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Lecture test 2
Anatomy and physiology BI117 GRCC
29
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/20/2010

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Term
Distinguish between the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer in terms of location.
Definition

Epidermis - outer layer, touchable, see-able, skin. no blood vessels.

 

Dermis - Middle layer, has blood capillary.

 

Subcutaneous Layer - Adipose tissues, blood vessels.

Term
Distinguish between the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer in terms of general function.
Definition

Epidermis - Protects the body against entrance of pathogens, Ultraviolet radiation and Excessive water loss.

 

Dermis - Binds dermis to underlying tissues, Pressure, pain, heat, and cold receptors are in deeper parts of the dermis, supplies blood to epidermis.

 

Subcutaneous layer - Attaches skin to underlying tissues and organs, Site of white blood cell action, Heat insulator, Fat Storage, Padding protection.

Term
Name the four types of membranes.
Definition

1. Serous membrane

 

2. Mucous membrane

 

3. Synovial membrane

 

4. Cutaneous membrane

Term
Describe the location of the four types of membranes.
Definition

1. Serous - line body cavities that lack openings to outside. i.e. inner lining of thorax and abdomen

 

2. Mucus - line tubes and organs that open to the outside world lining of mouth, nose, throat, anus.

 

3. Synovial - Inner lining of joint cavities between ends of bone.

 

4. Cutaneous - covers body - skin.

Term
Describe the two layers of the epidermis discussed in class.
Definition

Stratum corneum - Outermost layer; Numerous layers of dead, flat, keratinized cells; Constantly sloughed off and replace.

 

Stratum Basale - Innermost layer of epidermis; Well nourished by dermal blood vessels; Site of miotic cell division; New cells move from the stratum basale towards surface.

Term
Distinguish between eccrine and apocrine glands
Definition
Eccrine sudoriferous glands - Occur all over the body – most numerous; Secrete sweat onto skin surface directly; Clear, watery perspiration; Activated with increase in body temperature; Functions to cool the body.

Apocrine sudoriferous glands - Empty secretion into hair follicle; Located in axillary and genital regions; Activate at puberty; Respond to stress, sexual arousal; Milky sweat due to proteins and fats; Odorless.
Term
What are melanocytes? Function? Location?
Definition
melanocytes are melanin-producing cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis.
Term
List functions of the integumentary system.
Definition
1. Protection against Dehydration and Injury 2. Excretion 3. Temperature regulation – homeostasis 4. Sensory perception 5. Synthesis of Vitamin D 6. Defense against bacteria and viruses
Term
Distinguish between red and yellow marrow In terms of location and function.
Definition

Red marrow is found mainly in the hollow cavities of flat bones, such as the hip and cranial bones, but also in the spongy bone areas of the epiphysis in long bones.  Red marrow is responsible for production of Red blood cells, platelets and most white blood cells.

 

Yellow marrow is found in the hollow interior (medullary cavity) of the middle portion (diaphysis) of long bones.

Term
Distinguish between compact and spongy bone.
Definition

Spongy bone -

  • interior of small bones, skull bones and epiphysis of long bones.
  • consists of bony columns and spaces filled with red marrow.
  • reduces bone weight, without reducing strength.

Compact bone -

  • Forms the wall and surface of diaphysis.
  • Tightly packed tissue with...
Term
Describe macroscopic bone structure using diaphysis.
Definition
The diaphysis is the long center portion of long bones composed of compact bone, forming the medullary cavity.
Term
Describe macroscopic bone structure using epiphysis
Definition
The ends of long bones that contain the spongy bone and red marrow.  Proximal and distal epiphysis.
Term
Describe macroscopic bone structure using spongy bone
Definition
Porous area inside the epiphysis that contains the red marrow.
Term
Describe macroscopic bone structure using compact bone
Definition
Dense bone tissue that is hard and ridgid, encasing nearly all bones.
Term
Describe macroscopic bone structure using articular cartilage
Definition
slippery, and tough Cartilage that covers the articulating ends of bones.
Term
Describe macroscopic bone structure using periosteum
Definition
Periosteum is a membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones except at the joints of long bones
Term
Describe macroscopic bone structure using endosteum
Definition
The endosteum is a thin layer of connective tissue which lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones.
Term
Describe macroscopic bone structure using medullary cavity
Definition
medullary cavity is the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow are stored.
Term
Describe macroscopic bone structure using epiphyseal disk
Definition
epiphyseal disk is where continued growth in length occurs.  cartiledge is converted to bone on the diaphysis side.
Term
What is the difference between the epiphyseal disk and the epiphyseal line.
Definition
growth ocurs on the diaphysis side of the epiphyseal disk.  once growth has halted, the disk is occified, becoming the epiphyseal line.
Term
Describe microscopic structure of compact bone using the following terms: osteon, osteonic canal, lacunae, canaliculi, matrix, lamellae, osteocyte, Volkmann canal.
Definition
Term
Discuss the roles of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone in regulating blood calcium levels.
Definition

Parathyroid hormone is secreted by Parathyroid gland to increase Osteoclast activity which increases blood calcium. Also causes kidneys to reabsorb calcium.

 

Calcitonin is released by the thyroid gland when blood Calcium is high, causing deposition of calcium in bone matrix, and causes the kidneys to release calcium in urine.

Term
Distinguish between the following: osteocyte, osteoblast, chondroblast, osteoclast.
Definition

1. Osteocyte - Mature bone cells

2. Oteoblast - young bone forming cells

3. Chondroblasts - cartilage forming cells

4. Osteoclasts - bone dissolving cells

Term
Discuss bone classification. Give examples of each classification.
Definition

1. Shape

- Long bones - femur

- Short bones - tarsals, carpels

- Flat bones - cranial, scapula

- Irregular - vertebra

- Sesamoid - patella

 

2. Texture

- Compact

- Spongy

Term
Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton.
Definition

Axial Skeleton - Bones along the longitudinal axis of the body.

 

Appendicular skeleton - pectoral girdle and upper extremeties; pelvic girdle and lower extremeties.

Term
Explain the difference between enodchondral and intramembranous ossification.
Definition

cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification. It is an essential process during the the rudimentary formation of bones of the head. Flat Bones.

 

cartilage is present during endochondral ossification. formation in nearly every other bone.

Term
Define the term ligament.
Definition
Fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bone
Term
List functions of bone.
Definition

1. Support

2. Protection

3. Movement

4. Blood Cell Production

5. mineral Storage

Term
Which bones develop from intramembranous ossification and from enodchondral ossification.
Definition
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