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lecture exam 4
lecture exam 4
95
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/05/2008

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Define pulmonary ventilation
Definition

The act of breathing.

 

page 52 in our notes

 

page 831 in our book 

Term

Matching

 

1.  nasal cavity          A.  Major branches of the cartilage-reinforced tube that goes into each lung

 

2.  pharynx         B.  Secretes mucus and antibacterial enzymes, traps dust, bacteria and warms the air during inspiration

 

3.  larynx         C.  Commonly called the throat, air leaves the nose and enters here en route to the lungs

 

4.  trachea          D.  Contains vocal cords that produce speech called the voice box

 

5.  bronchi         E.  Descends from the larynx as a single tube reinforced with cartilage rings before it divides into each lung

 

6.  alveoli          F.  Terminal branches of the lungs where respiratory gas exchange occurs 

Definition

page 50 and 51 in our notes

 

1-B

 

2-C

 

3-D

 

4-E

 

5-A

 

6-F 

Term

Matching

 

1.  Boyles law         A.  Pressure and volume have an inverse relationship

 

2.  Dalton's law         B.  Each gas has a partial pressure that is proportional to the percentage of gas in the gas mixture

 

3.  Henry's law          C.  When the mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure 

Definition

pages 52 and 53 in our notes

 

pages 847 and 854 in our book

 

1-A

 

2-B

 

3-C 

Term

The bulk of CO2 is carried

 

a)  Chemically combined with amino acids of hemoglobin as carbinohemoglobin in the RBC's

 

b)  As the ion HCO-3 in the plasma after first entering the RBC

 

c)  as carbonic acid in the plasma

 

d)  chemically combined with the heme portion of Hb 

Definition

page 55 in our notes

 

page 861 in our book

 

Term
Describe pleural fluid
Definition

page 51 in our notes

 

page 846 in our books

 

The plurae produces pleural fluid which fills the pleural cavity and reduces friction 

Term

The tissues that line the trachea

 

A.  Simple squamous epithelium

 

B.  Stratified squamous epithelium

 

C.  Pseudostratified columnar epithilium

 

D.  Areolar connective tissue

 

E.  Hyaline cartilage

Definition

page 50 in notes

page 838 and 839

 

C

 

Term

 

The movement of air into and out of the lungs is called

 

A.  cellular respiration

 

B.  pulmonary ventilation

 

C.  oxidative phosphorylation

 

D.  internal respiration

 

E.  external respiration

Definition

page 52 in notes

 

page 849 in book

 

B

Term

The elastic cartilage that shields the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the

 

A.  corniculate cartilage

 

B.  epiglottis

 

C.  cricoid cartilage

 

D.  thyroid cartilage

Definition

page 50 in notes

 

page 836 in book

 

B

Term

Most of the CO2 transported by the blood is

 

A.  dissolved in plasma

 

B.  carried by WBC's

 

C.  bound to hemoglobin

 

D.  bound to the same protein as CO

 

E.  converted to HCO-3 and transported in the plasma

Definition

page 55 in notes

 

page 862 in book

 

E

Term

In the alveoli, the partial pressure of O2 is

 

A.  about 104 mm Hg

 

B.  the same as the partial pressure of O2 for venous blood

 

C.  equal with that in tissues

 

D.  lower that the partial pressure of venous blood

 

E.  much higher that the partial pressure for arterial blood

Definition

page 53 in notes

 

page 858 in book

 

A

Term
How is O2 carried in the blood?
Definition

page 55 in notes

 

page 858 in book

 

O2 is carried by hemoglobin 98.5% and the remainder is dissolved

Term
Describe the structure and function of hemoblobin
Definition

page 55 in notes

 

page 859 in book

 

hemoglobin= O2 binds to the heme portion of the hemoglobin.  Blood is oxygenated at 75%

Term

Hemoglobin has a tendency to release O2 where

 

A.  partial pressures of CO2 are lower

 

B.  partial pressures of O2 are higher

 

C.  temperature is lower

 

D.  pH is more alkaline

 

E.  pH is more acidic

Definition

page 55 in notes

 

page 860 in book

 

