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146
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
09/05/2012

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Term
Anabolism
(constructive metabolism)
Definition
the sythesis in living organism of more complex molecules to simpler ones (i.e. synthesis reactions)
Term
Anabolic reactions are ??? (i.e. energy-requiring)
Definition
endergonic
Term
anabolism supports:
???
maintenance of body tissues
energy storage for future use
Definition
growth of new cells
Term
anabolism supports:
growth of new cells
???
energy storage for future use
Definition
maintenance of body tissues
Term
anabolism supports:
growth of new cells
maintenance of body tissues
???
Definition
energy storage for future use
Term
catabolism
(destructive metabolism)
Definition
the breaking down in living organism of more complex molecules into simpler ones (i.e. decomposition reactions)
Term
most catabolic reactions are ??? (i.e. energy-yielding)
Definition
exergonic
Term
much of the energy from catabolism is captured in the form of ???
Definition
ATP
Term
??? heats the body and provides the energy for anabolic reactions
Definition
catabolism
Term
??? fuels the coordinated movement of macromolecular structures (mechanical work)
Definition
catabolism
Term
catabolism fuels the coordinated movement of macromolecular structures. This is called ???
Definition
mechanical work
Term
-cellular locomotion
-muscle cell contraction
-endocytosis
-exocytosis
-intracellular transport
-cytokinesis

these are examples of ???
Definition
mechanical work
Term
??? fuels the creation of concentration gradients of molecules and ions across membranes (this is called osmotic work)
Definition
catabolism
Term
Catabolism fuels the creation of concentration gradients of molecules and ions across membranes (This is called ???)
Definition
osmotic work
Term
??? is the primary source of energy for the majority of cellular functions.
Definition
ATP
Term
The major purpose of catabolism is to release chemical energy that can be captured in the energy-rich phosphoric anhydride bonds of ???
Definition
ATP
Term
Energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is used for:

???
mechanical work
osmotic work
Definition
anabolism
Term
Energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is used for:

anabolism
???
osmotic work
Definition
mechanical work
Term
Energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is used for:

anabolism
mechanical work
???
Definition
osmotic work
Term
ATP is a ???-term energy carrier
Definition
ATP is a LONG-term energy carrier
Term
??? serves as the vessel carrying chemical energy from catabolism to energy-requiring processes within the cell.
Definition
ATP serves as the vessel carrying chemical energy from catabolism to energy-requiring processes within the cell.
Term
ATP is NOT a storage form of energy.
Definition
ATP is NOT a storage form of energy.
Term
??? - all of the chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism
Definition
METABOLISM
Term
??? includes:
catabolic reactions, yielding energy for vital processes
all energy requiring processes performed by cells
anabolic reactions
mechanical work
osmotic work
Definition
METABOLISM
Term
Metabolism includes:
??? reactions, yielding energy for vital processes
all energy requiring processes performed by cells
anabolic reactions
mechanical work
osmotic work
Definition
catabolic reactions
Term
Even when a cell is not growing, its macromolecules are continually being broken down and renewed. This is called ???. This allows for the replacement of damaged cellular components and the removal of superfluous or obsolete components.
Definition
metabolic turnover
Term
Even when a cell is not growing, its macromolecules are continually being broken down and renewed. This is called ???
Definition
metabolic turnover
Term
This allows for the replacement of damaged cellular components and the removal of superfluous or obsolete components.
Definition
metabolic turnover
Term
carbohydrates consist of ??? and ???
Definition
sugars and starches
Term
Another name for simple sugars
Definition
monosaccharides
Term
monosaccharides (simple sugars) contain how many carbons?
Definition
3 to 6
Term
monosaccharides (simple sugars) generally contain 2 hydrogens and ??? oxygen for each carbon
Definition
monosaccharides (simple sugars) generally contain 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen for each carbon
Term
monosaccharides (simple sugars) generally contain ??? hydrogens and 1 oxygen for each carbon
Definition
monosaccharides (simple sugars) generally contain 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen for each carbon
Term
monosaccharides (simple sugars) generally contain ??? hydrogens and ??? oxygen for each carbon
Definition
monosaccharides (simple sugars) generally contain 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen for each carbon
Term
??? function primarily as an energy source.
Definition
monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Term
Ribose is a component of ???
Definition
nucleic acids
Term
glycerol is a component of fats and ???
Definition
lipids
Term
glycerol is a component of ??? and lipids
Definition
fats
Term
glycerol is a component of ??? and ???
Definition
fats and lipids
Term
A ??? is a straight or branched chain of tens to thousands of sugar monomers
Definition
polysaccharide
Term
The primary function of polysaccharides is ???
Definition
energy storage
Term
Energy Storage - ??? such as starch (in plants) and glycogen (in animals) are used to store glucose. . The glycogen granules in hepatocytes have up to 50,000 glucose monomers each. The liver contains about 400 Calories (100 g) of glucose stored as glycogen. When needed, the glucose can be released (by hydrolysis) and then metabolized for energy.
Definition
polysaccharides
Term
Function of polysaccharides: 

