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| definition of biomechanics: |
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Definition
| application of the mechanical principles in the study of a living organism (main interest is mechanical analysis of the biological systems such as the human) |
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| holy trinity of biomechanics: |
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| human body and movement, mechanics, anatomy |
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Definition
-branch of mechanics dealing with system in constant state of motion
-balance and equilibrium |
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Definition
-branch of mechanics dealing with systems subject to acceleration
-acceleration and motion |
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| definition of kinematics: |
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Definition
| study of DESCRIPTION of motion (what happened?) |
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Definition
| study of EXPLANATION of motion (why did it happen?), study of action of forces |
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| 3 main themes of biomechanics: |
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Definition
1. safety: prevention of injury
2. effectiveness: maximization of the output
3. efficiency: economy of force exertion and energy expenditure |
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| flexion and extension happen in the _______ plane |
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Definition
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| definition of hyperextension: |
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Definition
| extension beyond the reference position |
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| abduction/adduction and lateral flexion of trunk/head happen in the ______ plane: |
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| elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, and radial/ulnar deviation happen in the __________ plane: |
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Definition
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| the front plane is perpendicular to the _________ axis |
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Definition
| anterior/posterior axis (AP) |
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| inversion/eversion happen in the __________ plane |
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Definition
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| the saggital plane is perpendicular to the __________ axis |
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| transverse plane is perpendicular to the ____________ axis: |
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Definition
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| medial/lateral rotation, left/right rotation, and ankle adduction/abduction happen in the __________ plane: |
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| pronation/supination, horizontal ad/abduction (arm) happen in the _________ plane: |
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Definition
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Term
| circumduction is the combination of: |
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Definition
flexion/extension, ab/adduction, and rotation
results in conical motion |
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Term
| foot pronation/supation (subtaller joint) is a combination of: |
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Definition
P=eversion, abduction & dorsi flexion
S=inversion, adduction, & plantar flexion |
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Term
| definition of linear motion: |
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Definition
all points on body move in same direction showing same trajectories, orientation of object doesn't change
rectilinear: straight path
curvilinear: curved path |
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Term
| general motion is ________ motion + ________ motion |
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Definition
| linear motion + angular motion |
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Term
| definition of angular motion (rotation): |
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Definition
| rotation along an axis of rotation, orientation changes constantly, axis of rotation can be inside or outside the body |
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Term
| basic concepts of kinematic concepts: |
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Definition
| mass, force, pressure, torque |
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Definition
quantity of matter composing a body
no mass=no mechanical identity |
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Term
| definition of center of mass (COM): |
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Definition
| a point around which the mass of a body is balanced in all directions |
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Definition
| push/pull acting on a body that CAUSES A MOTION, key quantity of interest in kinetics |
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Definition
1. magnitude
2. direction
3. point of application |
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| amount of force acting over a unit area |
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Definition
P = force/area
standard unit: pa (pascal) |
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| definition of moment arm: |
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Definition
| shortest or perpendicular distance from the axis of ration to the line of action |
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Definition
| rotary force that produces angular motion (rotation) |
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Term
| torque = _______ x ________ |
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Definition
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| torque must have both _____ and _______ |
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Definition
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| change in d1 (line of action) causes a change in ________ |
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Definition
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| definition of compression: |
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Definition
| pressing/squeezing force direction axially through a body |
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Definition
| pulling/stretching force directed axially through a body |
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| definition of shear force: |
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Definition
| force directed parallel to a surface |
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Definition
| asymmetric loading (tension on one side and compression on the other side) |
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Definition
| causes twisting when one point of the body is fixed |
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| types of loading on the body: |
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Definition
compression, tension, shear, bending, torsion
*combination of diff types of loading can occur |
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Definition
distribution of force inside of a solid body
stress=force/cross section are (CSA) |
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Definition
| deformation due to stress, stiffness of tissue affects mechanical strain, stiffer = less deformation |
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| load-deformation curve (stress/strain curve): |
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Definition