E

 

The Bohr effect

Term

Air moves in lungs because

 

A.  the thorax is muscular

 

B.  the volume of lungs decreases with inspiration

 

C.  contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the pleural cavity

 

D.  the gas of the partial pressure of oxygen becomes less than the outside as the diaphragm contracts

 

E.  internal intercostal muscles decrease the thoracic cavity volume

Definition

page 52 in notes

 

page 848 in the book

 

D

Term
What does Henry's law state?
Definition

page 53 in notes

 

page 854 in book

 

When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure

Term
How does CO  affect O2 binding to hemoglobin?
Definition

page 55 in notes

 

page 861 in book

 

It is a competetor of O2

Term
Describe Dalton's law
Definition

page 53 in notes

 

page 854 in book

 

It states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture

Term

true or false

 

Without the secretions of the type 11 alveolar cells the lungs would collapse between breaths

Definition

page 51 in notes

 

page 850 in book

 

true

Term

If intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure equalize, atelectasis will occur

 

true or false

Definition

page 51 in notes

 

page 850

 

true

Term

true or false

 

The most prevalent gas in the atmosphere is O2

Definition

page 53 in notes

 

false

Term

The_______cartilage is connected to the vocal cords

 

A.  thyroid

 

B.  cricoid

 

C.  corniculate

 

D.  cuneform

 

 

Definition

page 50 in notes

 

page 836 in book

 

C

Term
What is air a mixture of?
Definition

page 53 in notes

 

N, O, H2O, and CO2

Term

Which gas has no effect in the blood until hyperbaric conditions occur

 

A.  helium

 

B.  CO2

 

C.  N

 

D.  CO

 

E.  O2

Definition

page 54 in notes

 

page 868 in book

 

C

Term
How is the right lung different from the left?
Definition

page 51 in notes

 

page 844 in book

 

right=3 lobes

 

left=2 lobes

Term
List the functions of the nose
Definition

page 50 in notes

 

page 831 in book

 

1.  warms(blood vessels)

 

2.  moistens(mucus)

 

3.  filters air(hairs)

 

4.  olfaction

Term

How do the following factors affect oxyhemoglobin dissociation

 

1.  partial pressure

 

2.  pH/ Bohr

 

3.  temperature

 

4.  BPG

Definition

page 55 in notes

 

 page 859 in book

 

1.  As partial pressure of CO2 goes up affinity for O2 goes down

 

2.  As the the pH goes down, the solution becomes more acidic and the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 goes down, this is known as the Bohr effect

 

3.   As temperature goes up, affinity goes down

 

4.  As BPG levels go up affinity for O2 goes down

Term
What happens to the higher pressure gases at higher altitudes?
Definition

page 54 in notes

 

page 870 in book

 

Partial decline in direct proportion to the decrease in atmospheric pressure

Term
What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve tell us?
Definition

page 55 in notes

 

page 858 in book

 

as partial pressure of O2 increases, hemoglobin becomes more saturated

Term

Define pneumothorax and atelectasis

 

A.  What cause atelectasis?

Definition

page 55 in notes

 

page 847 in book

 

pneumothorax= The presence of air in the intrapleural space

 

A pneumothorax  can cause atlectasis

 

atelectasis=collapsed lung 

Term
How is forced exhalation received?
Definition

page 53 in notes

 

The active process produced by contraction of the abdominal wall muscles

Term
How is CO2 transported in the blood?
Definition

page 55 in notes

 

page 861 in book

 

5-9%=dissolved

 

5-13%=bound to hemoglobin carbinohemoglobin(Hb-CO2)

 

78-90%=(HCO3-) bicarbonate ions

Term

During internal respiration

 

A.  O2 diffuses out of the tissues into the systemic capillaries

 

B.  CO2 is loaded into the blood from the systemic tissues

 

C.  CO2 diffuses out of the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli

 

D.  O2 is loaded into the pulmonary capillaries from the alveoli

 

Definition

pages 53 and 54 in notes

 

pages 856 and 858 in book

 

B

 

 

Term

Simple squamous epithelium would be found in the

 

A.  secondary bronchi

 

