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Lecture Exam 1
Lecture Exam 1
82
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
02/22/2016

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Term
definition of biomechanics:
Definition
application of the mechanical principles in the study of a living organism (main interest is mechanical analysis of the biological systems such as the human)
Term
holy trinity of biomechanics:
Definition
human body and movement, mechanics, anatomy
Term
statics:
Definition
-branch of mechanics dealing with system in constant state of motion

-balance and equilibrium
Term
dynamics:
Definition
-branch of mechanics dealing with systems subject to acceleration

-acceleration and motion
Term
definition of kinematics:
Definition
study of DESCRIPTION of motion (what happened?)
Term
definition of kinetics:
Definition
study of EXPLANATION of motion (why did it happen?), study of action of forces
Term
3 main themes of biomechanics:
Definition
1. safety: prevention of injury
2. effectiveness: maximization of the output
3. efficiency: economy of force exertion and energy expenditure
Term
flexion and extension happen in the _______ plane
Definition
sagittal
Term
definition of hyperextension:
Definition
extension beyond the reference position
Term
abduction/adduction and lateral flexion of trunk/head happen in the ______ plane:
Definition
frontal
Term
elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, and radial/ulnar deviation happen in the __________ plane:
Definition
frontal
Term
the front plane is perpendicular to the _________ axis
Definition
anterior/posterior axis (AP)
Term
inversion/eversion happen in the __________ plane
Definition
frontal
Term
the saggital plane is perpendicular to the __________ axis
Definition
medialateral (ML)
Term
transverse plane is perpendicular to the ____________ axis:
Definition
longitudinal
Term
medial/lateral rotation, left/right rotation, and ankle adduction/abduction happen in the __________ plane:
Definition
transverse
Term
pronation/supination, horizontal ad/abduction (arm) happen in the _________ plane:
Definition
transverse
Term
circumduction is the combination of:
Definition
flexion/extension, ab/adduction, and rotation

results in conical motion
Term
foot pronation/supation (subtaller joint) is a combination of:
Definition
P=eversion, abduction & dorsi flexion
S=inversion, adduction, & plantar flexion
Term
definition of linear motion:
Definition
all points on body move in same direction showing same trajectories, orientation of object doesn't change

rectilinear: straight path
curvilinear: curved path
Term
general motion is ________ motion + ________ motion
Definition
linear motion + angular motion
Term
definition of angular motion (rotation):
Definition
rotation along an axis of rotation, orientation changes constantly, axis of rotation can be inside or outside the body
Term
basic concepts of kinematic concepts:
Definition
mass, force, pressure, torque
Term
definition of mass:
Definition
quantity of matter composing a body
no mass=no mechanical identity
Term
definition of center of mass (COM):
Definition
a point around which the mass of a body is balanced in all directions
Term
definition of force:
Definition
push/pull acting on a body that CAUSES A MOTION, key quantity of interest in kinetics
Term
3 properties of force:
Definition
1. magnitude
2. direction
3. point of application
Term
definition of pressure:
Definition
amount of force acting over a unit area
Term
formula for pressure:
Definition
P = force/area

standard unit: pa (pascal)
Term
definition of moment arm:
Definition
shortest or perpendicular distance from the axis of ration to the line of action
Term
definition of torque:
Definition
rotary force that produces angular motion (rotation)
Term
torque = _______ x ________
Definition
force x moment arm
Term
torque must have both _____ and _______
Definition
magnitude and direction
Term
change in d1 (line of action) causes a change in ________
Definition
torque
Term
definition of compression:
Definition
pressing/squeezing force direction axially through a body
Term
definition of tension:
Definition
pulling/stretching force directed axially through a body
Term
definition of shear force:
Definition
force directed parallel to a surface
Term
definition of bending:
Definition
asymmetric loading (tension on one side and compression on the other side)
Term
definition of torsion:
Definition
causes twisting when one point of the body is fixed
Term
types of loading on the body:
Definition
compression, tension, shear, bending, torsion

*combination of diff types of loading can occur
Term
mechanical stress:
Definition
distribution of force inside of a solid body
stress=force/cross section are (CSA)
Term
mechanical strain:
Definition
deformation due to stress, stiffness of tissue affects mechanical strain, stiffer = less deformation
Term
load-deformation curve (stress/strain curve):
Definition
yield point: permanent deformation

failure point:loss of mechanical continuity
Term
components of human machine:
Definition
movers: skeletal muscles
machine body: bones and joints
resistor: body or environment
Term
type one wheel & axle:
Definition
force goes up while resistance goes down

example: spinal column
Term
type two wheel & axle:
Definition
resistance goes up while force goes down

example: restores spinae
Term
1st class lever:
Definition
fulcrum between F and R, R & F in same direction, MA depends where fulcrum is located

