Term
Anabolism
(constructive metabolism) |
|
Definition
| the sythesis in living organism of more complex molecules to simpler ones (i.e. synthesis reactions) |
|
|
Term
| Anabolic reactions are ??? (i.e. energy-requiring) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
anabolism supports:
???
maintenance of body tissues
energy storage for future use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
anabolism supports:
growth of new cells
???
energy storage for future use |
|
Definition
| maintenance of body tissues |
|
|
Term
anabolism supports:
growth of new cells
maintenance of body tissues
??? |
|
Definition
| energy storage for future use |
|
|
Term
catabolism
(destructive metabolism) |
|
Definition
| the breaking down in living organism of more complex molecules into simpler ones (i.e. decomposition reactions) |
|
|
Term
| most catabolic reactions are ??? (i.e. energy-yielding) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| much of the energy from catabolism is captured in the form of ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? heats the body and provides the energy for anabolic reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? fuels the coordinated movement of macromolecular structures (mechanical work) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| catabolism fuels the coordinated movement of macromolecular structures. This is called ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-cellular locomotion
-muscle cell contraction
-endocytosis
-exocytosis
-intracellular transport
-cytokinesis
these are examples of ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? fuels the creation of concentration gradients of molecules and ions across membranes (this is called osmotic work) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Catabolism fuels the creation of concentration gradients of molecules and ions across membranes (This is called ???) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? is the primary source of energy for the majority of cellular functions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The major purpose of catabolism is to release chemical energy that can be captured in the energy-rich phosphoric anhydride bonds of ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is used for:
???
mechanical work
osmotic work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is used for:
anabolism
???
osmotic work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is used for:
anabolism
mechanical work
??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ATP is a ???-term energy carrier |
|
Definition
| ATP is a LONG-term energy carrier |
|
|
Term
| ??? serves as the vessel carrying chemical energy from catabolism to energy-requiring processes within the cell. |
|
Definition
| ATP serves as the vessel carrying chemical energy from catabolism to energy-requiring processes within the cell. |
|
|
Term
| ATP is NOT a storage form of energy. |
|
Definition
| ATP is NOT a storage form of energy. |
|
|
Term
| ??? - all of the chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
??? includes:
catabolic reactions, yielding energy for vital processes
all energy requiring processes performed by cells
anabolic reactions
mechanical work
osmotic work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Metabolism includes:
??? reactions, yielding energy for vital processes
all energy requiring processes performed by cells
anabolic reactions
mechanical work
osmotic work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Even when a cell is not growing, its macromolecules are continually being broken down and renewed. This is called ???. This allows for the replacement of damaged cellular components and the removal of superfluous or obsolete components. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Even when a cell is not growing, its macromolecules are continually being broken down and renewed. This is called ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This allows for the replacement of damaged cellular components and the removal of superfluous or obsolete components. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carbohydrates consist of ??? and ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another name for simple sugars |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| monosaccharides (simple sugars) contain how many carbons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| monosaccharides (simple sugars) generally contain 2 hydrogens and ??? oxygen for each carbon |
|
Definition
| monosaccharides (simple sugars) generally contain 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen for each carbon |
|
|
Term
| monosaccharides (simple sugars) generally contain ??? hydrogens and 1 oxygen for each carbon |
|
Definition
| monosaccharides (simple sugars) generally contain 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen for each carbon |
|
|
Term
| monosaccharides (simple sugars) generally contain ??? hydrogens and ??? oxygen for each carbon |
|
Definition
| monosaccharides (simple sugars) generally contain 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen for each carbon |
|
|
Term
| ??? function primarily as an energy source. |
|
Definition
| monosaccharides (simple sugars) |
|
|
Term
| Ribose is a component of ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glycerol is a component of fats and ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glycerol is a component of ??? and lipids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glycerol is a component of ??? and ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ??? is a straight or branched chain of tens to thousands of sugar monomers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary function of polysaccharides is ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Energy Storage - ??? such as starch (in plants) and glycogen (in animals) are used to store glucose. . The glycogen granules in hepatocytes have up to 50,000 glucose monomers each. The liver contains about 400 Calories (100 g) of glucose stored as glycogen. When needed, the glucose can be released (by hydrolysis) and then metabolized for energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Function of polysaccharides:
Energy Storage - polysaccharides such as starch (in plants) and ??? (in animals) are used to store glucose. The glycogen granules in hepatocytes have up to 50,000 glucose monomers each. The liver contains about 400 Calories (100 g) of glucose stored as glycogen. When needed, the glucose can be released (by hydrolysis) and then metabolized for energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Function of polysaccharides:
Energy Storage - polysaccharides such as starch (in plants) and glycogen (in animals) are used to store ???. The glycogen granules in hepatocytes have up to 50,000 glucose monomers each. The liver contains about 400 Calories (100 g) of glucose stored as glycogen. When needed, the glucose can be released (by hydrolysis) and then metabolized for energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Function of polysaccharides:
Energy Storage - polysaccharides such as starch (in plants) and glycogen (in animals) are used to store glucose. The glycogen granules in hepatocytes have up to 50,000 glucose monomers each. The liver contains about 400 Calories (100 g) of glucose stored as glycogen. When needed, the glucose can be released (by ???) and then metabolized for energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycogen is produced and stored primarily in the ??? and muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycogen is produced and stored primarily in the liver and ???. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycogen is produced and stored primarily in the ??? and ???. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? include fats, steroids, phospholipids, and eicosanoids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipids include ???, steroids, phospholipids, and eicosanoids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipids include fats, ???, phospholipids, and eicosanoids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipids include fats, steroids, ???, and eicosanoids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipids include fats, steroids, phospholipids, and ???. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most fatty acids can be synthesized by the human body, but a few, called ???, must be obtained from the diet. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All lipids are either ??? or amphipathic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All lipids are either hydrophobic or ???. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All lipids are either ??? or ??? |
|
Definition
| hydrophobic or amphipathic |
|
|
Term
| The primary components of fats and phospholipids are ??? and glycerol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary components of fats and phospholipids are fatty acids and ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
also called triglycerides (or triacylglycerides)
The primary storage form for energy in the body.
Stored primarily in fat cells (or adipocytes). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| also called triglycerides (or triacylglycerides) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary storage form for energy in the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stored primarily in fat cells (or adipocytes). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? may be released from stored triglyceride. The nervous system and endocrine system will both signal for fat cells to do this when energy is needed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatty acids may be released from stored ???. The nervous system and endocrine system will both signal for fat cells to do this when energy is needed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatty acids may be released from stored triglyceride. The ??? system and ??? system will both signal for fat cells to do this when energy is needed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| saturated carbons have what type of bond between carbons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
saturated fatty acids
Saturated carbons have a single bond between carbons. We say that the bonded carbons are "???" with hydrogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
saturated fatty acids
Saturated carbons have a single bond between carbons. We say that the bonded carbons are "saturated" with ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
unsaturated fatty acids
unsaturated carbons have what type of bond between carbons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unsaturated carbons have a double bond between carbons. The double bond in the carbon chain is called an ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? contains 1 unsaturation. We say that this is mono-unsaturated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? is a saturated fatty acid chain with a straight (but flexible) chain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oleic acid contains 1 unsaturation. We say that oleic acid is ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unsaturations in fatty acids put ??? kinks in the carbon chain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phospholipids are ???, meaning they have both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a phospholipid, each fatty acid chain typically has ???-??? carbons. One of the chains is typically unsaturated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a phospholipid, each fatty acid chain typically has 16-20 carbons. One of the chains is typically ???. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A saturated fatty acid has a ??? (but flexible) chain, which allows it to pack tightly with other saturated fatty acids in lipid membranes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? (double bonds between two carbons) put inflexible kinks in the carbon chain, preventing close packing and thereby making membranes more fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phospholipids form lipid bilayers also referred to as ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and 2 ??? fatty acid tails |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each layer of the phospholipid bilayer is referred to as a ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? are straight-chain polymers of amino acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are ??? different amino acids, each with a different R group (or side chain) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are 20 different ???, each with a different R group (or side chain) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ??? gives each amino acid its particular chemical properties |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino acid chains with fewer than 15 amino acids are referred to as ??? |
