverus thoracis
subcostals
Term
origin and insertion of external intercostals
Definition
inferior border of adjacent superior rib (passes obliquely infrasternally)

superior border of adjacent inferior rib
Term
action of the external intercostals
Definition
fixate or compress intercostal space
movement during respiration
elevates during forced inspiration
Term
innervation of external intercostals
Definition
intercostal nerves within the region
Term
what are not found in the interchondral spaces
Definition
external intercostals
Term
origin and insertion on internal intercostals
Definition
superior border of adjacent inferior rib (passes obliquely suprasternaly)

inferior border of adjacent superior rib
Term
action of internal intercostals
Definition
fix or compress intercostal spaces
depress in expiration
Term
innervation of internal intercostals
Definition
intercostal nerves within the region
Term
on the internal intercostals, what portion is exposed anterior/externally due to the lack of external intercostal muscle in the area
Definition
interchondral portion
Term
origin and insertion of the transversus thoracis
Definition
internal surfaces of body of sternum, xiphoid process, and costal cartilages or ribs 4-6

lower border and internal surface of ribs 2-6
Term
action of transversus thoracis
Definition
depresses ribs 2-6 during forced expiration
proprioceptive ability
Term
innervation of the transversus thoracis
Definition
upper 6 intercostal nerves
Term
origin and insertion of the subcostals
Definition
internal surface near inferior border of rib near its angle

superior border near angle of rib, 1-3 ribs below the origin
Term
action of the subcostals
Definition
compress the intercostal space or depresses ribs
aiding in forced expiration
Term
innervation of the subcostals
Definition
muscular branches of intercostal nerves within region
Term
where are the subcostals more concentrated
Definition
upper and lower thorax
Term
what do all of the thoracic wall muscles do
Definition
depress ribs or compress intercostal space
Term
which of the thoracic wall muscles does not help with forced expiration
Definition
external intercostals
Term
origin and insertion of diaphragm
Definition
xiphoid process costal cartilages or last 6 ribs and lumbar vertebrae 1-3

central tendon of diaphragm
Term
action of diaphragm
Definition
lowers ribcage for inspiration
Term
innervation of diaphragm
Definition
phrenic nerve (from cervical plexus)
Term
origin and insertion of serratus posterior superior
Definition
ligamentum nuchae, the last cervical spine and thoracic spines 1-3

superior border of ribs 2-5 just past angle
Term
action of serratus posterior superior
Definition
elevate stabilize ribs 2-5
Term
innervation of serratus posterior superior
Definition
ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves 1-3
Term
origin and insertion of serratus posterior inferior
Definition
last 2 thoracic and first 2 lumbar spines

inferior border of lower four ribs
Term
action of serratus posterior inferior
Definition
depress and stabilize ribs 9-12
Term
innervation of serratus posterior inferior
Definition
ventral rami of last four thoracic spinal nerves
Term
origin and insertion of scalenus anterior
Definition
anterior tubercles of the cervical vertebrae

scalene tubercle and ridge on superior surface of the 1st rib
Term
action of scalenes anterior
Definition
elevate fix 1st rib
lateral flexion of c3-c6
flex vertebrae c3-c6
Term
innervation of scalenes anterior
Definition
cervical spinal nerves 4-6
Term
origin and insertion of scalenus medius
Definition
posterior tubercles of the transverse processi of the 2nd and 7th cervical vertebrae

superior surface of the 1st rib
Term
action of scalenus medius
Definition
elevate fix first rib
lateral flexion of c2-c7
Term
innervation of scalenus medius
Definition
all cervical spinal nerves
Term
origin and insertion of scalenus posterior
Definition
posterior tubercles of the transverse processi of the 4th-6th cervical vertebrae

superior surface of the 2nd rib
Term
action of scalenus posterior
Definition
elevate fix 2nd rib
lateral flexion of vertebrae c4-c6
Term
innervation of scalenus posterior
Definition
cervical spinal nerves 7-8
Term
origin and insertion of levatores costarum
Definition
tips of transverse processi (c7-T11)