B.  alveoli in the lungs

 

C.  nasal cavity

 

D.  trachea

Definition

page 51 in notes

 

B

Term
What is fetal hemoblobin?
Definition

page 55 in notes

 

The fetus has a stronger affinity for O2 than the the maternal blood

 

Term

surfactant

 

A.  lubricates the pleural membranes to reduce friction

 

B.  lubricates the vocal folds, allowing them to vibrate better

 

C.  helps reduces surface tension in the alveoli

 

D.  is secreted by the mucus cells in the nasal cavity

Definition

page 51 in notes

 

page 850 in book

 

C

Term

Which statement is true regarding gas transport?

 

A.  Nearly all of the CO2 transported in the blood is bound to hemoglobin

 

B.  O2 is primarily transported in the blood as HCO3-

 

C.  O2 is transported by leukocytes

 

D.  CO2 is primarily transported as HCO3- in the blood

Definition

page 55 in notes

 

D

Term
What is the # for atmospheric pressure?
Definition

page 52 in notes

 

760 mm Hg

Term
What causes respiratory distress in babies?
Definition

page 51 in notes

 

This is common in premature babies, not enough surfactant is produced

Term

Identify the parts of the larynx

 

1.  epiglottis

 

2.  glottis

 

3.  thyroid and cricoid cartilage

 

4.  arytenoid and corniculate cartilage

 

5.  vocal cords

Definition

page 50 in notes

 

page 836 and 837 in book

 

1.  Covers the airway and keeps food out of the respiratory passages

 

2.  The medial opening between the vocal folds through which air passes

 

3.  The main piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx

 

4.  connects the trachea to lthe larynx

 

5.  Puts tension on the vocal cords

 

6.  makes sounds and receives vibrations on cords

Term

Which determines the direction of gas movement?

 

A.  solubility in H2O

 

B.  partial pressure gradient of O2

 

C.  temperature

 

D.  molecular weight and size of gas molecule

Definition

page 55 in book

 

B

Term

O2 and CO2 are exchanged in the lungs through all the cell membranes by

 

A.  active transport

 

B.  diffusion

 

C.  filtration

 

D.  osmosis

Definition

page 53 in notes

 

B

Term

Most O2 carried in the blood is

 

A. in solution in the plasma

 

B.  combined with plasma proteins

 

C.  chemically combined with the heme in the RBC's

 

D.  in solution in the RBC's

 

 

Definition

page 55 in notes

 

page 858 in book

 

C

Term

Describe an alveolus

 

 

Definition

page 51 in notes

 

page 842 in book

 

Thin walled air sacs in the lung.  This is the site of gas exchange  O2 in Co2 out

 

type 1= simple squamous epithelium

 

type 11=surfactant, it breaks the affinity that H2O molecules have for each other and prevents atelectasis

Term

The detergent like substance that keeps alveoli from collpasing between breaths because it reduces the surface

 

A.  lecithin

 

B.  bile

 

C.  surfactant

 

D.  reluctant

Definition

page 51 in notes

 

C

Term
What is the difference between atelectasis and compliance?
Definition

page 51 and 53 in notes

 

atelectesis=collapsed lung

 

compliance=ability of your lungs to expand

Term

The affinity of hemoglobin for O2 decreases as

 

A.  pH increases

 

B.  The H+ concentration decreases

 

C.  The temperature increases

 

D.  The partial of CO2 in the blood decreases

Definition

page 55 in notes

 

C

Term

Which of the following would make breathing more difficult

 

A.  decreased lung compliance

 

B.  decreased air resistance

 

C.  increased surface tension in the alveoli

 

D.  all of the above

 

E.  only a and c

Definition

page 53 in notes

 

E

Term

During normal inspiration

A.  the alveolar pressure is greater than the atm pressure

 

B.  the thoracic cavity is compresses

 

C.  the diaphragm relaxes

 

D. the intrapleural pressure is greater than the atm 

 

Definition

page 52 in notes

 

A

Term

true or false

 

Most O2 is transported in the blood as oxyhemoglobin while most CO2 is transported as carbinohemoglobin

