Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Lecture Final
Urinary, Blood, Blood Vessels, Heart
102
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/22/2014

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Components of blood
Definition
-plasma
-formed elements - erythrocytes (red blood cells)
-leucocytes (white blood cells)
-thromocytes (platelets)
Term
blood plasma
Definition
-fluid portion of blood
-about 55% of blood
-contains water (90%), plasma protiens, dissolved food waste and gas
Term
Blood functions (transport)
Definition
-O2, CO2
-food
-waste
-immune cells
-hormones
Term
blood functions (non-transport)
Definition
-pH regulation
-temperature regulation
-fluid volume regulation
Term
plasma proteins
Definition
made by the liver
-fibrinogen
-globulins
-albumins
Term
fibrinogen
Definition
plasma protein
-helps clot blood
Term
globulins
Definition
plasma protein
-immune response
Term
albumins
Definition
plasma protein
-transport fatty acids and steroids by making them water soluble
-related to osmotic pressure
Term
hemopoiesis
Definition
-manufacture of blood cells
-in liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and bone marrow
Term
hemocytoblasts
Definition
-immature blood cells
-like pleuripotent stem cells (PPSC)
Term
erythrocytes
Definition
red blood cells
-have no nuclei or organelles
-bi-concave for more surface area
-made through erythropoeisis (stimulated by erythropoeitin - excreted from kidneys)
-live 100-120 days
-phagocytes eliminate these cells when they are done
-carries 1 million O2 molecules
Term
leukocytes
Definition
white blood cells
Term
thrombocytes
Definition
platelets
-help with clotting
Term
hematocrit
Definition
% of erythrocytes by volume in whole blood
Term
erythropoeitin
Definition
stimulates RBC production
-produced in kidneys
-can be used for athletic doping - fatal
Term
EPO (erythropoeitin)
Definition
can be used for athletic doping
-makes blood thicker
-can be fatal when thick blood is too difficult to pump
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
4 large proteins - 2 alpha and 2 beta
-center is iron ("heme")
-makes up 97% of RBC
Term
leukopoeisis
Definition
white blood cell production in bone marrow
Term
leukocytes
Definition
-neutrophils
-lymphocytes
-monocytes
-eosinophils
-basophils
-have nuclei and remove waste, toxins and damaged cells
Term
neutrophils
Definition
60+%
phagocytic
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
30%
specific immunity
Term
monocytes
Definition
5%
phagocytic - after injury come to site
Term
eosinophil
Definition
3%
allergies/parasites
Term
basophil
Definition
1%
histamine - increases inflammation at injury site
Term
T-cells
Definition
mature in Thymus gland
-2 types
-helper T - tag the foreign or infected cells and trigger immune response
-killer T - attack previously tagged cells
Term
B-cells
Definition
produce anti bodies which bind to antigen
-antibody/antigen complex neutralizes cell
-invader is killed
Term
specific immunity
Definition
antigens on invaders allow leucocytes to identify and respond to them on an individual basis
Term
blood types
Definition
A, B or AB antigens
-get blood type from parents - half from each
Rh antigens
Term
blood types create antibodies against other types which live in the blood plasma
Definition
A creates B antibodies
B creates A antibodies
O creates both A and B antibodies
Term
agglutination
Definition
antibodies for a different blood type create this
Term
blood type antigens
Definition
on the surface of red blood cells
Term
Rh antigen
Definition
positive or negative
-positive mother = no problem
-negative mother = 1st child no problem; subseuqent children can have antibody response if baby is positive
Term
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Definition
antibodies vs Rh (positive in baby) will attack the baby - preventable with Rhogan
Term
Location of Salivary glands
Definition
-parotid - near ears
-sublingual - under tongue
-submandibular - side under jaw
Term
mumps creates what condition of the mouth
Definition
swelling of parotid salivary gland
Term
circumvallate papillae
Definition
large bundles of taste buds at back of tongue in a V
Term
filiform papillae
Definition
rough surface for texture and moving food
Term
parts of a tooth
Definition
-enamel - outer shell
-dentin - 80% of tooth - soft, decays
-cementum - outer coating of roots of tooth
-pulp - blood vessels and nerves
-periodontal ligament-attaches to cementum and lamina dura of mandible (jaw bone)
Term
adult teeth are numbered
Definition
from top R to top L 1-16
then bottom L to bottom R 17-32
Term
kids teeth numbered
Definition
top R to top L; A-J
then bottom L to bottom R; K-T
Term
cranial nerve to anesthetize for tooth work
Definition
trigeminal
Term
trigeminal nerve location
Definition
lowest portion called the mandibular branch - enters mandibular foramen and exits mental foramen
Term
mediastinum
Definition
area where heart sits in the body - behind the sternum
Term
base of heart
Definition
at second rib
Term
apex of heart
Definition
at 5th rib
Term
coverings of heart
Definition
visceral pericardium = epicardium
parietal pericardium
peicardial space - contains pericardial fluid
Term
flow through heart
Definition
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava enter R atrium
through tricuspid valve to R ventricle
through pulmonary semilunar valve to Pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries (no O2)
back to heart through pulmonary veins (w O2) into L atrium
through mitral/bicuspid valve into L ventricle
through aortic semilunar valve into aorta
Term
inside lining of heart
Definition
endocardium
Term
chordae tendineae
Definition
parachute strings on tricuspid and mitral valves
Term
systole
Definition
contraction
Term
diastole
Definition
relaxation
Term
"lub"
Definition
sound of blood crashing into valves
AV valves close (between atria and ventricles)
Term
"dub"
Definition
sound of blood crashing into valves
semilunar valves close (between ventricles and great vessels)
Term
flow through heart w sounds and contraction specifics
Definition
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava enter R atrium
atrial systole
through tricuspid valve to R ventricle
atrial diastole (lub)
ventricular systole
through pulmonary semilunar valve to Pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries (no O2)
ventricular diastole (dub)
back to heart through pulmonary veins (w O2) into L atrium
atrial systole
through mitral/bicuspid valve into L ventricle
atrial diastole (lub)
ventricular systole
through aortic semilunar valve into aorta
ventricular diastole (dub)
Term
heart's conduction system
Definition
depolarization begins at sinoatrial node (SA node) in R atrium - signal goes to R and L atriums
then signal triggers AV node (atrioventicular node)
signal travels AV bundle (bundle of HIS)
Purkinje fibers (up the ventricular walls)
Term
% of heart "pacemaker" cells
Definition
1%
Term
average blood pressure
Definition
120/80 (systole/diastole)
Term
depolarization
Definition
stimulates contraction
Term
repolarization
Definition
cell regaining the charge needed to be able to depolarize again
Term
artificial pacemakers (2 types)
Definition
demand pacing - only initiates if stimulation is needed - monitors heart rate and only kicks in when too slow, fast or irregular
rate responsive pacing - stimulates heart constantly - monitors heart rate and responds to need (exercise, etc).