yield point: permanent deformation
failure point:loss of mechanical continuity |
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| components of human machine: |
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Definition
movers: skeletal muscles
machine body: bones and joints
resistor: body or environment |
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Definition
force goes up while resistance goes down
example: spinal column |
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Definition
resistance goes up while force goes down
example: restores spinae |
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Term
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Definition
fulcrum between F and R, R & F in same direction, MA depends where fulcrum is located
R+F=fulcrum
example: altanto-occipital joint
example: head shaking "yes" |
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Definition
left to right: fulcrum, resistance, force
fulcrum + F = R, advantage in terms of force, most levers used in daily life
example: ankle in tiptoeing
example: ankle |
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Term
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Definition
left to right: fulcrum, force, resistance
Fulcrum + R = F, disadvantage in terms in force, majority of human body joints, advantage in terms of displacement and speed, main source of human mobility
example elbow in lifting
example: elbow |
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| examples of human machine: |
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Definition
lever
wheel and axle
pulley |
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Definition
change the direction of the force
example: knee bending |
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Term
| types of torque acting on a lever: |
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Definition
resistance torque: (R x RA)
force torque: (F x FA) |
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Term
| equation for mechanical advantage (MA) |
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Definition
resistance/force
MA>1: mechanically advantageous (less force)
MA<1: mechanically disadvantageous (more force)
MA=1 neutral (same force) |
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| angle of pull changes: ____ and _____ |
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Definition
FA and MA
FA is max when angle of pull is 90 |
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| definition of joint torque: |
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Definition
| sum of torques produced by the muscles about a joint |
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Term
| examples of agonist and antagonist torques: |
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Definition
| elbow flexors and extensors |
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Term
| parts of the central skeleton system: |
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Definition
| skull, vertebrae, sternum & ribs |
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| parts of the central skeleton system: |
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Definition
| skull, vertebrae, sternum & ribs |
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| parts of a peripheral (appendicular)skeleton: |
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Definition
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| mechanical functions of skeletal system: |
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Definition
provide rigid skeletal framework, support and protection
form rigid levers, can be moved by the muscle force |
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Term
| material constituents in bone: |
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Definition
| minerals (60-70%) collagen (10%) water (25-30%) |
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| functions of short bones: |
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Definition
| approximately cubical, gliding motions and shock absorbers, carpals and tarsals |
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Definition
protect underlying organs and soft tissues, provide muscle attachments
example: scapula, sternum, ribs, patella, skull, ilium |
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| functions of irregular bones: |
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Definition
spinal canal, muscle attachments, weight bearings
example: vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx |
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| functions and examples of long bones: |
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Definition
forms framework for appendicular skeleton,
weight bearing: tibia and fibia
mobility: humerus, radius, ulna |
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Term
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Definition
"bonen elements place or displace themselves in the direction of functional forces."
bone is alive and adapts to mechanical stress |
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Definition
| increase bone mass resulting from a predominance of osteoblast activity in response to regular physical activity, function of the intensity of the activity |
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Definition
| decrease in bone mass resulting from a predominance of osteoclast activity, lack of physical activity, calcium loss |
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Term
| functional aspects of joints: |
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Definition
| stability and flexibility |
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Definition
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Definition
| cartilaginous joints, slightly moveable |
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Definition
| synovial joints, freely moveable |
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Term
| two types of synarthroses joints: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ability to resist dislocation, prevents injuries to surrounding ligaments, muscles and tendons, high stability desired |
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Term
| functional aspects of skeletal muscle: |
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Definition
| strength, power, endurance |
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Term
| mechanical functions of skeletal muscle: |
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Definition
| develops tension, moves body limbs, maintains upright posture, absorbs shock |
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Term
| Properties of musculotendinous unit |
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Definition
| extensibility, elasticity, irritability, contractility |
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Definition
| responsible for joint motion (primary and assistant) |
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Definition
| acts against the agonist for fine control and balance |
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Definition
| stabilizes a portion of the body against a particular force (biceps during dumbell bench press) |
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Term
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Definition
prevents unwanted accessory actions that normally occur when agonist develops concentric tension
example: biceps vs pronator teres
biceps brachii: elbow flexion and extension
pronator teres: pronation
biceps + PT = elbow flexion |
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Term
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Definition
| twitch is a response to a single stimulus, tetanus is state of muscle production sustained max tension due to repeated stimulus |
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