Energy Storage - polysaccharides such as starch (in plants) and ??? (in animals) are used to store glucose. The glycogen granules in hepatocytes have up to 50,000 glucose monomers each. The liver contains about 400 Calories (100 g) of glucose stored as glycogen. When needed, the glucose can be released (by hydrolysis) and then metabolized for energy.
Definition
glycogen
Term
Function of polysaccharides: 

Energy Storage - polysaccharides such as starch (in plants) and glycogen (in animals) are used to store ???. The glycogen granules in hepatocytes have up to 50,000 glucose monomers each. The liver contains about 400 Calories (100 g) of glucose stored as glycogen. When needed, the glucose can be released (by hydrolysis) and then metabolized for energy.
Definition
glucose
Term
Function of polysaccharides: 

Energy Storage - polysaccharides such as starch (in plants) and glycogen (in animals) are used to store glucose. The glycogen granules in hepatocytes have up to 50,000 glucose monomers each. The liver contains about 400 Calories (100 g) of glucose stored as glycogen. When needed, the glucose can be released (by ???) and then metabolized for energy.
Definition
hydrolysis
Term
Glycogen is produced and stored primarily in the ??? and muscles.
Definition
liver
Term
Glycogen is produced and stored primarily in the liver and ???.
Definition
muscles
Term
Glycogen is produced and stored primarily in the ??? and ???.
Definition
liver and muscles
Term
??? include fats, steroids, phospholipids, and eicosanoids.
Definition
lipids
Term
Lipids include ???, steroids, phospholipids, and eicosanoids.
Definition
fats
Term
Lipids include fats, ???, phospholipids, and eicosanoids.
Definition
steroids
Term
Lipids include fats, steroids, ???, and eicosanoids.
Definition
phospholipids
Term
Lipids include fats, steroids, phospholipids, and ???.
Definition
eicosanoids
Term
Most fatty acids can be synthesized by the human body, but a few, called ???, must be obtained from the diet.
Definition
essential fatty acids
Term
All lipids are either ??? or amphipathic.
Definition
hydrophobic
Term
All lipids are either hydrophobic or ???.
Definition
amphipathic
Term
All lipids are either ??? or ???
Definition
hydrophobic or amphipathic
Term
The primary components of fats and phospholipids are ??? and glycerol
Definition
fatty acids
Term
The primary components of fats and phospholipids are fatty acids and ???
Definition
glycerol
Term
also called triglycerides (or triacylglycerides)

The primary storage form for energy in the body.