Definition

page 55 in notes

 

page 858 in book

 

false

Term

true or false

 

An increase in temperature of the blood will decrease the Hb affinity for O2

Definition

page 55 in notes

 

page 859 in book

 

true

Term

Matching

1.  single tube with c ring     A.  bronchiles

 

2.  paired with c rings    B.  primary bronchi

 

3.  3 in right lung 2 in left    C.  secondary bronchi

 

4.  in each lung sm. amounts of cartilage  

     

          D.  tertiary bronchi

 

5.  many small tubes, smooth muscle   E.  trachea

Definition

page 50 in notes

 

page 840 in book

 

1-E

 

2-B

 

3-C

 

4-D

 

5-A

Term

Matching

 

1.  partially saturated hemoglobin  

                                        

                                          A.  gas exchange in lungs

 

2.  saturated hemoglobin   

 

                        B.  gas exchange in the tissues

 

3.   O2 in the process of combining with heme groups

 

                                        C.  1, 2, or 3 O2 molecules are bound to heme groups

 

4.  O2 leaving heme groups

 

                        D.  4 O2 molecules to heme 

Definition

page 55

 

 

1-C

 

2-D

 

3-A

 

4-B

 

Term

About 20% of CO2 in transported in the blood as

 

A.  carbinohemoglobin

 

B.  H+ ions

 

C.  dissolved gas in the plasma

 

D.  oxyhemoglobin

 

E.  (HCO3-) ions

 

 

Definition

page 55 in notes

 

A

Term

Which is Not a direct function of the respiratory system

 

A.  external respiration

 

B.  internal respiration

 

C.  contraction of the diaphragm

 

D.  inspiration

 

E.  expiration

Definition

page 54 in notes

 

B

Term

Which is not performed by the respiratory system

 

A.  breathing

 

B.  pulmonary ventilation

 

C.  external respiration

 

D.  internal respiration

Definition

page 54

 

D

Term
Does the loudness of your voice depends on the vocal cords?
Definition

page 50

 

no

Term

All would diminish lung capacity except

 

A.  chronic inflammation

 

B.  An increase in alveolar tension

 

C.  tuberculosis

 

D.  Increase in the production of surfactant

Definition

page 51 in notes

 

D

Term

true or false

 

External respiration refers to gas exchange between blood and alveoli

Definition

page 53 in notes

 

true

Term

Define

 

A.  tidal volume

 

B.  inspiratory reserve volume

 

C.  expiratory reserve volume

 

D.  residual volume

 

E.  vital capacity

 

F.  total lung capacity

 

G.  Be able to identify these on a graph

Definition

A.  normal breathing

 

B.  The amount of air that can forcibly be inspired beyond tidal volume

 

C.  The amount of air that can be evacuated beyond tidal volume

 

D.  What always remains in the lungs

 

E.  The amount of exchangable air

 

F.  The sum of all lung volumes

Term
What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?
Definition

page 50 in notes

 

A.  nasopharynx=pharyngeal tonsils(adenoids)

 

B.  oropharynx=uvula, palatine, and lingual tonsils

 

C.  laryngopharynx=posterior portion of the throat as it connects to the larynx

Term

Which bout the respiratory tract is true?

 

A.  The vocal folds are located in the trachea

 

B.  The opening of the larynx is the glottis

 

C.  The trachea is primarily composed of smooth muscle

 

D.  The epiglottis covers the opening of the esophagus during swallowing

Definition
B
Term
What type of tissue is the trachea lined with?
Definition
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium 
Term
Describe pleural cavity
Definition
The space between the parietal and visceral pleura
Term
Describe parietal and visceral pleura
Definition

Both are simple squamous

 

parietal=covers the thoracic wall

 

visceral=lines the lungs

Term
Describe the events that occur during external respiration
Definition

Gas exchange takes place between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries.  O2 uptake and binding to hemoglobin in RBC's, CO2 exchange(unloading) is occuring equally as fast.