rib below transverse process between tubercle and angle of rib on external surface/superior border
Term
action of levatores costarum
Definition
elevates ribs 1-12
Term
innervation of levatores costarum
Definition
thoracic spinal nerves in the area
Term
10 muscles involved in respiration
Definition
1. diaphragm
2. intercostals
3. scalenes
4. quadratus lumborum
5. serratus posterior inferior
6. serratus posterior superior
7. levatores costarum
8. sternocleidomastoideus
9. abdominal muscles
10. latissimus dorsi
Term
what muscles of respiration stabilize ribs
Definition
serratus posterior superior
serratus posterior inferior
Term
which muscles of respiration elevate rib 1
Definition
scalenus anterior
scalenus medius
levatores costarum
Term
which muscles of respiration elevate the 2nd rib
Definition
serratus posterior superior
scalenus posterior
levatores costarum
Term
what muscles of respiration lateral flex some of the cervical vertibrae
Definition
scalenus anterior
scalenus medius
scalenus posterior
Term
name the muscles of abdominal region muscles
Definition
external abdominal oblique
internal abdominal oblique
transverse abdominis
rectus abdominis
rectus sheath
arcuate line
quadratus lumborum
psoas major
iliacus
psoas minor
pyamidalis
Term
origin and insertion of external abdominal oblique
Definition
slip from external surface of lower 8 ribs (ribs 5-12)

aponeurosis to linea alba, the xiphoid process, anterior iliac crest and pubic tubercle
Term
action of external abdominal oblique
Definition
rotate torso to opposite side
abduct (L.F.) torso to same side
bilateral activation
flex torso
compress abdomen
support viscera
Term
innervation of external abdominal oblique
Definition
lower 6 thoracic spinal nerves
iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves
Term
origin and insertion of internal abdominal oblique
Definition
lateral 2/3 rds. of inguinal ligament.
Anterior 2/3 rds of iliac crest.
lumbar aponeurosis (of thoracolumbar fascia)

lower border of ribs 10-12 with aponeurosis of linea alba. pectineal line of pubis
Term
action of internal abdominal oblique
Definition
abduct (L.F.) torso to same side
bilateral activation
flex torso
compress abdomen
support viscera
Term
innervation of internal abdominal oblique
Definition
lower 6 thoracic spinal nerves.
iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves
Term
origin and insertion of transverse abdominis
Definition
laterals 1/3 rd. of inguinal ligament. Inner lip of iliac crest. thoracolumbar fascia. Cartilages of lower ribs (7-12).

through aponeurosis to linea alba. pectineal line of pubis
Term
action of transverse abdominalis
Definition
compress abdomen during forced expiration
support viscera
Term
innervation of transverse abdominis
Definition
lower 6 thoracic spinal nerves. Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves
Term
origin and insertion of rectus abdominis
Definition
pubic tubercle and superior pubic ligament

cartilages of ribs 5-7 xiphoid process
Term
action of rectus abdominis
Definition
flex vertebral column
flex pelvis (posterior tilting)=antilordosis
compress abdomen during forced expiration
support viscera
Term
innervation of rectus abdominis
Definition
lower 6 thoracic spinal nerves
Term
formed by the aponeuroses of the lateral abdominal muscles, converges to form the linea alba.
Definition
rectus sheath
Term
transitional line of which the rectus sheath changes orientation from being anterior and posterior to the rectus abdominis (superiorly) to being only anterior to the rectus abdominis (inferiorly). found 1-2 inches below umnilicus
Definition
arcuate line
Term
origin and insertion or quadratus lumborum
Definition
iliolumbar ligaments (transverse process of L5 to ilium). Posterior iliac crest

lower border of the 12th rib. tips of transverse process first four lumbar vertebrae
Term
action of quadratus lumborum
Definition
extends and laterally flexs vertebral column
stabilizes 12th rib
assists in forced respiration
Term
innervation of quadratus lumborum
Definition
subcostal (T12 S.N.) and lumbar spinal nerves 1-4
Term
origin and insertion of psoas major
Definition
transverse process, sides of bodies and fibrocartilaginous discs of vertebrae T12-L5

lesser trochanter of femur with iliacus
Term
action of psoas major
Definition
flex femur
flex vertebral column and hip with thigh is fixed
lateral rotation of femur when thigh is flexed
Term
innervation of psoas major
Definition
lumbar spinal nerves 2-4
Term
origin and insertion of iliacus
Definition
upper iliac fossa. iliac crest. anterior sacroiliac ligament. base of sacrum

lesser trochanter of femur (with psoas major)
Term
action of iliacus major
Definition
flex femur
anterior pelvic tilt
lateral rotation of femur when thigh is flexed
Term
innervation of iliacus
Definition
femoral nerve (L2-L4 S.N.)
Term
origin and insertion of psoas minor
Definition
vertebral margins of vertebrae t12 and L1

pectineal line of pubic bone
Term
action of psoas minor
Definition
likely stabilization
Term
innervation of psoas minor
Definition
lumbar spinal nerve 1(possibly lumbar spinal nerve 2)
Term
origin and insertion of pyramidalis
Definition
pubis and superior pubic ligament