Stored primarily in fat cells (or adipocytes).
Definition
fats
Term
also called triglycerides (or triacylglycerides)
Definition
fats
Term
The primary storage form for energy in the body.
Definition
fats
Term
Stored primarily in fat cells (or adipocytes).
Definition
fats
Term
??? may be released from stored triglyceride. The nervous system and endocrine system will both signal for fat cells to do this when energy is needed.
Definition
Fatty acids
Term
Fatty acids may be released from stored ???. The nervous system and endocrine system will both signal for fat cells to do this when energy is needed.
Definition
triglyceride
Term
Fatty acids may be released from stored triglyceride. The ??? system and ??? system will both signal for fat cells to do this when energy is needed.
Definition
nervous and endocrine
Term
saturated carbons have what type of bond between carbons?
Definition
single bond
Term
saturated fatty acids

Saturated carbons have a single bond between carbons. We say that the bonded carbons are "???" with hydrogens
Definition
saturated
Term
saturated fatty acids

Saturated carbons have a single bond between carbons. We say that the bonded carbons are "saturated" with ???
Definition
hydrogens
Term
unsaturated fatty acids

unsaturated carbons have what type of bond between carbons?
Definition
double bond
Term
Unsaturated carbons have a double bond between carbons. The double bond in the carbon chain is called an ???
Definition
unsaturation
Term
??? contains 1 unsaturation. We say that this is mono-unsaturated.
Definition
oleic acid
Term
??? is a saturated fatty acid chain with a straight (but flexible) chain
Definition
stearic acid
Term
Oleic acid contains 1 unsaturation. We say that oleic acid is ???
Definition
mono-unsaturated
Term
Unsaturations in fatty acids put ??? kinks in the carbon chain
Definition
inflexible
Term
Phospholipids are ???, meaning they have both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties
Definition
amphipathic
Term
In a phospholipid, each fatty acid chain typically has ???-??? carbons. One of the chains is typically unsaturated.
Definition
16 to 20
Term
In a phospholipid, each fatty acid chain typically has 16-20 carbons. One of the chains is typically ???.
Definition
unsaturated
Term
A saturated fatty acid has a ??? (but flexible) chain, which allows it to pack tightly with other saturated fatty acids in lipid membranes.
Definition
straight
Term
??? (double bonds between two carbons) put inflexible kinks in the carbon chain, preventing close packing and thereby making membranes more fluid.
Definition
Unsaturations
Term
Phospholipids form lipid bilayers also referred to as ???
Definition
lipid membranes
Term
phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and 2 ??? fatty acid tails
Definition
hydrophobic
Term
Each layer of the phospholipid bilayer is referred to as a ???
Definition
leaflet
Term
??? are straight-chain polymers of amino acids.
Definition
Proteins
Term
There are ??? different amino acids, each with a different R group (or side chain)
Definition
20
Term
There are 20 different ???, each with a different R group (or side chain)
Definition
amino acids
Term
The ??? gives each amino acid its particular chemical properties
Definition
R group
Term
Amino acid chains with fewer than 15 amino acids are referred to as ???
Definition
peptides or ogliopeptides
Term
chains consisting of 15-50 amino acids are typically referred to as ???
Definition
polypeptides
Term
Chains consisting of more than 50 amino acid chains are referred to as ???
Definition
proteins
Term
a specific spatial arrangement of the atoms of an organic molecule, resulting from a specific set of bond rotations is called a ???
Definition
conformation
Term
A protein is comprised of a ??? of amino acids. This folds as it is synthesized into a characteristic 3D shape called its "native conformation"
Definition
linear chain
Term
atoms in organic molecules can rotate about the axis of single bonds
Definition
atoms in organic molecules can rotate about the axis of single bonds
Term
a molecule that binds to a receptor
Definition
ligand
Term
enzymes ??? reactions
Definition
speed up
Term
??? are proteins that are activated by binding a chemical messenger. The chemical messenger that binds to this is called the ligand.
Definition
receptor
Term
??? (or integral membrane) proteins form channels, pumps, receptors, adhesion proteins, and cell identity markers.
Definition
Transmembrane
Term
Some proteins are: hormones and ???
Definition
signal integrators
Term
Some proteins are: ??? and signal integrators
Definition
hormones
Term
??? carry material from place to place within the cell and are responsible for muscle contraction and cell motility.
Definition
Molecular motors
Term
Structural ??? give structural integrity to cells and tissues.
Definition
fibers
Term
??? fibers give structural integrity to cells and tissues.
Definition
structural
Term
??? in the plasma and interstitial fluid carry hydrophobic nutrients, hormones, and drugs to their target tissues.
Definition
Transport proteins
Term
??? and complement are protective proteins of the immune system.
Definition
Antibodies
Term
Antibodies and ??? are protective proteins of the immune system.
Definition
complement
Term
??? and ??? are protective proteins of the immune system.
Definition
antibodies and complement
Term
??? proteins protect against excessive bleeding.
Definition
clotting
Term
a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected
Definition
catalyst
Term
??? are protein catalysts that carry out the chemical reactions of metabolism.
Definition
Enzymes
Term
??? can spontaneously react with oxygen (i.e. “burn”), with a high release of energy.
However, you can expose a container of this to the air for years with no detectable reaction.
With enzymes, the reaction goes very fast.
We "burn" almost 450 grams (1 pound) of this every day to meet our energy needs. This would be impossible without enzymes.
Definition
Glucose
Term
Enzymes have enormous ??? power.
They can make reactions go millions or even billions of times faster.
Definition
catalytic
Term
Enzymes provide a reactive site (called the ??? site) for target molecules called substrates
Definition
active
Term
Enzymes provide a reactive site (called the active site) for target molecules called ???
Definition
substrates
Term
An enzyme is neither consumed nor altered by the reaction it catalyzes.
So it is able to ??? the reaction over and over again.
Consequently, it takes only a small amount of enzyme to produce a large amount of product.
Definition
catalyze
Term
To control its metabolism, a cell must be able to control the activity of its ???.
Definition
enzymes
Term
A cell can regulate an enzyme’s activity by controlling the amount of the ??? within the cell.
Definition
enzyme
Term
To control its metabolism, a cell must be able to control the activity of its enzymes.