|
Definition
| peptides or ogliopeptides |
|
|
Term
| chains consisting of 15-50 amino acids are typically referred to as ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chains consisting of more than 50 amino acid chains are referred to as ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a specific spatial arrangement of the atoms of an organic molecule, resulting from a specific set of bond rotations is called a ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A protein is comprised of a ??? of amino acids. This folds as it is synthesized into a characteristic 3D shape called its "native conformation" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| atoms in organic molecules can rotate about the axis of single bonds |
|
Definition
| atoms in organic molecules can rotate about the axis of single bonds |
|
|
Term
| a molecule that binds to a receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? are proteins that are activated by binding a chemical messenger. The chemical messenger that binds to this is called the ligand. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? (or integral membrane) proteins form channels, pumps, receptors, adhesion proteins, and cell identity markers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some proteins are: hormones and ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some proteins are: ??? and signal integrators |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? carry material from place to place within the cell and are responsible for muscle contraction and cell motility. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structural ??? give structural integrity to cells and tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? fibers give structural integrity to cells and tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? in the plasma and interstitial fluid carry hydrophobic nutrients, hormones, and drugs to their target tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? and complement are protective proteins of the immune system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibodies and ??? are protective proteins of the immune system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? and ??? are protective proteins of the immune system. |
|
Definition
| antibodies and complement |
|
|
Term
| ??? proteins protect against excessive bleeding. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? are protein catalysts that carry out the chemical reactions of metabolism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
??? can spontaneously react with oxygen (i.e. “burn”), with a high release of energy.
However, you can expose a container of this to the air for years with no detectable reaction.
With enzymes, the reaction goes very fast.
We "burn" almost 450 grams (1 pound) of this every day to meet our energy needs. This would be impossible without enzymes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Enzymes have enormous ??? power.
They can make reactions go millions or even billions of times faster. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enzymes provide a reactive site (called the ??? site) for target molecules called substrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enzymes provide a reactive site (called the active site) for target molecules called ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An enzyme is neither consumed nor altered by the reaction it catalyzes.
So it is able to ??? the reaction over and over again.
Consequently, it takes only a small amount of enzyme to produce a large amount of product. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To control its metabolism, a cell must be able to control the activity of its ???. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cell can regulate an enzyme’s activity by controlling the amount of the ??? within the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
To control its metabolism, a cell must be able to control the activity of its enzymes.
A cell can regulate an enzyme’s activity by controlling the amount of the enzyme within the cell.
increase or decrease the level of ??? for that enzyme
increase or decrease metabolic turnover of the enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
To control its metabolism, a cell must be able to control the activity of its enzymes.
A cell can regulate an enzyme’s activity by controlling the amount of the enzyme within the cell.
increase or decrease the level of gene expression for that enzyme
increase or decrease ??? of the enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells typically use gene regulation only for ??? term processes. Gene expression is too slow for a cell to respond quickly to changes in its environment. It takes a significant amount of time to produce enough of the enzyme and ship it to where it is needed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many enzymes require a ??? (an ion) or coenzyme (organic molecule usually derived from a vitamin) to function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many enzymes require a cofactor (an ion) or ??? (organic molecule usually derived from a vitamin) to function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Many enzymes are regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation
Some proteins are ??? only when phosphorylated.
Some proteins are deactivated by phosphorylation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Many enzymes are regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation
Some proteins are active only when phosphorylated.