 

O2  Loading

 

in alveoli pp of O2=105 mm Hg

in blood ppof O2=40 mm Hg

 

CO2 unloading

 

in blood pp of CO2=45 mm Hg

in alveoli  pp of CO2=40mm Hg

 

 

Term
Which way is Os diffusing?  CO2?
Definition

O2 from alveoli to blood

 

CO2 from blood to alveoli

Term
How does internal respiration work?
Definition

O2 diffuses from blood to tissues

 

Co2 diffuses from tissues to blood

Term
What is internal respiration
Definition
Gas exchang between capillaries and tissues
Term
Which phase is active, and which is passive?
Definition

active=inspiration

 

passive=expiration

Term
Define external respiration
Definition
gas exchange in lungs
Term

Describe the events that occur during inspiration

 

What happens to intrapleural pressure?

 

What happens to alveolar pressure?

Definition

This is the active phase

 

1.  The thoracic cavity expands

 

2.  intrapleural pressure decreases

 

3.  pleura is pulled outward

 

4.  compliance takes place

 

5.  alveolar pressure then decreases and intercostals relax

Term

Describe the events that occur during expiration

 

What happens to intrapleural pressure?

 

What happens to alveolar pressure?

 

 

Definition

This is the passive phase

 

1.  Intercostal muscles relax

 

2.  The ribcage descends

 

3.  alveolar pressure increases

 

4.  intrapleural pressure increases

Term

What is the conversion equation for CO2?

Definition

CO2+H20=H2CO3=HCO3-+H

 

This is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase

Term

Damage to which of the following would likely result in cessation of breathing?

 

a)  the pontine respiratory group

 

b)  the ventral respiratory group of the medulla

 

c)  the stretch receptors in the lungs

 

d) the sorsal respiratory group of the medulla

Definition

page 55 in notes

 

page 868 in book

 

B

Term

How do each of the following play a role in controlling respiration?

 

a.  aortic and carotid bodies

 

b.  respiratory centers in the medulla and pons

 

c.  list other influences on respiration that were discussed in class

Definition

page 55 in notes

 

page 868 in book

 

a.  chemoreceptors, monitor blood as it flows

 

b.  voluntary control of breathing, the cerebral motor cortex sends signal to the motor neurons

 

Term

Matching

 

1.  chronic bronchitis    A.  Associated with smoking, cells mutate

 

2.  emphysema    B. Inhaled irritants lead to excess mucus, constant coughing

 

3.  asthma    C.  Characterized by coughing, wheezing etc.

 

4.  lung cancer     D.  alveoli damaged;lungs lose elasiciity 

Definition

pages 56 and 57 in notes

 

pages 871 and 872 in book

 

1-B

 

2-D

 

3-C

 

4-A

Term
Define apnea, dyspnea, and hypernea
Definition

apnea=skipped breaths

 

dyspnea=shortness of breath

 

hypernea=increased rate of breathing

Term

Which respiratory measurement is normally the greatest

 

A.  Vital Capacity

 

B.  Inspiratory capacity

 

C.  Tidal Volume

 

D.  Expiratory Reserve Volume

 

E.  Reserve Volume

Definition

page 852 in book

 

A

Term

Involuntary hyperventilation during an anxiety attack may cause a person to faint due to

 

A.  Increasing CO2 levels due to an increase in cellular respiration, and a decrease in brain perfusion, causing ischemia

 

B.  Decreasing CO2 levels in the blood and constant constriction of cerebral blood vessels

 

C.  Affects of increased O2 levels in the blood and constriction of cerebral blood vessels

 

D.  Decreasing O2 levels in blood causing cells not to have enough ATP

Definition

page 866 in book

 

page 56 in notes

 

B

Term
What causes hyperventilation?
Definition

page 56 in notes

 

page 866 in book

 

Deep, rapid breathing

 

Blowing out more than normal CO2

Term

Which of these describes the increase in depth and force of breathing that occurs during vigorous exercises

 

A.  anoxia

 

B.  hypoxia

 

C.  hypercapnea

 

D.  hypernea

 

E.  hyperventilation

Definition

page 56 in notes

 

page 869 in book

 

D

Term

Which controls respiratory rates?