Term
bradycardia
Definition
low heart rate
Term
tachycardia
Definition
high heart rate
Term
normal heart rate
Definition
74 BMP
Term
fibrillation
Definition
uncoordiated beats
Term
myocardial infarction
Definition
heart attack - cardiac muscle dies
Term
angina pectoris
Definition
chest pain due to cardiac insufficiency
Term
heart murmur
Definition
when valves don't close all the way and sounds are muddled
Term
tunicas of blood vessels
Definition
-tunica interna - endothelium - prevents blood vessels from sticking
-tunica media - smooth muscle, collagen and elastic fibers - vasoconstriction and vasodilation
-tunica externa - connective tissue (outside)
Term
artery
Definition
-carries blood away from heart
-thickest walls
-have muscle to pump blood
Term
3 types of arteries
Definition
-conducting (elastic) artieries - biggest, pump blood, provide recoil/elastic
- distributing arteries - muscular to vasoconstrict and vasodilate
- resistance arteries - smallest - minimal tunica externa, scattered smooth muscle - can still vasoconstrict and vasodilate
Term
arteriole
Definition
mid-sized to small arteries
Term
capillaries
Definition
all gas exchange goes on here - smallest vessels
-tissue is completely tunica interna
Term
3 types of capillaries
Definition
-continuous - intact epithelial lining, glucose and small solutes pass by exocytosis
-fenestrated - openings/pores in the cells in the capillary walls, good for filtration and absorption
-sinusoids - twisted and irregular capillaries - very leaky - proteins can pass
Term
venules
Definition
small veins
contain valves to prevent backflow
flow aided by skeletal muscle
Term
veins
Definition
collect blood from tissues to send it towards heart
thinner walls than arteries, but larger diameter
collapse when empty
Term
arteries are thicker because
Definition
high blood pressure
Term
precapillary sphincters
Definition
can pinch off blood from coming to an area to shunt it to an area where it is needed more
Term
as blood travels, blood pressure
Definition
drops
Term
skeletal muscle pump
Definition
helps move blood through venous system
Term
varicose veins
Definition
broken valves in veins allow blood to pool
Term
hemorrhoids
Definition
varicose veins of anal canal
Term
aneurysm
Definition
fragile blood vessels that can burst and cause internal bleeding - can be fatal
Term
Gout
Definition
build-up of uric acid in in joints - the big toe usually
Term
Nitrogenous waste
Definition
-ammonia - most toxic - fish
-uric acid - less toxic - birds and reptiles
-urea - least toxic - humans and mammals
Term
ureters
Definition
transport urine to bladder from kidney
Term
urethra
Definition
transport urine from bladder to outside body
Term
retroperitoneal
Definition
kidneys are behind parietal peritoneum
Term
kidney function
Definition
-filters blood plasma
-regulates osmolarity - solute concentration
-regulates blood volume
-secrete erythropoeitin
Term
hilus
Definition
where blood vessels and ureter enter kidney
Term
nephron
Definition
functional unit of kidney
-more than a million
Term
afferent arteriole
Definition
arriving artery - bigger than efferent so that pressure builds in glomerulus and creates leakage
Term
efferent arteriole
Definition
exiting artery - smaller than afferent
Term
glomerulus
Definition
knot of leaky capillaries - filters out 160 Liters of fluid per day
Term
Bowman's capsule
Definition
outer layer around glomerulus
Term
podocytes
Definition
cover capillaries to form inner wall of glomerulus and create filtration slits
Term
proximal convoluted tubule
Definition
reabsorption through peritubular capillaries
Term
Loop of Henle
Definition
descending and ascending
Term
distal convoluted tubule
Definition
reabsorption and secretion
Term
filtration
Definition
glomerulus acts as a filter - blood is under higher pressure because efferent vessel is smaller
Term
reabsorption
Definition
H2O is reabsorbed into blood through peritubular capillaries where they wrap around convoluted tubules and Loop of Henle
depends on active transport towards high salt concentration in medulla
Term
secretion
Definition
substances end up in urine wo filtration from peritubular capillaries to distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
controls pH of blood
Term
ureters enter bladder obliquely
Definition
prevents backflow and infection
Supporting users have an ad free experience!