linea alba between umbilicus and pubis symphysis
Term
action of pyramidalis
Definition
tenses linea alba
Term
innervation of pyramidalis
Definition
subcostal nerve from spinal nerve T12
Term
which of the abdominal muscles flex the thigh
Definition
psoas major
iliacus
Term
which of the abdominal muscles compress abdomen, and support viscera
Definition
external abdominal oblique
internal abdominal oblique
transverse abdominis
rectus abdominis
Term
how does inspiration occur
Definition
due to increased capacity of the thoracic cavity
Term
what are the 5 steps of inspiration
Definition
1. respiratory muscles contract
2. decreased intrapleural pressure
3. expansion of lungs
4. decrease in intrapulmonary pressure (below atmospheric)
5. air pushed in by atmospheric pressure (equalization of pressure)
Term
why does expiration occur
Definition
due to a decreased capacity of the thoracic cavity
Term
5 steps of expiration
Definition
1. respiratory muscles relax
2. increased intrapleural pressure
3. elastic recoil of the lungs
4. increased intrapulmonary pressure (above atmospheric)
5. air pushed out by suprahyoid pressure
Term
movements of the ribs during respiration alter what
Definition
transverse and A-P dimensions
Term
movement of the diaphragm most significantly influence what
Definition
vertical dimension
Term
what are the primary inspiratory muscles
Definition
scalenes
external intercostals and
diaphragm
Term
what plays the major rold in respiration at all intensities
Definition
diaphragm
Term
what does the diaphragm do in quiet respiration
Definition
contracts and descends.
Term
where is the bulk of ventilation in the diaphragm in quiet respiration
Definition
greater in the lower poles rather than in the upper, the upper chest does not move to any great extent
Term
what do the external intercostal muscles do in quiet inspiration
Definition
of the upper 6 spaces-they are tonic and show minimal contraction.
shafts of the lower (7-10) or vertebrochondral ribs are elevated by their external intercostal muscles resulting in considerable increase in transverse diameter
Term
what do the scalenes do in quiet inspiration
Definition
the anterior and middle scalenes fix the first two ribs
Term
what happens in quiet expiration
Definition
1. the inspiratory muscles relax
2. the lungs elastically recoil
3. gravity aids in lowering the thoracic cage
4. abdominal pressure raises the diaphragm
Term
what do the scalene muscles do in deep inspiration
Definition
elevate the 1st and 2nd ribs with the assisstance of the serratus posterior muscles
Term
what do the intercostal muscles do in deep inspiration
Definition
the external intercostals elevate the 3rd through 6th ribs assissted by the levator costarum.
Term
what does the elevation of ribs 3rd through 6th result in, during deep respiration
Definition
1. increase in A-P direction.
2. Increase in transverse direction-bucket handle effect
Term
what does increase in A-P direction mean
during deep respiration
Definition
1. anterior ends of the ribs are lower than the posterior and most anterior and superior
2. interchondral portion of internal intercostals may elevate ribs 6-8
3. also results in forward and upward movement of the body of the sternum at the angle. this moves the ribs upward and laterally as well
Term
what does increase in transverse direction mean during deep respiration
Definition
1. when the shaft is elevated, relative to its ends, it also is carries outward
2. each superior rib forms a smaller segment of a curve that the rib below. In essence when one of the upper ribs is elevated, its anterior end is carried forward as well as upward and its lateral margin is carried outward
3. the vertebrocostal ribs (2-4) are elevated as in quiet respiration
Term
what does the diaphragm do in deep inspiration
Definition
1. there is a more forceful contraction of the diaphragm while the 12th rib is depressed and fixed by the quadratus lumborum muscle
2. the serratus posterior inferior muscle checks the upward movement of the last 3 or 4 ribs.
Term
what happens in deep expiration?
Definition
1. the inspiratory muscles relax
2. the lungs elastically recoil
3. gravity aids in lowering the thoracic cage
4. abdominal pressure raises the diaphragm
Term
what happens during forced inspiration
Definition
1. same as in deep breathing, yet muscle are even more active
2. the sternocleidomastoid muscle further elevated the upper ribs and manubrium
3. the deep back muscles achieve extension of the vertebral column
4. the shoulder girdle is fixed. therefore muscles that pass from trunk to the bones of the shoulder girdle may act on the thorax to enlarge its diameters
Term
what happens during forced expiration
Definition
1. actions similar to those found in deep breathing
2. forceful contraction of the abdominal muscles forces the diaphragm upward.
3. internal intercostals (interosseous portion) depress ribs.
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