 

A.  medulla

 

B.  alveolar sacs

 

C.  spinal cord

 

D.  cerebral cortex

 

E.  pons

Definition

page 55 in notes

 

page 863 in book

 

A

Term

Describe the following respiratory conditions

 

A.  chronic bronchitis

 

B.  emphysema

 

C.  asthma

 

D.  pneumonia

 

E.  pulmonary edema

 

F.  tuberculosis

 

G.  cystic fibrosis

Definition

A.  excess mucus secretion;chronic coughing

 

B.  alveoli damaged, lungs lose elasticity

 

C.  allegen over produces histamines,bronchiole constriction

 

D.  acute bacterial, excess mucus in alveoli, not conducive to gas exchange

 

E.  accumulation of fluid within lungs, can be due to heart disease

 

F.  bacteria invade the lungs, your immune system tries to take care it by forming scar tissue, it is very contagious

 

G.  genetic, it affects the lungs and digestive organs.  This is genetic it a dominant mutation, there is continuous mucus in the alveoli

Term

What is COPD?

 

What is SARS?

Definition

page 56 in notes

 

COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease #1 cause is smoking

 

SARS=Severe acute respiratory syndrome it is very contagious, it is either bacterial or viral 

 

Term
What are 6 things that influence respiration?
Definition

page 56 in notes

 

1.  baroreceptors(stretch on lungs), Hering-Breuer reflex ,prevents the lung from over inflating

 

2.  limbic system

 

3.  temperature

 

4.  pain

 

5.  irritation

 

6.  blood pressure

Term

The trachea is lined with:

 

a)  Simple squamous epithelium

 

b)  Stratified squamous epithelium

 

c)  Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

 

d)  Simple cuboidal epithelium

Definition

page 50 in notes

 

page 838 in book

 

C

Term

The vocal folds (cords) are located within the:

 

a)  nasal cavity

 

b)  larynx

 

c)  trachea

 

d)  pharynx

Definition

page 50 in notes

 

page 835 in book

 

B

Term

Which of the folowing statements is FALSE?

 

a)  The cricoid cartilage connects the trachea and larynx

 

b)  The epiglottis covers the glottis during swallowing

 

c)  The glottis is the opening to the pharynx

 

d)  The arytenoid cartilage helps control the vocal cords

Definition

page 50 in notes

 

page 837 in book

 

C

Term

Which of the following statements about internal respiration is TRUE?

 

a) CO2 diffuses out of the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli

 

b)  O2 diffuses out of the blood into the systemic tissues

 

c)  O2 diffuses out of the alveoli into pulmonary capillaries

 

d)  Both a and c

Definition

page 54 in notes

 

page 848 in book

 

B

Term

During normal expiration (exhalation):

 

a)  The diaphragm relaxes

 

b)  alveolar pressure increase above atmospheric pressure

 

c)  intrapleural pressure increases above atmosperic pressure

 

d)  only a and b

Definition

page 52 in notes

 

page 849 in book

 

E

Term

The affinity of hemoglobin for O2 decreases as:

 

a)  partial pressure of CO2 in the blood increases

 

b)  the H+ concentration decreases

 

c)  temperature decreases

 

d)  all of the above

Definition

page 55 in notes

 

page 862 in book

 

A

Term

Compliance specifically refers to:

 

a)  airway resistance

 

b)  pressure changes in the thoracic cavity

 

c)  bronciole diameter

 

d)  lung elasticity

Definition

page 53 in notes

 

page 851 in book

 

D

Term

CO2 is primarily transported in the blood:

 

a)  bound to hemoglobin

 

b)  dissolved in blood plasma

 

c)  bound to erythrocytes

 

d)  as bicarbonate ions

Definition

page 55 in notes

 

page 863 in book

 

D

Term

The palatine tonsils are located in the nasopharynx

 

a)  true

 

b)  false

Definition

page 50 in notes

 

page 835 in book

 

B

Term

As the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood increases:

 

a)  The pH of the blood decreases

 

b)  Hemoglobin's affinity for O2 decreases

 

c)  Hemoblobin becomes more saturated with O2

 

d)  None of the above

Definition

page 55 in notes

 

page 846 in book

 

C

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