R+F=fulcrum
example: altanto-occipital joint

example: head shaking "yes"
Term
2nd class lever:
Definition
left to right: fulcrum, resistance, force
fulcrum + F = R, advantage in terms of force, most levers used in daily life

example: ankle in tiptoeing

example: ankle
Term
3 class lever:
Definition
left to right: fulcrum, force, resistance
Fulcrum + R = F, disadvantage in terms in force, majority of human body joints, advantage in terms of displacement and speed, main source of human mobility

example elbow in lifting

example: elbow
Term
examples of human machine:
Definition
lever
wheel and axle
pulley
Term
pulley is used to:
Definition
change the direction of the force

example: knee bending
Term
types of torque acting on a lever:
Definition
resistance torque: (R x RA)
force torque: (F x FA)
Term
equation for mechanical advantage (MA)
Definition
resistance/force

MA>1: mechanically advantageous (less force)
MA<1: mechanically disadvantageous (more force)
MA=1 neutral (same force)
Term
angle of pull changes: ____ and _____
Definition
FA and MA

FA is max when angle of pull is 90
Term
definition of joint torque:
Definition
sum of torques produced by the muscles about a joint
Term
examples of agonist and antagonist torques:
Definition
elbow flexors and extensors
Term
parts of the central skeleton system:
Definition
skull, vertebrae, sternum & ribs
Term
parts of the central skeleton system:
Definition
skull, vertebrae, sternum & ribs
Term
parts of a peripheral (appendicular)skeleton:
Definition
limbs
Term
mechanical functions of skeletal system:
Definition
provide rigid skeletal framework, support and protection

form rigid levers, can be moved by the muscle force
Term
material constituents in bone:
Definition
minerals (60-70%) collagen (10%) water (25-30%)
Term
functions of short bones:
Definition
approximately cubical, gliding motions and shock absorbers, carpals and tarsals
Term
functions of flat bones:
Definition
protect underlying organs and soft tissues, provide muscle attachments

example: scapula, sternum, ribs, patella, skull, ilium
Term
functions of irregular bones:
Definition
spinal canal, muscle attachments, weight bearings

example: vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx
Term
functions and examples of long bones:
Definition
forms framework for appendicular skeleton,

weight bearing: tibia and fibia
mobility: humerus, radius, ulna
Term
Wolff's law:
Definition
"bonen elements place or displace themselves in the direction of functional forces."

bone is alive and adapts to mechanical stress
Term
bone hypertrophy:
Definition
increase bone mass resulting from a predominance of osteoblast activity in response to regular physical activity, function of the intensity of the activity
Term
bone atrophy:
Definition
decrease in bone mass resulting from a predominance of osteoclast activity, lack of physical activity, calcium loss
Term
functional aspects of joints:
Definition
stability and flexibility
Term
synthroses joints:
Definition
fibrous, immovable
Term
amphiarthroses joints:
Definition
cartilaginous joints, slightly moveable
Term
diarthroses:
Definition
synovial joints, freely moveable
Term
two types of synarthroses joints:
Definition
suture and syndesmosis
Term
joint stability:
Definition
ability to resist dislocation, prevents injuries to surrounding ligaments, muscles and tendons, high stability desired
Term
functional aspects of skeletal muscle:
Definition
strength, power, endurance
Term
mechanical functions of skeletal muscle:
Definition
develops tension, moves body limbs, maintains upright posture, absorbs shock
Term
Properties of musculotendinous unit
Definition
extensibility, elasticity, irritability, contractility
Term
agonist muscle:
Definition
responsible for joint motion (primary and assistant)
Term
antagonist muscle:
Definition
acts against the agonist for fine control and balance
Term
stabilizer muscle:
Definition
stabilizes a portion of the body against a particular force (biceps during dumbell bench press)
Term
neutralizer muscle:
Definition
prevents unwanted accessory actions that normally occur when agonist develops concentric tension

example: biceps vs pronator teres
biceps brachii: elbow flexion and extension
pronator teres: pronation
biceps + PT = elbow flexion
Term
twitch vs tetanus:
Definition
twitch is a response to a single stimulus, tetanus is state of muscle production sustained max tension due to repeated stimulus
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