Some proteins are ??? by phosphorylation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
??? add phospate groups to molecules
and phosphates remove them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Kinases add phospate groups to molecules
and ??? remove them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some enzymes are originally synthesized in a longer, inactive "???“ form. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proenzymes are activated by removal (proteolytic cleavage) of part of the ??? chain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? are activated by removal (proteolytic cleavage) of part of the polypeptide chain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? (a gastric protease) is the first in a series of enzymes used by the digestive system to digest proteins. Pepsin is synthesized by cells in the lining of the stomach. So that it does not digest the cell's own proteins, the protein is originally synthesized with an extra 44 amino acids at the N-terminus (shown in green), which block the active site. This inactive form of the enzyme is called pepsinogen (-ogen, from the word genesis – the origin or source of). Once secreted safely from the cell, the low pH of the stomach contents will cause the pepsinogen to unfold somewhat and cleave itself in an autocatalytic fashion, thereby generating pepsin (the active form of the enzyme). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pepsin (a gastric protease) is the first in a series of enzymes used by the digestive system to digest ???. Pepsin is synthesized by cells in the lining of the stomach. So that it does not digest the cell's own proteins, the protein is originally synthesized with an extra 44 amino acids at the N-terminus (shown in green), which block the active site. This inactive form of the enzyme is called pepsinogen (-ogen, from the word genesis – the origin or source of). Once secreted safely from the cell, the low pH of the stomach contents will cause the pepsinogen to unfold somewhat and cleave itself in an autocatalytic fashion, thereby generating pepsin (the active form of the enzyme). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pepsin (a gastric protease) is the first in a series of enzymes used by the digestive system to digest proteins. Pepsin is synthesized by cells in the lining of the stomach. So that it does not digest the cell's own proteins, the protein is originally synthesized with an extra 44 amino acids at the N-terminus (shown in green), which block the active site. This inactive form of the enzyme is called ??? (-ogen, from the word genesis – the origin or source of). Once secreted safely from the cell, the low pH of the stomach contents will cause the pepsinogen to unfold somewhat and cleave itself in an autocatalytic fashion, thereby generating pepsin (the active form of the enzyme). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pepsin (a gastric protease) is the first in a series of enzymes used by the digestive system to digest proteins. Pepsin is synthesized by cells in the lining of the stomach. So that it does not digest the cell's own proteins, the protein is originally synthesized with an extra 44 amino acids at the N-terminus (shown in green), which block the active site. This inactive form of the enzyme is called pepsinogen (-ogen, from the word genesis – the origin or source of). Once secreted safely from the cell, the low pH of the stomach contents will cause the pepsinogen to unfold somewhat and cleave itself in an autocatalytic fashion, thereby generating ??? (the active form of the enzyme). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proenzymes are activated by removal (???) of part of the polypeptide chain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| general term for enzymes that catalyze a hydrolytic reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| breaks down nucleic acids by hydrolyzing bonds between nucleotides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (or proteinase) – breaks down proteins by hydrolyzing peptide bonds between amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| breaks down lipids by hydrolyzing ester bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? – general term for enzymes that synthesize molecules by condensation reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| catalyzes polymerization reactions such as the synthesis of DNA and RNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| catalyzes the addition of phosphate groups to molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Kinase – catalyzes the addition of phosphate groups to molecules
-Protein kinases attach ??? to proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Kinase – catalyzes the addition of phosphate groups to molecules
-Protein kinases attach phosphate groups to ???. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? – catalyzes the hydrolytic removal of a phosphate group from a molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ??? – catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP, liberating energy that may be used by the cell. -Many proteins have a domain with this activity to harness the released energy for a specific function - for example, motor proteins in muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -Many proteins have a domain with ??? activity to harness the released energy for a specific function - for example, motor proteins in muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enzyme names generally end with the suffix “-???”. |
|
Definition
|
|