A cell can regulate an enzyme’s activity by controlling the amount of the enzyme within the cell.

increase or decrease the level of ??? for that enzyme

increase or decrease metabolic turnover of the enzyme
Definition
gene expression
Term
To control its metabolism, a cell must be able to control the activity of its enzymes.

A cell can regulate an enzyme’s activity by controlling the amount of the enzyme within the cell.

increase or decrease the level of gene expression for that enzyme

increase or decrease ??? of the enzyme
Definition
metabolic turnover
Term
Cells typically use gene regulation only for ??? term processes. Gene expression is too slow for a cell to respond quickly to changes in its environment. It takes a significant amount of time to produce enough of the enzyme and ship it to where it is needed.
Definition
long
Term
Many enzymes require a ??? (an ion) or coenzyme (organic molecule usually derived from a vitamin) to function.
Definition
cofactor
Term
Many enzymes require a cofactor (an ion) or ??? (organic molecule usually derived from a vitamin) to function.
Definition
coenzyme
Term
Many enzymes are regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation

Some proteins are ??? only when phosphorylated.

Some proteins are deactivated by phosphorylation.
Definition
active
Term
Many enzymes are regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation

Some proteins are active only when phosphorylated.

Some proteins are ??? by phosphorylation.
Definition
deactivated
Term
??? add phospate groups to molecules
and phosphates remove them
Definition
Kinases
Term
Kinases add phospate groups to molecules

and ??? remove them.
Definition
phosphates
Term
Some enzymes are originally synthesized in a longer, inactive "???“ form.
Definition
proenzyme
Term
Proenzymes are activated by removal (proteolytic cleavage) of part of the ??? chain.
Definition
polypeptide
Term
??? are activated by removal (proteolytic cleavage) of part of the polypeptide chain.
Definition
proenzymes
Term
??? (a gastric protease) is the first in a series of enzymes used by the digestive system to digest proteins. Pepsin is synthesized by cells in the lining of the stomach. So that it does not digest the cell's own proteins, the protein is originally synthesized with an extra 44 amino acids at the N-terminus (shown in green), which block the active site. This inactive form of the enzyme is called pepsinogen (-ogen, from the word genesis – the origin or source of). Once secreted safely from the cell, the low pH of the stomach contents will cause the pepsinogen to unfold somewhat and cleave itself in an autocatalytic fashion, thereby generating pepsin (the active form of the enzyme).
Definition
pepsin
Term
Pepsin (a gastric protease) is the first in a series of enzymes used by the digestive system to digest ???. Pepsin is synthesized by cells in the lining of the stomach. So that it does not digest the cell's own proteins, the protein is originally synthesized with an extra 44 amino acids at the N-terminus (shown in green), which block the active site. This inactive form of the enzyme is called pepsinogen (-ogen, from the word genesis – the origin or source of). Once secreted safely from the cell, the low pH of the stomach contents will cause the pepsinogen to unfold somewhat and cleave itself in an autocatalytic fashion, thereby generating pepsin (the active form of the enzyme).
Definition
proteins
Term
Pepsin (a gastric protease) is the first in a series of enzymes used by the digestive system to digest proteins. Pepsin is synthesized by cells in the lining of the stomach. So that it does not digest the cell's own proteins, the protein is originally synthesized with an extra 44 amino acids at the N-terminus (shown in green), which block the active site. This inactive form of the enzyme is called ??? (-ogen, from the word genesis – the origin or source of). Once secreted safely from the cell, the low pH of the stomach contents will cause the pepsinogen to unfold somewhat and cleave itself in an autocatalytic fashion, thereby generating pepsin (the active form of the enzyme).
Definition
pepsinogen
Term
Pepsin (a gastric protease) is the first in a series of enzymes used by the digestive system to digest proteins. Pepsin is synthesized by cells in the lining of the stomach. So that it does not digest the cell's own proteins, the protein is originally synthesized with an extra 44 amino acids at the N-terminus (shown in green), which block the active site. This inactive form of the enzyme is called pepsinogen (-ogen, from the word genesis – the origin or source of). Once secreted safely from the cell, the low pH of the stomach contents will cause the pepsinogen to unfold somewhat and cleave itself in an autocatalytic fashion, thereby generating ??? (the active form of the enzyme).
Definition
pepsin
Term
Proenzymes are activated by removal (???) of part of the polypeptide chain.
Definition
proteolytic cleavage
Term
general term for enzymes that catalyze a hydrolytic reaction
Definition
hydrolase
Term
breaks down nucleic acids by hydrolyzing bonds between nucleotides
Definition
nuclease
Term
(or proteinase) – breaks down proteins by hydrolyzing peptide bonds between amino acids
Definition
protease
Term
breaks down lipids by hydrolyzing ester bonds
Definition
lipase
Term
??? – general term for enzymes that synthesize molecules by condensation reactions
Definition
synthase or synthetase
Term
catalyzes polymerization reactions such as the synthesis of DNA and RNA
Definition
polymerase
Term
catalyzes the addition of phosphate groups to molecules
Definition
kinase
Term
Kinase – catalyzes the addition of phosphate groups to molecules
-Protein kinases attach ??? to proteins.
Definition
phosphate groups
Term
Kinase – catalyzes the addition of phosphate groups to molecules
-Protein kinases attach phosphate groups to ???.
Definition
proteins
Term
??? – catalyzes the hydrolytic removal of a phosphate group from a molecule
Definition
Phosphatase
Term
??? – catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP, liberating energy that may be used by the cell. -Many proteins have a domain with this activity to harness the released energy for a specific function - for example, motor proteins in muscle.
Definition
ATPase
Term
-Many proteins have a domain with ??? activity to harness the released energy for a specific function - for example, motor proteins in muscle.
Definition
ATPase
Term
Enzyme names generally end with the suffix “-???”.
Definition
-ase
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